Newtons law of motion grade 8
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Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician born in 1642 who made seminal contributions to the fields of natural philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and optics. He is most famous for formulating the three laws of motion, including: 1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. 2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. 3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newtons law of motion grade 8
- 1. Sir Isaac Newton? English Physicist and Mathematici an. 1642 - 1727 INFLUENCED FIELDS Natural Philosophy Mathematics Astronomy Alchemy Christian Theology He formulated the Three LAWS OF MOTION
- 2. INVESTIGATING INERTIA Coin Drop Q9. What happens when you slowly pulled the cardboard? Explain. Q10. What happens when you flicked the cardboard? Explain. Stack of Coins Q11. What happens when you hit the coin at the bottom? Why is this
- 3. 1st Law Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity: whether in motion or motionless. These pumpkins will not move unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
- 4. 1st Law Once airborne, unless acted on by an unbalanced force (gravity and air – fluid friction), it would never stop!
- 5. 1st Law Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this golf ball would sit on the tee forever.
- 6. Why then, do we observe every day objects in motion slowing down and becoming motionless seemingly without an outside force? It’s a force we sometimes cannot see – friction.
- 7. Objects on earth, unlike the frictionless space the moon travels through, are under the influence of friction.
- 8. There are four main types of friction: Sliding friction: ice skating Rolling friction: bowling Fluid friction (air or liquid): air or water resistance Static friction: initial friction when moving an object What is this unbalanced force that acts on an object in motion?
- 9. Slide a book across a table and watch it slide to a rest position. The book comes to a rest because of the presence of a force - that force being the force of friction - which brings the book to a rest position.
- 10. In the absence of a force of friction, the book would continue in motion with the same speed and direction - forever! (Or at least to the end of the table top.)
- 11. Newtons’s 1st Law and You Don’t let this be you. Wear seat belts. Because of inertia, objects (including you) resist changes in their motion. When the car going 80 km/hour is stopped by the brick wall, your body keeps moving at 80 m/hour.
- 12. 2nd Law
- 13. 2nd Law The net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration, or F=ma.
- 14. 2nd Law When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N). One newton is equal to the force required to accelerate one kilogram of mass at one meter/second/second.
- 15. 2nd Law (F = m x a) How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400 kilogram car 2 meters per second/per second? Write the formula F = m x a Fill in given numbers and units F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/second Solve for the unknown 2800 kg-meters/second/second or 2800 N
- 16. If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.
- 17. Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with different forces. • We know that objects with different masses accelerate to the ground at the same rate. • However, because of the 2nd Law we know that they don’t hit the ground with the same force. F = ma 98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s F = ma 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s/s
- 19. Check Your Understanding 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object? 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s2. Determine the mass. 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec? 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?
- 20. Check Your Understanding 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? 12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s/s 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s2. Determine the mass. 16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s/s 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/sec/sec? 66 kg-m/sec/sec or 66 N 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec? 9800 kg-m/sec/sec or 9800 N
- 21. Gravity acts on all objects on the earth’s surface and causes them to accelerate when released. This acceleration, known as the acceleration due to gravity g, is the same for all objects on earth and is equal 9.8 m/s2. This means that when objects fall, their velocities increase by 9.8 m/s every 1 second.
- 22. 1s 2s 3s Initial speed = 0 On a freely falling body, 9.8m/s is added to the velocity of the ball in each second 9.8m/s 19.6m/s 29.4m/s Initial speed = 25m/s 34.8m/s 44.6m/s 54.4m/s
- 23. Try to whirl an object tied to a string horizontally above your head. Then observe what happens if you release the object. How does it travel after release?
- 24. 3rd Law For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- 25. 3rd Law According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each other, they exert forces upon each other. When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair exerts an upward force on your body.
- 26. 3rd Law There are two forces resulting from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These two forces are called action and reaction forces.
- 27. Newton’s 3rd Law in Nature Consider the propulsion of a fish through the water. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. In turn, the water reacts by pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water. The size of the force on the water equals the size of the force on the fish; the direction of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the fish (forwards).
- 28. 3rd Law Flying gracefully through the air, birds depend on Newton’s third law of motion. As the birds push down on the air with their wings, the air pushes their wings up and gives them lift.
- 29. Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards. In turn, the air reacts by pushing the bird upwards. The size of the force on the air equals the size of the force on the bird; the direction of the force on the air (downwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the bird (upwards). Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for birds to fly.
- 31. Other examples of Newton’s Third Law The baseball forces the bat to the left (an action); the bat forces the ball to the right (the reaction).
- 32. 3rd Law Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels which spin backwards. As the wheels spin backwards, they grip the road and push the road backwards.
- 33. 3rd Law The reaction of a rocket is an application of the third law of motion. Various fuels are burned in the engine, producing hot gases. The hot gases push against the inside tube of the rocket and escape out the bottom of the tube. As the gases move downward, the rocket moves in the opposite direction.