The Synergy Between the Object Database, Graph Database, Cloud Computing and NoSQL Paradigms
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This document summarizes a presentation given by Leon Guzenda on the synergy between object database, graph database, cloud computing and NoSQL paradigms. It provides a historical overview of object database management systems and discusses their inherent advantages over relational databases. It also covers how these technologies have evolved, including the development of "NoSQL" systems, and how an object database management system can leverage other technologies like Hadoop. The presentation concludes that object database management systems are still highly relevant and that graph databases can complement relational, NoSQL and object database technologies.
The Synergy Between the Object Database, Graph Database, Cloud Computing and NoSQL Paradigms
- 1. ICOODB 2010 - Frankfurt, Deutschland The Synergy Between the Object Database, Graph Database, Cloud Computing and NoSQL Paradigms Leon Guzenda - Objectivity, Inc. 1 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 2. AGENDA • Historical Overview • Inherent Advantages of ODBMSs • Technology Evolution • Leveraging Technologies • Graph Databases • Summary 2 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 3. Historical Overview 3 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 4. The ODBMS Players 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010 Matisse VBase (Ontologic) Ontos GemStone (Servio Logic Servio GemStone) Objectivity/DB InfiniteGraph ObjectStore (Object Design Excelon Progress) GBase (Graphael) Versant Object Database (Versant) O2 ( Ardent Ascential) UniSQL Poet FastObjects db4objects Note that many of these companies were founded earlier, e.g. Objectivity, Inc. Berkeley DB (Sleepycat Oracle) was founded in June 1988. 4 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 5. ODBMS Evolution • 1980s – “Performance, Performance, Performance!” DATA – Primarily scientific and engineering applications MANIPULATION • 1990s Applications – Reliability and Scalability tended to generate data and – New languages and Operating Systems relationships – Large deployments in the scientific domain • 2000s RELATIONSHIP – Ease of use and instrumentation ANALYTICS – Query languages Applications – Performance and scalability ingest and correlate data and – Grids and Clouds relationships – Embedded systems, government and more... 5 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 6. Inherent ODBMS Advantages 6 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 7. Faster Navigation PROBLEM: Find all of the Suspects linked to a chosen Incident Incident_Table Join_Table Suspect_Table Relational solution: N * 2 B-Tree lookups N * 2 logical reads B-Trees Incident Suspects Objectivity/DB solution: 1 B-Tree lookup 1 + N logical reads Significantly faster navigation of relationships 7 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 8. Lower Query Latency Relational Receive & O/R Send Access Read Create Return Interpret Optimize Qualify Loop Mapping Request Indices Data View Result Request Objectivity/DB Qualified objects are Initialize Start Access Qualify Open Loop returned as soon as Iterator Loop Indices Object they are found. Time 8 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 9. Technology Evolution 9 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 10. Grids and Clouds • 1996 - CERN started looking for a DBMS for the LHC. • RD45 team verified that a distributed ODBMS could handle complexity, performance and Petabyte+ scale. • Lead to grid deployments at SLAC and Brookhaven • Meanwhile, developers migrated from CORBA to SOA. • Then, our grid and SOA experience made the migration to cloud environments very easy. 10 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 11. The “NoSQL” Movement • Some web application developers found RDBMSs too restrictive. • They were dealing with: – Huge parallel ingest streams – Applications that scan or navigate rather than query – Unconventional transaction models. • So... they re-invented the wheel! – Sharding (Hadoop and Big Table) – Key-Value tables (Big Table) – Dynamo... 11 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 12. Sharding Splits large tables into groups of related rows and puts them onto separate servers. They each have a schema. Schema 1 Client Split/Combine Server Africa & Antarctica Product Catalog • Big tables can be split Schema 1 Server Americas • Small “hot” tables may be replicated Product Catalog Schema 1 • The client has to figure out Server Australasia and Asia which server to use. Product Catalog • Data has to be compatible with the Server ETC. client hardware, OS and language. 12 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 13. Hadoop’s HDFS • Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is the primary storage system used by Hadoop applications. • HDFS creates multiple replicas of 64+ Megabyte data blocks and distributes them on compute nodes throughout a cluster to enable reliable, extremely rapid computations. • Each data block is replicated 3 times - twice on the same rack and once on another rack. Client HDFS client Name Node Directory Data Node Data block 1a Data block 1b • The client needs to know Data block 1c the name of the block to be Data block 2 operated on. Data block 3 • The block is copied to the Data Node Data block 4 client for processing. 13 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 14. Leveraging Technologies 14 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 15. Objectivity/DB • Federated object-oriented database platform • Single Logical View across distributed persistent objects • Eliminates the OO language to database mapping layer • Ultra-fast object navigation • Customizable, distributed query engine • Dynamic schema changes and low administration overheads • Interoperability across multiple languages and platforms • High Availability • Grid and cloud environment enabled 15 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 16. Distributed Architecture Client Simple, Distributed Servers Application Lock Server Lock Server Smart Lock Server Cache Query Server Objectivity/DB Lock Server Data Server Enhances scalability and availability 16 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 17. Parallel Query Engine Application Lock Server Lock Server Smart Lock Server Filter/ Cache Query Server Query Server Gateway PQE Objectivity/DB Task Lock Server Splitter Data Server The Task Splitter aims queries at specific Filters can run complex qualification methods. databases and containers Gateways can access other databases or search engines. Replaceable components for smarter optimization 17 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 18. Objectivity/DB Advantages Fully Distributed with Client-Side Smart Caching Highly efficient storage and navigation of relationships Flexible Clustering Scalable Collections Customizable Parallel Query Engine Quorum-based Replication and High Availability Flexible, Multi-mode Indexing Fully Interoperable Across Platforms and Languages 18 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 19. Objectivity/DB 10.1 • User-replaceable Parallel Query Engine search agents • Page level and partial backups • Eclipse RCP • Visual Studio 2010 support • Mac OS X support 19 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 20. Graph Databases 20 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 21. The Link Hunter 21 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 22. Graph Databases • Nodes are represented as Vertices Vertex • Relationships are represented as Edges • Edges may be weighted Edge • Both are regular objects – Properties – Methods – Inheritance 22 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 23. InfiniteGraph... •Dedicated Graph API •Easy to use and deploy •Java now, C# soon... •Built on Objectivity/DB •Fully interoperable 23 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 24. ...InfiniteGraph... • Create and update graph structures • Traversal with constraints: – Return only designated Edge types – Return if not an excluded Edge type – Direction matches intent – Properties do not match a provided predicate – Maximum path depth has been reached... • Optional Event notification – Target vertex was found – Path is being abandoned 24 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 25. ...InfiniteGraph • Search and Query Processing – Supports Objectivity/DB and Lucene indexing – Key and range queries – Full text searching – Regular expression search of string-based keys • Path Finding – Start and end vertices – Maximum depth – Vertex type inclusion and exclusion lists – Edge type list 25 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 26. InfiniteGraph Licensing • 60-day free trial • Free GoGrid cloud development and deployment environment for qualified startups and non-profits –Licenses must be procured after a pre-agreed annual revenue level is reached • Open Source framework licenses • Standard commercial licenses 26 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 27. Case Studies 27 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 28. Objectivity/DB & Hadoop... HDFS Weaknesses • HDFS cannot be directly mounted by an existing operating system • Getting data into and out of the HDFS file system, an action that often needs to be performed before and after executing a job, can be inconvenient. • A filesystem in userspace has been developed to address this problem, at least for Linux and some other Unix systems. • It moves 64+ MB blocks and doesnʼt support POSIX file operations • Replicating data three times is costly. • However, there is a version that uses a parity block, decreasing the physical storage requirements from 3x to around 2.2x. • The Name Node is a single point of failure • If the name node goes down, the filesystem is offline. When it comes back up the name node must replay all outstanding operations. This replay process can take over half an hour for a big cluster. 28 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 29. ...Objectivity/DB & Hadoop... 64+ MB Container file/blocks PAGE OOFS Objectivity/DB + HDFS Client SERVER Security (HDFS client) “AMS PAGE SERVER” Cache • Problem: HDFS works best when transferring 64+ MB blocks of data. Objectivity/DB works best with 16-64KB blocks. • Solution: Implement a memory cache for the HDFS blocks. 29 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 30. ...Objectivity/DB & Hadoop Name Node FD’ Client HDFS client Objectivity/DB Name Node FD Data Node Data block 1a Data block 1b • Removes the single point Data block 1c of failure by using an Data block 2 Objectivity/DB Name Node Data block 3 Federation (replicated). Data Node Data block 4 • Could provide other services too, such as content tagging and connectivity. 30 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 31. InfiniteGraph and Cassandra • Apache Cassandra provides a structured key-value store with eventual consistency. • It is a resilient, distributed DBMS. • The prototype uses social network data. • It extracts data from Cassandra, then finds the shortest paths between people. Application InfiniteGraph Cassandra 31 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 32. Summary 32 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 33. NoSQL? •All of these features could have been obtained from “Commercial Off The Shelf” ODBMSs: • Unique object/document IDs • Flexible object clustering • Sharding • Effectivity (data in a relationship) • Shared-Nothing • Geospatial and multi-dimensional indexing • Fully distributed • Hash table (key-value) lookups • No lock and novel transaction modes • Hyperspace = = single logical view of a federation • Iterators and fast, predictable traversals • Multi-way replication • Fast scans • High Availability • Optimization for random access • Text searching • In Memory Database configurability 33 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 34. Summary • We need to re-examine the reasons that the NoSQL movement didn’t just use ODBMSs. • The NoSQL movement helps strengthen our argument that RDBMSs aren’t always the best choice. • Graph DBMSs can supplement RDBMS, NoSQL and ODBMS technologies. • The best Graph DBMSs are built on ODBMSs. • ODBMSs are here to stay. 34 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010
- 35. Questions? • objectivity.com - White papers, downloads etc. • EMAIL: info @ objectivity.com • infinitegraph.com - WPs, downloads etc. • EMAIL: info @ infinitegraph.com • Presenter: leon @ objectivity.com If they give you paper with lines on, write sideways! 35 Leon Guzenda at ICOODB 2010 © Objectivity, Inc. 2010