OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS IN C++.pptx
- 1. OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS UNIT 1 PREPARED BY LOKESH SHARMA AND HARSH SHARMA
- 2. PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE AND OBJECT ORIENTED APPROACH Procedural Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming In procedural programming, the program is divided into small parts called functions. In object-oriented programming, the program is divided into small parts called objects. There is no access specifier in procedural programming. Object-oriented programming has access specifiers like private, public, protected, etc. Adding new data and functions is not easy. Adding new data and function is easy. Procedural programming does not have any proper way of hiding data so it is less secure. Object-oriented programming provides data hiding so it is more secure. In procedural programming, overloading is not possible. Overloading is possible in object-oriented programming. In procedural programming, the function is more important than the data. In object-oriented programming, data is more important than function. Code reusability absent in procedural programming, Code reusability present in object-oriented programming. Examples: C, FORTRAN, Pascal, Basic, etc. Examples: C++, Java, Python, C#, etc.
- 3. CHARACTERSTICS OF OOPS Object-oriented programming (OOP) has become one of the most popular programming paradigms at the current time. Almost every major programming language provides some form of OOP support, making it a very accessible option for programmers of various levels and domains.
- 4. OBJECTS In C++, Object is a real world entity, for example, chair, car, pen, mobile, laptop etc. In other words, object is an entity that has state and behavior. Here, state means data and behavior means functionality. Object is a runtime entity, it is created at runtime. Student s1; //creating an object of Student Let's see an example to create object of student class using s1 as the reference variable. In this example, Student is the type and s1 is the reference variable that refers to the instance of Student class.
- 5. CLASSES The next characteristic of object-oriented programming is the definition of classes. A class is where the blueprint for an object is defined. The blueprint defines the methods, attributes, and other aspects of the object. Objects are created from classes. A class is also known as a blueprint for an object. It defines properties, methods, and other aspects associated with the object. Objects are created from classes. A class is essentially a blueprint for an object. It defines properties, methods, and other aspects associated with the object.
- 6. ENCAPSULATION Another characteristic of OOP is that it emphasizes the encapsulation of data and functionality within objects. Objects are defined with specific functionality that governs the interactions between the objects. Encapsulation of data is an extremely important aspect of OOP. This is because it prevents hackers from modifying data that is stored in the database
- 7. Abstraction If you are a user, and you have a problem statement, you don't want to know how the components of the software work, or how it's made. You only want to know how the software solves your problem. Abstraction is the method of hiding unnecessary details from the necessary ones. It is one of the main features of OOPs. For example, consider a car. You only need to know how to run a car, and not how the wires are connected inside it. This is obtained using Abstraction
- 8. INHERITANCE Inheritance means inheriting someone's characteristics. Just like you inherit features and habits from your parents, it is possible to inherit the data and methods from one class to another. Combining and inheriting the objects and their properties is one of the most essential and important characteristics of oops. Super Class: The class from which the properties are inherited by the sub class/child class. Sub Class: The class which inherits the properties from the super class/parent class. Inheritance helps you do the separation of the same fields and functionality so that it can be reused in other classes. And this helps in code redundancy. Composition Composition is the procedure of combining two or more objects together to create a new and unique object. Through this process developers find it easy to reuse the elements specifically needed for the object to create a new and unique object
- 9. POLYMORPHISM Polymorphism means to have the same name of a method performing different tasks. For example, in finding out the area of the shape, the area of the square is length2, and the area of the rectangle is length*breadth. It has the ability to display the message in more than one form. A person can possess different characteristics at the same time, so this is what polymorphism is all about.
- 10. Polymorphism exhibits two different behaviors Static Polymorphism/ Method Overloading: It occurs when methods with the same name have differences in the number and types of parameters. For example: Explanation: Both Person and Child classes have the same method, i.e., walks(), and the Child class overrides the walks() method by having its own implementation. OUTPUT :-
- 11. Static Polymorphism/ Method Overloading: It occurs when methods with the same name have differences in the number and types of parameters. Explanation: In the above code, the show() method is overloaded by changing the number of parameters as well as by changing the name of the data type. So this is known as Method Overloading. Polymorphism has the ability to perform different tasks with the same method, due to which the code is clean. OUTPUT:-
- 12. Data Binding Binding means to bind one thing to another one. Here in OOPS, binding refers to linking some attribute of one object to another one in the Application. There are two main types of binding: Static Binding Dynamic binding Let's understand both of them using an example. Static Binding In static binding, the property of one object is changed directly without changing the other property.
- 13. OUTPUT:- Explanation When any type of object is determined at the compile time, then it is known as static binding. Also, play() and walks() are private methods, and that is the reason for the static binding.
- 14. Dynamic Binding When any object is determined at the run time, then it is known as dynamic binding. Dynamic Binding occurs when the property of one object changes, and due to this, the property of another object gets changed. OUTPUT:- Explanation In the above code, the instance of Child is also an instance of Person, So the compiler can't determine the object type.
- 15. MESSAGE PASSING Passing data around the program is the most important feature of the oop concept. Message passing is the sending of a message from one object to another. How does this occur? As we know that each object has its own specific address that other objects can use to send messages. Now that object can do whatever it needs to do based on the message. Multiple objects can communicate with each other in interesting ways.