SlideShare a Scribd company logo
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF VIETNAM
An Overall View   of the National Library of Vietnam PHAM THE KHANG Director, National Library of Vietnam July, 2007
Administrative Structure  of Vietnamese Libraries: Vietnamese Libraries operate under the Administration of the Ministry of Culture and Information Library Department is responsible for Policy Advisory The National Library of Vietnam is responsible for Professional Advisory  Vietnamese Library Association was set up in November 22, 2006 with the office located at the NLV’s campus 1/ Public Library System: The National Library of Vietnam (NLV); Libraries established by the  People's Committees of all levels Cities/Provincial Libraries:     64 District Libraries: 585 Commune Libraries Village Book Stacks:  7,000
Administrative Structure  of Vietnamese Libraries (Cont.) 2/ Academic Library System: University Libraries: 300 School Libraries:     19,000 3/ Special Library System: 218  Including: Libraries of State Bodies (Political Organizations, Socio-Political Organizations, Social Organizations, Economics Organizations and Public-service Units); Libraries of Scientific Research Institutes and Centers 4/ Military Library System: Academy/ Institutes:   53 Libraries and Reading Rooms of Armed Forced Units 1,300
NLV’s General Introduction   NLV was founded in 1917 by the Governor General of Indochina NLV is located in the heart of Hanoi Capital NLV’s area is of 16,000 sq meter, with 7 centralizes air-conditioning buildings NLV’s staffs:186 (145 Librarians, 1 Doctor, 30 Masters)  NLV’s Computer network: 10 servers & 200 work stations with internet connection All professional activities have been automated using an Integrated Library System Software (ILIB) NLV’s Website: http://www.nlv.gov.vn
    NLV’s Tasks & Responsibilities NLV has been the Center Library of Vietnam (under Library Ordinance, 2001) To exploit documentary sources at home and abroad to meet the readers demands; To receive copy right publications deposits at home according to the regulations, to build and preserve for long term the stocks of Vietnamese publications; to compile and publish the National Bibliography of Vietnam; To organize the service of readers of all kinds  To undertake the cooperation and exchange of documents with libraries at home and abroad; To conduct Scientific and Technological research projects in the field of Library & Information and apply new Scientific Technology on Library activities To organize professional fostering courses for librarians and give librarianship instructions to libraries throughout the country
National Collection NLV is the largest Library in the nation with approximately 1.3 million items housed on about 6 mile of bookshelves Books Collection: Vietnamese:  334,280 copies Russian:  267,874 copies English:  99,057 copies French:  87,539 copies Chinese:  47,230 copies Sino-nom:  6,000 copies Others languages (Japanese, Spanish, Korean, etc.) Every year, the NLV acquires app. 14,000 titles of books in Vietnamese and foreign languages to the collection Periodicals Collection: 11,000 titles of Vietnamese and foreign Newspapers and Magazines
National Collection (cont.) Indochina Collection: The greatest collection in the region (53,901 volumes of books, journals and Newspapers published in French Indochinese territories from 1861 to 1954) Doctoral Thesis Collection: 11,000 Doctoral Thesis written by Vietnamese citizens at Vietnamese and foreign Institutions since 1954. NLV has digitized the abstract and full-text of the collection Microfilm Collection: 600 titles of Newspapers (10,000 meters)  10,000 titles of books published in Indochina before 1954 (in form of Microfiches) Multimedia Collection: Tape, Video, CD-ROM, DVD, Abstract and Full-text databases
National Collection (cont.) Sino-Nom Collection: The NLV’s Sino-Nom collection is diversified in content and types and can be seen among the big Sino-Nom collections in Vietnam NLV started to collect Sino-Nom collection since 1954  The collection was catalogued and on service since 1963 The collection has been seen as the rare collection of the NLV with an independent storage, one reading room with special preservation conditions NLV’s Sino-Nom Collection: About 1,000 titles (298 titles manuscripts, 257 titles written in Nom,  old Vietnamese scripts which was derived from Chinese scripts , Sino-Nom-Modern Vietnamese scripts, Nom-Modern Vietnamese script) The Collection covers such fields as Literature, History, Geography, Medicine, etc. Many titles were written centuries ago with high value. The oldest book was printed in 1763 NLV has compiled a Bibliography of the NLV’s Sino-Nom Collection ( by Prof. Ngo Duc Tho )
 
 
NLV’s Readers In principles, the NLV is open to the Public. However, due to its limited space and number of copies per titles, at present the NLV is only able to provide reading services to its registered members Membership: +   Vietnamese University students (60%) + Vietnamese University graduates and scholars (40%) + Foreigners with valid passport NVL issues about 30,000 membership cards annually NLV receives an average of 2,000 visits per day
NLV’s Reading Room Systems NLV provides both Open Stack reading service and on request reading service in 13 Reading rooms: 2 Open stacks of Books in Vietnamese  (Social Sciences & Humanities; Natural Sciences & Technology) 1 General Reading Room 1 Special Collection Open stack (Sino-Nom Collection) 1 Multimedia Reading Room 1 Friendship Open stack 1 Chinese Open stack 1 UN Documents Open stack (Sponsored by the UN) 1 English books Open stack (Sponsored by TAF/ U.S.A) 1 Reference Open stack 1 Librarianship Materials Open stack 1 Periodical Reading Room 1 Microfilm and Microfiche Reading Room
NLV’s Reading Services On-side Reading Services The NLV offers both Open Stack reading service and on request reading service. However, it provides no lending service because of limited copies and over crowded clients Reference Service: Information services: press clipping, subject bibliographies Local History Bibliographies Readers’ assistance
NLV’s Reading Services Technical Service: Setting up computer network Librarianship & IT training Software Installation Hardware Maintenance Internet Access:  (Multi media Reading Room ) 40 workstations of ADSL and Wireless net Software, Databases of special subjects Multimedia collection Audio-visual facilities
Reading Promotion Activities Topic Talks and Seminars  (1 every two months and on request) Books and Images Exhibitions Exhibition of new books  About 10 exhibitions per year on special occasions NLV or NLV cooperates with Embassies & International Organizations in Hanoi  Reading Festivals  (Since 2006)
 
 
In-house Publications National Bibliography (monthly & annually) General Bibliography of Vietnam Vietnamese Library Journal Standard Manuals  on library profession:  Description Rules for Books, Classification Table, Key words, Author’s Code, etc.
Professional Guidance NLV’s Sciences Research Division has provided regular Technical assistances to lower levels libraries throughout the country; NLV hold national workshops Librarian Further training New Library Standards & Technology training Professional Experiences Sharing workshops Annually and on requested
Current Major National projects Project entitled "Electronic Library"  Has been implemented at the NLV & 34 Major Provincial Libraries  All Libraries are equipped with a fully Library Automated System The project is funded by the Budget of Vietnamese Government and Local Peoples’ Committee of all levels Project of setting up a National Centre for Material Preservation at the NLV Facilities equipped
International Cooperation NLV has become official member of IFLA & CONSAL since 2000 NLV has regular materials exchange relations with 122 Libraries and Information Agencies of 32 countries in the world.  NLV has a close relationships with the National Libraries of ASEAN countries, U.S.A, China, Japan, France, Spain, Australia, Russia Every year, about 50 foreign delegations visit the NLV and around 30 NLV staffs attend Regional and International training Workshops and Conferences  NLV co-operate with International Organizations and Embassies in Vietnam to organize international training workshops and Books Exhibition annually NLV is the Host Country for CONSAL XIV (2006-2009) NLV is the Host Country of CDNL-AO (2009)
International Cooperation (cont.) Current major projects: DDC translation and training/ In cooperation with RMIT University Vietnam/ Funded by The Atlantic Philanthropies, U.S.A English Books Donation/ Funded by The Asia Foundation, U.S.A Preservation Manuals translation and training/ Funded by The Ford Foundation, U.S.A Microfilming of early Vietnamese Newspapers/ Funded by the Centre for Research Library, U.S.A Digitization of Books in French published before 1954 at the NLV/ Funded by French Government within VALEASE project Sino-nom Digitization/Funded by Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation, U.S.A
 
Developing Strategy   To become a standard modern Library of Vietnam To apply International Standards in professional activities To become an electronic, digital library  To become a National Center for materials preservation To expand International Cooperation with more Libraries and Information Agencies in ASEAN, ASIA, French, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, U.S.A
Thank you!

More Related Content

PPTX
Scandinavia libraries
PPSX
Associations and Infrastructures of Germany's Library Community
PPTX
Entitle Libraries for Lifelong Learning - Best Practices
PDF
Danish Library Association - voorstelling door Hellen Niegaard
PPTX
LEC Welcome to the Library talk 2019
PPT
ENTITLE Final Conference - Libraries for Lifelong Learning
PPT
Conference Opening and overview of the programme, Louise Edwards, Director of...
Scandinavia libraries
Associations and Infrastructures of Germany's Library Community
Entitle Libraries for Lifelong Learning - Best Practices
Danish Library Association - voorstelling door Hellen Niegaard
LEC Welcome to the Library talk 2019
ENTITLE Final Conference - Libraries for Lifelong Learning
Conference Opening and overview of the programme, Louise Edwards, Director of...

What's hot (20)

PDF
Municipal libraries of huesca 2
PDF
Portugal
PPT
Poland libraries nla_sbp
PPT
Reshaping the research library.LIBER's involvement in The European Library
PPTX
Welcome to the library - MSc Sports programmes 2015
PPTX
Library design developments down under Janine schmidt
PDF
9 italia
PPSX
3 france
PPTX
Psychology Welcome to the Library guide 2019
PPT
How to build international partnership with french libraries ?
PPTX
Vattulainen eng
PDF
7 finlandia
PPTX
Tesol 2012
PPTX
Ed d induction
PPTX
ENSSIB - École Nationale Supérieure de Sciences de l’Information et des Bibli...
PPTX
Welcome to the library - BSc Sports programmes 2017
PPT
Serbia in the lo clouds
PDF
5 turquia derya arslan
PPTX
Tips 4 teachers library presentation
Municipal libraries of huesca 2
Portugal
Poland libraries nla_sbp
Reshaping the research library.LIBER's involvement in The European Library
Welcome to the library - MSc Sports programmes 2015
Library design developments down under Janine schmidt
9 italia
3 france
Psychology Welcome to the Library guide 2019
How to build international partnership with french libraries ?
Vattulainen eng
7 finlandia
Tesol 2012
Ed d induction
ENSSIB - École Nationale Supérieure de Sciences de l’Information et des Bibli...
Welcome to the library - BSc Sports programmes 2017
Serbia in the lo clouds
5 turquia derya arslan
Tips 4 teachers library presentation
Ad

Viewers also liked (20)

PPT
Library Proposal
PPS
bibliotecas
PPTX
The National Library of Russia
PPTX
Yale University Library
PPTX
The National Library of France
DOC
Qais 64991 graduation_project_proposal
PDF
Simpozionul anul bibliologic 2016 (1)
PDF
Introduction of National Library
PPTX
Preventive conservation in action - Prue Castles and Michelle Newton-Edwards
PPTX
Tajuk 1 (Kumpulan B)
PPTX
Books disvovered once again - final summary
PPTX
Pernyataan "Negara Brunei Darussalam adalah Negara Melayu Islam Beraja" dalam...
PPTX
National library of India. Library and information science
PPTX
A proposal to have a conducive learning computer lab.
PDF
Library Proposal
DOC
Digital Library Project Proposal
Library Proposal
bibliotecas
The National Library of Russia
Yale University Library
The National Library of France
Qais 64991 graduation_project_proposal
Simpozionul anul bibliologic 2016 (1)
Introduction of National Library
Preventive conservation in action - Prue Castles and Michelle Newton-Edwards
Tajuk 1 (Kumpulan B)
Books disvovered once again - final summary
Pernyataan "Negara Brunei Darussalam adalah Negara Melayu Islam Beraja" dalam...
National library of India. Library and information science
A proposal to have a conducive learning computer lab.
Library Proposal
Digital Library Project Proposal
Ad

Similar to Nlv Introduction (12)

PPTX
Journey toward Learning Society: Possibilities and challenges of Viet Nam Li...
PPTX
Workshop 6 access
PPTX
GROUP-1-MAJOR-8-ALL ABOUT THEVIETNAM.pptx
PPT
The Global Library Scene_Oyler.ppt
PPTX
Developing a School Library Program in Vietnam:Opportunities and Challenges
PDF
Vietnam novita
PDF
[Student Exchange Vietnam] Pre-Departure Guide - Life in Vietnam v8
PPTX
History and Development of Libraries.pptx
PPTX
Towards functional school libraries: A tale of Room to Read’s school library ...
PDF
Vietnam Rising Culture And Change In Asias Tiger Cub William Ratliff
PPT
Library Services and Trend in Malaysia - Dato' Raslin Abu Bakar
PPTX
Workshop 7 web access technology (for audiovisual content)
Journey toward Learning Society: Possibilities and challenges of Viet Nam Li...
Workshop 6 access
GROUP-1-MAJOR-8-ALL ABOUT THEVIETNAM.pptx
The Global Library Scene_Oyler.ppt
Developing a School Library Program in Vietnam:Opportunities and Challenges
Vietnam novita
[Student Exchange Vietnam] Pre-Departure Guide - Life in Vietnam v8
History and Development of Libraries.pptx
Towards functional school libraries: A tale of Room to Read’s school library ...
Vietnam Rising Culture And Change In Asias Tiger Cub William Ratliff
Library Services and Trend in Malaysia - Dato' Raslin Abu Bakar
Workshop 7 web access technology (for audiovisual content)

Recently uploaded (20)

PDF
Charisse Litchman: A Maverick Making Neurological Care More Accessible
PPTX
Probability Distribution, binomial distribution, poisson distribution
PDF
How to Get Business Funding for Small Business Fast
PPTX
3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE UNIIT 3^..pptx
PPTX
2025 Product Deck V1.0.pptxCATALOGTCLCIA
PPTX
Board-Reporting-Package-by-Umbrex-5-23-23.pptx
PDF
Deliverable file - Regulatory guideline analysis.pdf
PDF
Solaris Resources Presentation - Corporate August 2025.pdf
PDF
Tata consultancy services case study shri Sharda college, basrur
PPTX
Belch_12e_PPT_Ch18_Accessible_university.pptx
PDF
NEW - FEES STRUCTURES (01-july-2024).pdf
PDF
Family Law: The Role of Communication in Mediation (www.kiu.ac.ug)
PPT
Lecture 3344;;,,(,(((((((((((((((((((((((
PPTX
svnfcksanfskjcsnvvjknsnvsdscnsncxasxa saccacxsax
PDF
Laughter Yoga Basic Learning Workshop Manual
PPTX
CkgxkgxydkydyldylydlydyldlyddolydyoyyU2.pptx
PDF
kom-180-proposal-for-a-directive-amending-directive-2014-45-eu-and-directive-...
PDF
Nante Industrial Plug Factory: Engineering Quality for Modern Power Applications
PPTX
Sales & Distribution Management , LOGISTICS, Distribution, Sales Managers
PDF
IFRS Notes in your pocket for study all the time
Charisse Litchman: A Maverick Making Neurological Care More Accessible
Probability Distribution, binomial distribution, poisson distribution
How to Get Business Funding for Small Business Fast
3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE UNIIT 3^..pptx
2025 Product Deck V1.0.pptxCATALOGTCLCIA
Board-Reporting-Package-by-Umbrex-5-23-23.pptx
Deliverable file - Regulatory guideline analysis.pdf
Solaris Resources Presentation - Corporate August 2025.pdf
Tata consultancy services case study shri Sharda college, basrur
Belch_12e_PPT_Ch18_Accessible_university.pptx
NEW - FEES STRUCTURES (01-july-2024).pdf
Family Law: The Role of Communication in Mediation (www.kiu.ac.ug)
Lecture 3344;;,,(,(((((((((((((((((((((((
svnfcksanfskjcsnvvjknsnvsdscnsncxasxa saccacxsax
Laughter Yoga Basic Learning Workshop Manual
CkgxkgxydkydyldylydlydyldlyddolydyoyyU2.pptx
kom-180-proposal-for-a-directive-amending-directive-2014-45-eu-and-directive-...
Nante Industrial Plug Factory: Engineering Quality for Modern Power Applications
Sales & Distribution Management , LOGISTICS, Distribution, Sales Managers
IFRS Notes in your pocket for study all the time

Nlv Introduction

  • 2. An Overall View of the National Library of Vietnam PHAM THE KHANG Director, National Library of Vietnam July, 2007
  • 3. Administrative Structure of Vietnamese Libraries: Vietnamese Libraries operate under the Administration of the Ministry of Culture and Information Library Department is responsible for Policy Advisory The National Library of Vietnam is responsible for Professional Advisory Vietnamese Library Association was set up in November 22, 2006 with the office located at the NLV’s campus 1/ Public Library System: The National Library of Vietnam (NLV); Libraries established by the People's Committees of all levels Cities/Provincial Libraries: 64 District Libraries: 585 Commune Libraries Village Book Stacks: 7,000
  • 4. Administrative Structure of Vietnamese Libraries (Cont.) 2/ Academic Library System: University Libraries: 300 School Libraries: 19,000 3/ Special Library System: 218 Including: Libraries of State Bodies (Political Organizations, Socio-Political Organizations, Social Organizations, Economics Organizations and Public-service Units); Libraries of Scientific Research Institutes and Centers 4/ Military Library System: Academy/ Institutes: 53 Libraries and Reading Rooms of Armed Forced Units 1,300
  • 5. NLV’s General Introduction NLV was founded in 1917 by the Governor General of Indochina NLV is located in the heart of Hanoi Capital NLV’s area is of 16,000 sq meter, with 7 centralizes air-conditioning buildings NLV’s staffs:186 (145 Librarians, 1 Doctor, 30 Masters) NLV’s Computer network: 10 servers & 200 work stations with internet connection All professional activities have been automated using an Integrated Library System Software (ILIB) NLV’s Website: http://www.nlv.gov.vn
  • 6. NLV’s Tasks & Responsibilities NLV has been the Center Library of Vietnam (under Library Ordinance, 2001) To exploit documentary sources at home and abroad to meet the readers demands; To receive copy right publications deposits at home according to the regulations, to build and preserve for long term the stocks of Vietnamese publications; to compile and publish the National Bibliography of Vietnam; To organize the service of readers of all kinds To undertake the cooperation and exchange of documents with libraries at home and abroad; To conduct Scientific and Technological research projects in the field of Library & Information and apply new Scientific Technology on Library activities To organize professional fostering courses for librarians and give librarianship instructions to libraries throughout the country
  • 7. National Collection NLV is the largest Library in the nation with approximately 1.3 million items housed on about 6 mile of bookshelves Books Collection: Vietnamese: 334,280 copies Russian: 267,874 copies English: 99,057 copies French: 87,539 copies Chinese: 47,230 copies Sino-nom: 6,000 copies Others languages (Japanese, Spanish, Korean, etc.) Every year, the NLV acquires app. 14,000 titles of books in Vietnamese and foreign languages to the collection Periodicals Collection: 11,000 titles of Vietnamese and foreign Newspapers and Magazines
  • 8. National Collection (cont.) Indochina Collection: The greatest collection in the region (53,901 volumes of books, journals and Newspapers published in French Indochinese territories from 1861 to 1954) Doctoral Thesis Collection: 11,000 Doctoral Thesis written by Vietnamese citizens at Vietnamese and foreign Institutions since 1954. NLV has digitized the abstract and full-text of the collection Microfilm Collection: 600 titles of Newspapers (10,000 meters) 10,000 titles of books published in Indochina before 1954 (in form of Microfiches) Multimedia Collection: Tape, Video, CD-ROM, DVD, Abstract and Full-text databases
  • 9. National Collection (cont.) Sino-Nom Collection: The NLV’s Sino-Nom collection is diversified in content and types and can be seen among the big Sino-Nom collections in Vietnam NLV started to collect Sino-Nom collection since 1954 The collection was catalogued and on service since 1963 The collection has been seen as the rare collection of the NLV with an independent storage, one reading room with special preservation conditions NLV’s Sino-Nom Collection: About 1,000 titles (298 titles manuscripts, 257 titles written in Nom, old Vietnamese scripts which was derived from Chinese scripts , Sino-Nom-Modern Vietnamese scripts, Nom-Modern Vietnamese script) The Collection covers such fields as Literature, History, Geography, Medicine, etc. Many titles were written centuries ago with high value. The oldest book was printed in 1763 NLV has compiled a Bibliography of the NLV’s Sino-Nom Collection ( by Prof. Ngo Duc Tho )
  • 10.  
  • 11.  
  • 12. NLV’s Readers In principles, the NLV is open to the Public. However, due to its limited space and number of copies per titles, at present the NLV is only able to provide reading services to its registered members Membership: + Vietnamese University students (60%) + Vietnamese University graduates and scholars (40%) + Foreigners with valid passport NVL issues about 30,000 membership cards annually NLV receives an average of 2,000 visits per day
  • 13. NLV’s Reading Room Systems NLV provides both Open Stack reading service and on request reading service in 13 Reading rooms: 2 Open stacks of Books in Vietnamese (Social Sciences & Humanities; Natural Sciences & Technology) 1 General Reading Room 1 Special Collection Open stack (Sino-Nom Collection) 1 Multimedia Reading Room 1 Friendship Open stack 1 Chinese Open stack 1 UN Documents Open stack (Sponsored by the UN) 1 English books Open stack (Sponsored by TAF/ U.S.A) 1 Reference Open stack 1 Librarianship Materials Open stack 1 Periodical Reading Room 1 Microfilm and Microfiche Reading Room
  • 14. NLV’s Reading Services On-side Reading Services The NLV offers both Open Stack reading service and on request reading service. However, it provides no lending service because of limited copies and over crowded clients Reference Service: Information services: press clipping, subject bibliographies Local History Bibliographies Readers’ assistance
  • 15. NLV’s Reading Services Technical Service: Setting up computer network Librarianship & IT training Software Installation Hardware Maintenance Internet Access: (Multi media Reading Room ) 40 workstations of ADSL and Wireless net Software, Databases of special subjects Multimedia collection Audio-visual facilities
  • 16. Reading Promotion Activities Topic Talks and Seminars (1 every two months and on request) Books and Images Exhibitions Exhibition of new books About 10 exhibitions per year on special occasions NLV or NLV cooperates with Embassies & International Organizations in Hanoi Reading Festivals (Since 2006)
  • 17.  
  • 18.  
  • 19. In-house Publications National Bibliography (monthly & annually) General Bibliography of Vietnam Vietnamese Library Journal Standard Manuals on library profession: Description Rules for Books, Classification Table, Key words, Author’s Code, etc.
  • 20. Professional Guidance NLV’s Sciences Research Division has provided regular Technical assistances to lower levels libraries throughout the country; NLV hold national workshops Librarian Further training New Library Standards & Technology training Professional Experiences Sharing workshops Annually and on requested
  • 21. Current Major National projects Project entitled "Electronic Library" Has been implemented at the NLV & 34 Major Provincial Libraries All Libraries are equipped with a fully Library Automated System The project is funded by the Budget of Vietnamese Government and Local Peoples’ Committee of all levels Project of setting up a National Centre for Material Preservation at the NLV Facilities equipped
  • 22. International Cooperation NLV has become official member of IFLA & CONSAL since 2000 NLV has regular materials exchange relations with 122 Libraries and Information Agencies of 32 countries in the world. NLV has a close relationships with the National Libraries of ASEAN countries, U.S.A, China, Japan, France, Spain, Australia, Russia Every year, about 50 foreign delegations visit the NLV and around 30 NLV staffs attend Regional and International training Workshops and Conferences NLV co-operate with International Organizations and Embassies in Vietnam to organize international training workshops and Books Exhibition annually NLV is the Host Country for CONSAL XIV (2006-2009) NLV is the Host Country of CDNL-AO (2009)
  • 23. International Cooperation (cont.) Current major projects: DDC translation and training/ In cooperation with RMIT University Vietnam/ Funded by The Atlantic Philanthropies, U.S.A English Books Donation/ Funded by The Asia Foundation, U.S.A Preservation Manuals translation and training/ Funded by The Ford Foundation, U.S.A Microfilming of early Vietnamese Newspapers/ Funded by the Centre for Research Library, U.S.A Digitization of Books in French published before 1954 at the NLV/ Funded by French Government within VALEASE project Sino-nom Digitization/Funded by Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation, U.S.A
  • 24.  
  • 25. Developing Strategy To become a standard modern Library of Vietnam To apply International Standards in professional activities To become an electronic, digital library To become a National Center for materials preservation To expand International Cooperation with more Libraries and Information Agencies in ASEAN, ASIA, French, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Spain, U.S.A