The document discusses the healthcare industry's challenge of improving population health while lowering costs. It defines population health as the health outcomes of a group including distribution of outcomes within the group. The goal is to improve overall health and eliminate disparities between subgroups. The Affordable Care Act aims to impact determinants like access, quality, and prevention. However, the question remains of how to make services affordable for consumers and viable for institutions. Population health advocates collaborating across sectors to address factors like behavior, environment, and healthcare that influence outcomes. The challenge is identifying cost-effective investments that improve outcomes and reduce inequities.