Note There are more questions than usual, so you will n.docx
- 1. Note: There are more questions than usual, so you will need to figure out how to write less in answer to some of the questions and more for others. To be complete and specific enough to do well, you will need to plan and edit these carefully to fit into the two-page format. Good luck. 1. Discuss the Nanchan Temple as a typical example of ancient Chinese architecture. What are the key characteristics of form, material and structure, how do they relate directly to the natural environment of ancient China, and how do these traits relate to the key cultural concerns and ways of thinking in ancient Chinese society? In other words, how is it typical of ancient Chinese architecture in general, and how can you use it as an example of some of the “big ideas” (for China) discussed in class? 2. Now consider the Ise Shrine in the same way? What is Japanese about it, and how does it exemplify several of the main ideas we discussed? How would you distinguish it from the Nanchan Temple? What’s different, but also what is similar, and why? Remember to consider the site (designed landscape) immediately around the central shrine buildings, as it has important implications for answering the question. 3. a) How did Confucian philosophy influence or parallel any
- 2. aspect of ancient Chinese design? (Explain two examples of links between Confucianism and design we talked about.) b) How did Daoism influence ancient Chinese design? Be specific – remember that Daoism has several, specific key ideas associated with it which you need to know in order to answer this question (give three examples). 4. a) How did specific Shinto beliefs and attitudes impact or relate to characteristics of Japanese design? Give several examples, citing specific works, or at least types, of design. b) How did the story of the bamboo cutter most directly seem to parallel or relate to Shinto ideas or attitudes? 5. Look at the Chinese Silk Banner in the textbook, and consider the silk robes we examined in class. How does the banner express typically ancient Chinese ideas or attitudes? What main ideas does silk as used in ancient Chinese design seem to most directly relate to, and how? (Clues can be found in what we got from the Emperor-goes-to-the- Moon story.) 6. a) Consider the Japanese Album Leaf calligraphy shown in the textbook and in class; how is it typically Japanese in character, and how does Japanese calligraphy relate to Chinese calligraphy? b) Comment on how the Enso – like the one you made in your discussion section – could express or embody any of our main ideas about Japanese design. Note: There are more questions
- 15. express or embody any of our main ideas about Japanese design. CHARACTERIZING THE MUTANT SMALL-WING PHENOTYPE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER In this research experiment, we described the gene that causes the malformed small wings phenotype in Drosophila Melanogaster. The main objective of this research experiment was to regulate the approach of inheritance of this specific gene. Our transmuted flies displayed a small wings phenotype, whereas the wild type flies displayed a large wing phenotype. Established on the conclusions of Thomas Hunt Morgan and his student, Calvin Bridges, we formed our own assumption that the gene for small wings is a sex-liked and recessive to the wild- type allele. During the semester, we accomplished a succession of crosses between flies communicating wild-type and mutant phenotypes to regulate the approach of inheritance of the gene that concludes eye color in Drosophila Melanogaster. INTRODUCTION Drosophila melanogaster, also well-known as the fruit fly, is an influential sample creature extensively used in biotic study that has made important assistances to the superior systematic communal well over the last hundred years. Drosophila melanogaster is a small fly about 3mm in length, of the type that gathers around ruined fruit. It is also considered as one of
- 16. the greatest valued of creatures in biotic study, mainly in heredities and developmental biology. Drosophila has been used as a great sample creature for study and examination for about a century, and even nowadays, several thousand scientists are working on many different aspects of the fruit fly. Its significance for humanoid fitness was renowned by the honor of the Nobel prize in drug/functioning to Ed Lewis, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus in 1995. Why work with Drosophila? It is a big question that why people prefer to work with Drosophila. The main reason behind this is that it is quite simple and easy to tackle and easily well-understood - and part of it is useful: it's a little creature, having a short period of life cycle of just couple of weeks, and is inexpensive and simple to retain huge numbers. Distorted and mutant flies, with faults in any of few thousand genes are obtainable, and the whole genome has lately been managed.Life cycle of Drosophila The egg of Drosophila is around half a millimeter in length. It may take about a day after impregnation for the fetus to grow and brood into a worm-like bug. The bug noshes and breeds uninterruptedly, moulting one day, 2 days, and 4 days after breeding. After 2 days as a third bug, it moults one extra time to practice an immovable larva. Over the subsequent 4 days, the physique is totally changed to provide the mature feathered shape, which then broods from the larval case and is produced within about 12 hours. (Timing period is for 25°C; at 18°, growth receipts double as extended.)Research on Drosophila Drosophila is very popular for research experiments. Formerly, it was commonly used in heredities, for example to determine that genes were connected to proteins, and to learn the guidelines of hereditary legacy. Recently, it is used typically in changing biology, watching to understand how a compound creature ascends from a comparatively modest impregnated egg. Foetal growth is where utmost of the care is focused, but there is also a countless deal of attention on how numerous mature constructions grow in the pupa, typically absorbed on the
- 17. growth of the complex wings, but also on the annexes, forelegs and other structures. Advantages of Using Drosophila Melanogaster Using D. melanogaster has a variety of advantages that make it an ideal creature for genetic experiments. First main advantage of using this creature is that of its short life period. D. Melanogaster can complete an entire generation within two weeks (about 10 days), permitting many generations to be generated and studies for research within a few weeks. The second advantage is that these flies also produce a good number of offspring, generating good numbers of progeny from a single cross. The third main advantage is that these flies are very easy to be kept and maintain in the laboratory temperature. They are also advantageous in a way that their male and female flies can be easily identified and young virgin female flies are easily isolated to generate genetic crosses. Fifth advantage is that as they are small in size, they need a small living area, but still they are enough in size to be seen any kind of mutations with the help of a microscope. Last but not the least advantage is that this fly has a relatively small genome comprising about 175 million base pairs of DNA, which is about 5% of the size of the human genome. It has four pairs of chromosomes in which one pair of sex chromosomes and three pairs of autosomes. All the above mentioned advantages are the evidences of D. melanogaster as a useful genetic model creature. The main purpose of this lab was to determine the mode of inheritance of a specific mutant phenotype. We saw that our mutant flies show a mutant phenotype in wing type. The mutant flies exhibited a small wing phenotype, whereas the wild type flies presented a large wing phenotype. Thomas Hunt Morgan and his student,Calvin Bridges, performed similar experiments on D. melanogaster to reveal that the gene for small wing is located on the X chromosome. By analyzing our data and applying Morgan and Bridge’s findings with simple Mendelian rules, we predicted that trait for small wings in D. melanogaster is recessive to the wild-type allele and has an X-linked mode of
- 18. inheritance. Methods and Materials Anaesthetizing and Observing the Flies We had to anaesthetize the flies first for inspection under microscope if we desire to detect flies. We recycled FlyNap to anaesthetize the flies which permitted the flies to slumber for an suitable quantity of period while watching them. To use FlyNap efficiently, we got the devoted FlyNap vials and transported the flies we required to inspect to these vials. We unlocked our vial of flies and instantly positioned the FlyNap vial over the opening, in order to transmit the flies deprived of permitting any sample to seepage. By inserting, the FlyNap vial on the highest of the fly vial, we had to capsize the vials and mildly blow on the innovative fly vial to transmission the remaining of the flies. As all of the flies had been moved, we took the FlyNap vial off of the innovative fly via and instantly enclosed the opening of the FlyNap vial with a fluff wadding. Once the fluff padding was resolutely in place, we used a minor skirmish to swim the FlyNap and cautiously injected the brush into the FlyNap vial. After a few minutes the flies became anaesthetized and were capable to be witnessed. Once, anaesthetized, we moved the flies on top of an directory card and positioned the card under the microscope. By means of a paintbrush, we were capable to operate the flies in such a manner that we could effortlessly detect the phenotypes and gender of each fly. We cautiously documented our clarifications and positioned then back in the vials, we had to place the flies in the vial and then place the vial on its side to be certain the fly’s wings did not acquire caught in the fly mass media. This procedure was recurring every time we desirable to see our flies. Setting up Crosses As soon as our parental generation had been observed and documented, we were prepared to set up our first cross to produce our F1 generation. In each cross, we were preferably desirable between 3-5 flies of each sex to create the finest
- 19. consequences. Our first cross was between wild-type females and transmuted males, lengthwise with the reciprocal of this cross. This cross requisite us to have virgin female flies to create correct consequences in our F1 generation. By using virgin females, this guaranteed that the females would only chum with the nominated males in our wanted cross. To get virgin females, we deflated our original standard vials by anaesthetizing any a live flies in these vials and positioning of them in the Fly Morgue. This guaranteed that any female flies together 8-10 hours after exhausting these vials would be virgin flies. One of our F2 crosses was again between virgin wild-type females and transmuted males. The other F2 cross was not, though, the reciprocal of the first F2 cross. The other F2 cross was between wild-type females and wild-type males. This is because the F2 generation must be a cross of the generation. We acquired these virgin flies in the similar way; clearing the F1 generation vials and gathering the females 8-10 hours after discharging the vials. The consequences of these crosses offer us with plenty evidence to come to an assumption on the manner of legacy of the transmuted wing phenotype. Preparing Fly Media and Vials For the initial and following crosses, fly media were ready and positioned into each vial as a nourishment foundation for the flies. This was completed by inserting a scoop of 4-24 instant culture mediums along with an equivalent amount of water in the bottoms of each vial. We allowed the water to fascinate into the medium for a few minutes before engaging the flies into the vial. A few grains of yeast were also scattered into the medium to inspire the female to lay her egg. Every vial was then branded with our group name as well as the fillings of the vial. All of the vials were then protected together with a rubber band and positioned in the incubator located in the lab. The incubator is continued at 23 degree Celsius with a 12 hour day/night cycle. Our vials were patterned normally and preserved appropriately during the course of the lab.
- 20. Results and Discussion We arranged numerous crosses between flies of changing phenotypes and examined the subsequent progeny, in order to study further about how the gene accounts for wing type are inherited. We needed inspecting our philosophy that the transformed allele is retreating to the wild-type allele and the small wing gene is situated on the X chromosome. To checkered our philosophy, we set up a cross between true-breeding virgin transmuted females (small wings) with true-breeding wild-type males (large wings) in one vial. In another vial, we arranged the give-and-take of the first cross; we crossed true-breeding virgin wild-type females (large wings) with true-breeding transmuted males (small wings). After we detected the consequences of the F1 generation, we instigated to understand a tendency that reinforced our theory. To control whether our consequences truly did care our theory, we executed a Chi Square Test to associate then offspring we perceived to what was anticipated of the cross. The Chi Square Test can be planned by using the subsequent formula. We then used our intended Chi Square Test Value and compared it to the-value to see if we should accept or reject sour hypothesis. In order to do this comparison, we needed to determine the degree of freedom needed for our particular cross. The degrees of freedom are calculated by taking n-1, where n is the number of possible phenotypes of the progeny. Because we had four possible resulting phenotypes, we calculated 3 degrees of freedom. If our calculated P-value was greater than 0.05 then our hypothesis was supported. If our P-value was less than 0.05, then we rejected our hypothesis. The results of these F1 crosses are as follows: Table 1.1 Symbols: X+= Wild-Type Xw = Mutant Female Mutant x Male Wild-Type (Xw Xw x X+ Y) Offspring:
- 21. Expected Ratios Genotypes Phenotypes Expected Observed 1/2 X+Y- Female Wild-Type 34 39 0 X+Y Male Wild-Type 0 0 0 Xw Xw Female Mutant 0 0 1/2 Xw Y Male Mutant 34 29 68 68
- 22. Chi Square Value: 1.471 Degrees of Freedom: 3 P-Value:> 0.5 Supports Hypothesis Table 1.2 Symbols: X+ = Wild-Type XW= Mutant Female Wild-Type X Male Mutant (X+ X+ x XW Y) Expected Ratios Genotype Phenotype Expected Observed ½ X+ Y- Female Wild- Type 26.5 29 ½ X+ Y Male Wild-Type 26.5 24 0 Xw Xw Female Mutant 0 0 0 Xw Y Male Mutant 0 0
- 23. 53 53 Chi Square Value: 0.472 Degrees of Freedom: 3 P-Value:>0.9 Supports Hyp othesis In all of these crosses for the F1 generation group, our theory was reinforced. In Table 1.1, we observe a transmuted female in which both X chromosomes confined the transmuted phenotype allele, created male offspring that only articulated the transmuted phenotype. In Table 1.2 we saw that when a transmuted male was crossed with a wild-type female, no transmuted males were created. Both of the consequences from these tables reinforced our theory that the gene for large wing is sex-linked. These consequences also reinforced that the transmuted phenotype allele is recessive to the wild-type allele. In tables, 1.1 and 1.2, all of the female offspring would be predictable to have the genotype X+ Xw. If the transmuted phenotype allele were overriding, all of the females would show the small wing phenotype. The facts indicate that this is not the situation; all of the females created in the F1 generation are of the large wing phenotype, representing that the transmuted phenotype allele must be recessive to the wild-type allele. Table 2.1 Symbols: X+ =Wild-Type Xw = Mutant Female Wild-Type x Male Mutant (X+ Xw x Xw Y) Offspring: Expected Ratios Genotype Phenotype Expected Observed ¼ X+ X-
- 24. Female Wild-Type 21.25 28 ¼ X+ Y Male Wild-Type 21.25 19 ¼ Xw Xw Female Mutaant 21.25 17 ¼ XW Y Male Mutant 21.25 21 85 85 Chi Square Value: 3.235 Degree of Freedom: 3 P-value:> 0.1Supports Gypothesis Table 2.2 Symbol: X+ = Wild-Type XW =Mutant Wild-Type Female x Wild –Type Male (X+ X+ x X+ Y) Offespring: Expected Ratios Genotype Phenotype Expected Observed ½
- 25. X+ X- Female Wild-Type 22.5 25 ¼ X+ Y Male Wild-Type 12.25 8 0 XW XWs Female Mutant 0 0 ¼ XW Y Male Mutant 11.25 12 45 45 Chi Square: 1.267 Degree of Freesom : 3, P-value:> Supports Hyp;othesis The consequences from Tables 2.1 and 2.2 from the F2 generation sustained to upkeep our first theory. The facts given in the above tables assured that the transmuted wing phenotype allele is an X-linked characteristic. The facts from the F2 generation further confirmed that the mutant phenotype allele is recessive to then wild-type allele. The facts as well as the premeditated Chi Square Test permit us to approve our theory about the style of inheritance of the small wing phenotype gene in D. melanogaster. After shaping the
- 26. predicted phenotype of the offspring from each cross, we premeditated the Chi Square Value and associated it with the P- value to examine its authority. All of our P-values well above the 0.05 mark which permitted us to agree our initial theory. By executing a succession of crosses between flies communicating wild-type and transmuted phenotypes, we were capable to decide the approach of inheritance of the genetic factor that decides the wing type in Drosophila Melanogaster. Our consequences of what we perceived from our research powerfully reinforced our first theory. Although we met problems early in the lab (i.e fly death), our consequences offered correct evidence that reinforced that the genetic factor is sex-linked and recessive to the wild-type allele. References PruBing, K., Voigt, A., & Schulz, J.B.(2013). Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Neurodegeneation, 8(1), 1-22.doi:10.1186/1750-1326- 8-35 Pierce, B.,& Choi, J.(2012). Genetics a conceptual approach (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H.Freeman. Roberts, D.B.(2006). Drosophila melanogaster: the model organis. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 121(2), 93-103.doi: 10.1111/j. 1570-8703.2006.0074