Ob unit 1
- 1. OB Unit 1
- 8. Why do we study OB(Contd.) • OB helps to learn about thyself and how to deal with others • Organizational Behavior is a way of thinking. • Organizational Behavior is multidisciplinary and it helps us multiple ways. • There is a distinctly humanistic orientation with OB. • The field of organizational behavior is performance oriented. • Organizational Behavior satisfies the need to understand and predict. • It helps us to test personal theories. • OB helps the managers to understand the basis of motivation and what he should do to motivate his subordinates. • OB helps to maintain cordial industrial relations which help to increase the overall productivity of the industry. • The subject of organizational behavior is useful in the field of marketing. • This helps greatly in improving bur inter-personal relations in the organizations. Friendly and cordial relations between employees and management and also among the employees create a congenial work environment in organizations.
- 9. Personality
- 19. Attitude
- 25. Cognitive Dissonance • Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance, etc. • For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition), they are in a state of cognitive dissonance.
- 26. • How Attitude Change Takes Place • Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and behavior in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance). This is known as the principle of cognitive consistency. • When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance
- 27. Dissonance can be reduced in one of three ways: • Change one or more of the attitudes, behavior, beliefs, etc., to make the relationship between the two elements a consonant one.-When one of the dissonant elements is a behavior, the individual can change or eliminate the behavior.However, this mode of dissonance reduction frequently presents problems for people, as it is often difficult for people to change well-learned behavioral responses (e.g., giving up smoking). • Acquire new information that outweighs the dissonant beliefs. For example, thinking smoking causes lung cancer will cause dissonance if a person smokes.However, new information such as “research has not proved definitely that smoking causes lung cancer” may reduce the dissonance. • Reduce the importance of the cognitions (i.e., beliefs, attitudes). A person could convince themself that it is better to "live for today" than to "save for tomorrow."In other words, he could tell himself that a short life filled with smoking and sensual pleasures is better than a long life devoid of such joys. In this way, he would be decreasing the importance of the dissonant cognition (smoking is bad for one's health)
- 29. • In simple terms, it illustrates that “we are what we do." According to self-perception theory, we interpret our own actions the way we interpret others’ actions, and our actions are often socially influenced and not produced out of our own free will, as we might expect.
- 30. • In 1974, James Laird conducted two experiments on how changes in facial expression can trigger changes in emotion.Participants were asked to contract or relax various facial muscles, causing them to smile or frown without awareness of the nature of their expressions. Participants reported feeling more angry when frowning and happier when smiling. They also reported that cartoons viewed while they were smiling were more humorous than cartoons viewed while they were frowning. Laird interpreted these results as "indicating that an individual's expressive behavior mediates the quality of his emotional experience.“.In other words, a person's facial expression can act as a cause of an emotional state, rather than an effect; instead of smiling because they feel happy, a person can make themselves feel happy by smiling.