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Ontologies and Semantic in OpenSource projects

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This document discusses ontologies and semantic technologies. It begins with introductions to ontologies from both a philosophical and computer engineering perspective. It then covers OWL and RDF standards for defining ontologies and describes how ontologies can be used to semantically query information. Examples of specific ontologies like FOAF and SIOC are also provided.

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Ontologies and Semantic Jose Gato Luis <jose.gato@atosresearch.eu> (4-09-2012)
© 2009,2011 Jose Gato Luis Some rights reserved. This presentation is distributed under the “Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0” license, by Creative Commons, available at 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Summary Introduction Ontologies OWL and RDF. QualiPSo: Information management Semantic Queries 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 3
Introduction Definition: “ Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality in general, as well as of the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.” - Wikipedia 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 4
Introduction Computers engineering vision: “Ontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the properties of that domain, and may be used to define the domain.” - Wikipedia How to make an standard, in order to define the parts of a concept. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 5
Ontologies Vocabularies to define entities and concepts. For example, the ontology of an email or a a tree. Knowledge representation. Knowledge understandable by machines and computer programs. Similar to object orientation paradigm. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 6
Ontologies This is not understandable by a machine: Car Colour Price Ford Fiesta Blue 30 Ferrari F40 Red 10 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 7
Ontologies Information clasified and structured: I want to rent a Ford Fiesta car by 60€ Class car -> Model -> Ford Fiesta Class car -> Colour -> Blue Class Money -> Type -> Coin Class Money -> Value -> 60 Class Money -> Coin -> euro 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 8
Ontologies Something understandable by a machine: <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf- syntax-ns#" xmlns:coche="http://car/spec/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://car/FordFiesta”> <car:colour> blue </car:colour> <car:price> 30 </car:price> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 9
Ontologies And relations... <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf- syntax-ns#" xmlns:coche="http://car/spec/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://car/FordFiesta”> <car:colour> blue </car:colour> <car:price> 30 </car:price> <manufacturer:id> http://manufacturer/FordSpain </manufacturer:id> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 10
Ontologies An ontology should allow to define all the information of a concept: Is this possible? Standards -> Competency vs Community Different persons will define concepts in very different ways. Are we able to define the world around us? Specific concepts Tree: { Root, Trunk, type... } Difficult to define abstract concepts 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 11
Ontologies Ontologies are useful when... You can define enough information about a concept. Used by many people/projects/communities Widely spread <-> Standard <-> Community 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 12
Ontologies: FOAF Friend of a Friend: http://www.foaf-project.org/ People Activities People relations: People living in Europe, common friends <foaf:Person rdf:ID=”PeterParker”> <foaf:name>Peter Parker</foaf:name> <foaf:gender> Male </foaf:gender> <foaf:title> Mr </foaf:title> <foaf:givenname>Pet</foaf:givenname> <foaf:knows rdf:nodeID="harry"/> </foaf:Person> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 13
Ontologies: SIOC Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities http://sioc-project.org/ontology 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 14
Ontologies: SIOC <sioc:Post rdf:about="http://..../post/7#post"> <dc:title>Example post</dc:title> <sioc:has_creator> <sioc:User rdf:about="person/pepe"> <sioc:name>John</sioc:name> </sioc:User> </sioc:has_creator> <sioc:content>there was a time</sioc:content> <sioc:has_reply> <sioc:Post rdf:about="post/3#post" /> </sioc:has_reply> </sioc:Post> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 15
Ontologies: Mixing To define a concept (resource), usually, you dont have enough with only one ontology <foaf:Person rdf:ID=”PeterParker”> <foaf:name>Peter Parker</foaf:name> <foaf:gender> Male </foaf:gender> <foaf:title> Mr </foaf:title> <foaf:givenname> Peter </foaf:givenname> <foaf:knows rdf:nodeID="harry"/> <sioc:email>spiderman@gmail.com</sioc:email> </foaf:Person> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 16
RDF Resource Description Framework Classes A ressource with the property rdf:type Class OOP and abstract charcteristics of an object, properties and behaviors RDF class does not define behaviors. It is a data model Resource Description Framework Subject, predicate y object Subject -> Resource (Jose) 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 17
04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 18
RDF: Triplets <Subject> <Predicate> <Object> <http://es.person/jose> <http://foaf/#name> "Jose" . <http://es.person/jose> <http://foaf/#has> "car" . <http://es.person/jose> <http://foaf/#friend_of> <http://es.person/jose>. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 19
RDF: Schemas Schemas to define the namespaces of the resources Property names must be associated to schemas <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <rdf:Description about="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/"> <dc:creator>Nancy Ide</dc:creator> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 20
RDF: Schemas RDF Schema: "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# DC Dublin Core: light weight RDFS vocabulary for describing generic metadata: “http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1” <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <rdf:Description about="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/"> <dc:creator>Nancy Ide</dc:creator> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 21
RDF/XML Foaf: friend of a friend ontology: http://http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/ <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://es.person/jose"> <rdf:type>http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/#Person</rdf:type> <foaf:has> car </foaf:has> <foaf:friend_of> http://es.person/jose </foaf:friend_of> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 22
RDF/XML You can use the resource type as an element name. Abbreviated RDF syntax <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"> <foaf:Person rdf:about="http://es.person/jose"> <foaf:has> car </foaf:has> <foaf:friend_of> http://es.person/jose </foaf:friend_of> </foaf:Person> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 23
RDF/XML... but triplets Where are the triplets? <foaf:Group rdf:about="http://groups/ILRT"> <foaf:name>ILRT staff</foaf:name> <foaf:member> <foaf:Person> <foaf:name>Martin Poulter</foaf:name> <foaf:workplaceHomepage rdf:resource="http://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/"/> </foaf:Person> </foaf:member> </foaf:Group> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 24
RDF/XML... but triplets Here they are.. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 25
RDF/XML... and graphs 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 26
RDF Extensibility!!!!!! How do you extend the properties in your data model? If you have a DDBB? Change tables, queries, inserts, update and modify. A nightmare. OOP. New properties in your class, incompatibility. RDF: add new triplets to the resources using new properties. Nothing changes. See example of Tutorial Ivan Herman (pag 55) 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 27
RDF/XML Parsing tool http://www.w3.org/RDF/Validator/ 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 28
OWL Ontology Web Language Markup language in order to publish and share information using ontologies. Extension of RDF/XML Classes and relations Terminology Instance: object Class: collection of objects. Description concept. All classes maybe a subclass of another (base: Thing) 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 29 Properties: A property is a directed binary relation
OWL Terminology Classes Descriptions: property restrictions, intersections, unions, constraints... Axioms: subClassOf, equivalentClass have a range which is the class Person 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 30
<owl:Class rdf:ID="WhiteBurgundy"> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Burgundy" /> <owl:Class rdf:about="#WhiteWine" /> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 31
<owl:Class rdf:ID="WhiteWine"> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Wine" /> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasColor" /> <owl:hasValue rdf:resource="#White" /> </owl:Restriction> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 32
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Fruit"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#SweetFruit" /> <owl:Class rdf:about="#NonSweetFruit" /> </owl:unionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 33
<owl:Class rdf:ID="SweetFruit"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EdibleThing" /> </owl:Class> <owl:Class rdf:ID="NonSweetFruit"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EdibleThing" /> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#SweetFruit" /> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 34
OWL <owl:Class> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class> <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Tosca" /> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Salome" /> </owl:oneOf> </owl:Class> <owl:Class> <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Turandot" /> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Tosca" /> </owl:oneOf> </owl:Class> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 35
OWL Terminology Properties: A property is a directed binary relation that specifies class characteristics Datatype properties: modelName (String datatype) is the property of Manufacturer class Object properties: ownedBy may be an object type property of the Vehicle class and may have a range which is the class Person 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 36
OWL <owl:Class rdf:about="http://....../qualipso_maillinglist#Mail"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://..../2002/07/owl#Class"/> <rdfs:label >Mail</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment >An electronic mail.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://..../ns#Post" /> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 37
OWL Online ontologies browser http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/browser/ontologies/ Examples Pizza: http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/2007/02/12/pizza.ow 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 38
QualiPSo “Issues” in OpenSource projects Huge amount of data in different information sources Heterogeneous information Information neither classified nor structured No relations between data in different information sources Outdated forges 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 39
QualiPSo – Information management Relations between different information sources. Extractors searching for relations and then they put marks of meta-info using ontologies. Relations searching for patterns: #bug 396 Some relations: Bugs -> commits -> lines of code Bugs -> emails Docs -> emails 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 40
Semantic Queries (SPARQL) SPARQL: SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language Queries language http://sparql.org/query.html PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> SELECT ?title WHERE { <http://example.org/books> dc:title ?title } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 41
Examples Commit related with bugs: PREFIX rdf: <http://.../-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX relation:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qr#"> PREFIX qvc:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qvc#"> SELECT ?resource WHERE { ?resource relation:commitAboutIssue ?bugID . } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 42
Examples Commit related with the bug #252: PREFIX rdf: <http://.../-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX relation:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qr#"> PREFIX qvc:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qvc#"> SELECT ?resource ?message WHERE { ?resource relation:commitAboutIssue “252” . ?resource qvc:message ?message . } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 43
"Introduction to the Semantic Web" - Ivan Herman - http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/0829-Nanjing-IH/ 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 44
Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Extract all the films PREFIX ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> SELECT ?e WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 45
Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Extract all the films starred by cruise from the year 1990 PREFIX ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> SELECT ?e WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . ?e ont:starring <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tom_Cruise> . ?e ont:releaseDate ?date. ?e ont:producer ?producer ?producer FILTER (?date >= "1990"^^xsd:date) } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 46
Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Extract all the films (and producer's name) starred by cruise from the year 1990 PREFIX ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> SELECT ?e ?producer ?productor_name WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . ?e ont:starring <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tom_Cruise> . ?e ont:releaseDate ?date. ?e ont:producer ?producer . ?producer dbpedia2:name ?productor_name FILTER (?date >= "1990-01-01"^^xsd:date) } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 47
Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Abstracts of movies starring Tom Cruise, released before 1999 SELECT ?subject ?label ?released ?abstract WHERE { ?subject rdf:type <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Film>. ?subject dbpedia2:starring <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tom_Cruise>. ?subject rdfs:comment ?abstract. ?subject rdfs:label ?label. FILTER(lang(?abstract) = "en" && lang(?label) = "en"). ?subject <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/releaseDate> ?released. FILTER(xsd:date(?released) < "2000-01-01"^^xsd:date). } ORDER BY ?released LIMIT 20 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 48
Jose Gato Luis <jose.gato@atosresearch.eu> http://www.linkedin.com/in/josegatoluis 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 49

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Ontologies and Semantic in OpenSource projects

  • 1. Ontologies and Semantic Jose Gato Luis <jose.gato@atosresearch.eu> (4-09-2012)
  • 2. © 2009,2011 Jose Gato Luis Some rights reserved. This presentation is distributed under the “Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0” license, by Creative Commons, available at 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
  • 3. Summary Introduction Ontologies OWL and RDF. QualiPSo: Information management Semantic Queries 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 3
  • 4. Introduction Definition: “ Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence or reality in general, as well as of the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.” - Wikipedia 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 4
  • 5. Introduction Computers engineering vision: “Ontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the properties of that domain, and may be used to define the domain.” - Wikipedia How to make an standard, in order to define the parts of a concept. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 5
  • 6. Ontologies Vocabularies to define entities and concepts. For example, the ontology of an email or a a tree. Knowledge representation. Knowledge understandable by machines and computer programs. Similar to object orientation paradigm. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 6
  • 7. Ontologies This is not understandable by a machine: Car Colour Price Ford Fiesta Blue 30 Ferrari F40 Red 10 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 7
  • 8. Ontologies Information clasified and structured: I want to rent a Ford Fiesta car by 60€ Class car -> Model -> Ford Fiesta Class car -> Colour -> Blue Class Money -> Type -> Coin Class Money -> Value -> 60 Class Money -> Coin -> euro 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 8
  • 9. Ontologies Something understandable by a machine: <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf- syntax-ns#" xmlns:coche="http://car/spec/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://car/FordFiesta”> <car:colour> blue </car:colour> <car:price> 30 </car:price> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 9
  • 10. Ontologies And relations... <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf- syntax-ns#" xmlns:coche="http://car/spec/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://car/FordFiesta”> <car:colour> blue </car:colour> <car:price> 30 </car:price> <manufacturer:id> http://manufacturer/FordSpain </manufacturer:id> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 10
  • 11. Ontologies An ontology should allow to define all the information of a concept: Is this possible? Standards -> Competency vs Community Different persons will define concepts in very different ways. Are we able to define the world around us? Specific concepts Tree: { Root, Trunk, type... } Difficult to define abstract concepts 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 11
  • 12. Ontologies Ontologies are useful when... You can define enough information about a concept. Used by many people/projects/communities Widely spread <-> Standard <-> Community 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 12
  • 13. Ontologies: FOAF Friend of a Friend: http://www.foaf-project.org/ People Activities People relations: People living in Europe, common friends <foaf:Person rdf:ID=”PeterParker”> <foaf:name>Peter Parker</foaf:name> <foaf:gender> Male </foaf:gender> <foaf:title> Mr </foaf:title> <foaf:givenname>Pet</foaf:givenname> <foaf:knows rdf:nodeID="harry"/> </foaf:Person> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 13
  • 14. Ontologies: SIOC Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities http://sioc-project.org/ontology 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 14
  • 15. Ontologies: SIOC <sioc:Post rdf:about="http://..../post/7#post"> <dc:title>Example post</dc:title> <sioc:has_creator> <sioc:User rdf:about="person/pepe"> <sioc:name>John</sioc:name> </sioc:User> </sioc:has_creator> <sioc:content>there was a time</sioc:content> <sioc:has_reply> <sioc:Post rdf:about="post/3#post" /> </sioc:has_reply> </sioc:Post> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 15
  • 16. Ontologies: Mixing To define a concept (resource), usually, you dont have enough with only one ontology <foaf:Person rdf:ID=”PeterParker”> <foaf:name>Peter Parker</foaf:name> <foaf:gender> Male </foaf:gender> <foaf:title> Mr </foaf:title> <foaf:givenname> Peter </foaf:givenname> <foaf:knows rdf:nodeID="harry"/> <sioc:email>spiderman@gmail.com</sioc:email> </foaf:Person> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 16
  • 17. RDF Resource Description Framework Classes A ressource with the property rdf:type Class OOP and abstract charcteristics of an object, properties and behaviors RDF class does not define behaviors. It is a data model Resource Description Framework Subject, predicate y object Subject -> Resource (Jose) 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 17
  • 18. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 18
  • 19. RDF: Triplets <Subject> <Predicate> <Object> <http://es.person/jose> <http://foaf/#name> "Jose" . <http://es.person/jose> <http://foaf/#has> "car" . <http://es.person/jose> <http://foaf/#friend_of> <http://es.person/jose>. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 19
  • 20. RDF: Schemas Schemas to define the namespaces of the resources Property names must be associated to schemas <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <rdf:Description about="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/"> <dc:creator>Nancy Ide</dc:creator> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 20
  • 21. RDF: Schemas RDF Schema: "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# DC Dublin Core: light weight RDFS vocabulary for describing generic metadata: “http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1” <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"> <rdf:Description about="http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide/rdf/"> <dc:creator>Nancy Ide</dc:creator> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 21
  • 22. RDF/XML Foaf: friend of a friend ontology: http://http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/ <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://es.person/jose"> <rdf:type>http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/#Person</rdf:type> <foaf:has> car </foaf:has> <foaf:friend_of> http://es.person/jose </foaf:friend_of> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 22
  • 23. RDF/XML You can use the resource type as an element name. Abbreviated RDF syntax <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://w.o/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"> <foaf:Person rdf:about="http://es.person/jose"> <foaf:has> car </foaf:has> <foaf:friend_of> http://es.person/jose </foaf:friend_of> </foaf:Person> </rdf:RDF> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 23
  • 24. RDF/XML... but triplets Where are the triplets? <foaf:Group rdf:about="http://groups/ILRT"> <foaf:name>ILRT staff</foaf:name> <foaf:member> <foaf:Person> <foaf:name>Martin Poulter</foaf:name> <foaf:workplaceHomepage rdf:resource="http://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/"/> </foaf:Person> </foaf:member> </foaf:Group> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 24
  • 25. RDF/XML... but triplets Here they are.. 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 25
  • 26. RDF/XML... and graphs 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 26
  • 27. RDF Extensibility!!!!!! How do you extend the properties in your data model? If you have a DDBB? Change tables, queries, inserts, update and modify. A nightmare. OOP. New properties in your class, incompatibility. RDF: add new triplets to the resources using new properties. Nothing changes. See example of Tutorial Ivan Herman (pag 55) 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 27
  • 29. OWL Ontology Web Language Markup language in order to publish and share information using ontologies. Extension of RDF/XML Classes and relations Terminology Instance: object Class: collection of objects. Description concept. All classes maybe a subclass of another (base: Thing) 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 29 Properties: A property is a directed binary relation
  • 30. OWL Terminology Classes Descriptions: property restrictions, intersections, unions, constraints... Axioms: subClassOf, equivalentClass have a range which is the class Person 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 30
  • 31. <owl:Class rdf:ID="WhiteBurgundy"> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Burgundy" /> <owl:Class rdf:about="#WhiteWine" /> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 31
  • 32. <owl:Class rdf:ID="WhiteWine"> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Wine" /> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#hasColor" /> <owl:hasValue rdf:resource="#White" /> </owl:Restriction> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 32
  • 33. <owl:Class rdf:ID="Fruit"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#SweetFruit" /> <owl:Class rdf:about="#NonSweetFruit" /> </owl:unionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 33
  • 34. <owl:Class rdf:ID="SweetFruit"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EdibleThing" /> </owl:Class> <owl:Class rdf:ID="NonSweetFruit"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#EdibleThing" /> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#SweetFruit" /> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 34
  • 35. OWL <owl:Class> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class> <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Tosca" /> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Salome" /> </owl:oneOf> </owl:Class> <owl:Class> <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Turandot" /> <owl:Thing rdf:about="#Tosca" /> </owl:oneOf> </owl:Class> </owl:intersectionOf> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 35
  • 36. OWL Terminology Properties: A property is a directed binary relation that specifies class characteristics Datatype properties: modelName (String datatype) is the property of Manufacturer class Object properties: ownedBy may be an object type property of the Vehicle class and may have a range which is the class Person 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 36
  • 37. OWL <owl:Class rdf:about="http://....../qualipso_maillinglist#Mail"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://..../2002/07/owl#Class"/> <rdfs:label >Mail</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment >An electronic mail.</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://..../ns#Post" /> </owl:Class> 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 37
  • 38. OWL Online ontologies browser http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/browser/ontologies/ Examples Pizza: http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/2007/02/12/pizza.ow 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 38
  • 39. QualiPSo “Issues” in OpenSource projects Huge amount of data in different information sources Heterogeneous information Information neither classified nor structured No relations between data in different information sources Outdated forges 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 39
  • 40. QualiPSo – Information management Relations between different information sources. Extractors searching for relations and then they put marks of meta-info using ontologies. Relations searching for patterns: #bug 396 Some relations: Bugs -> commits -> lines of code Bugs -> emails Docs -> emails 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 40
  • 41. Semantic Queries (SPARQL) SPARQL: SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language Queries language http://sparql.org/query.html PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> SELECT ?title WHERE { <http://example.org/books> dc:title ?title } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 41
  • 42. Examples Commit related with bugs: PREFIX rdf: <http://.../-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX relation:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qr#"> PREFIX qvc:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qvc#"> SELECT ?resource WHERE { ?resource relation:commitAboutIssue ?bugID . } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 42
  • 43. Examples Commit related with the bug #252: PREFIX rdf: <http://.../-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX relation:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qr#"> PREFIX qvc:<"http://www.q.org/ont/qvc#"> SELECT ?resource ?message WHERE { ?resource relation:commitAboutIssue “252” . ?resource qvc:message ?message . } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 43
  • 44. "Introduction to the Semantic Web" - Ivan Herman - http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/0829-Nanjing-IH/ 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 44
  • 45. Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Extract all the films PREFIX ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> SELECT ?e WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 45
  • 46. Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Extract all the films starred by cruise from the year 1990 PREFIX ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> SELECT ?e WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . ?e ont:starring <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tom_Cruise> . ?e ont:releaseDate ?date. ?e ont:producer ?producer ?producer FILTER (?date >= "1990"^^xsd:date) } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 46
  • 47. Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Extract all the films (and producer's name) starred by cruise from the year 1990 PREFIX ont: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> SELECT ?e ?producer ?productor_name WHERE { ?e rdf:type ont:Film . ?e ont:starring <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tom_Cruise> . ?e ont:releaseDate ?date. ?e ont:producer ?producer . ?producer dbpedia2:name ?productor_name FILTER (?date >= "1990-01-01"^^xsd:date) } 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 47
  • 48. Play with SPARQL http://dbpedia.org/snorql/ Abstracts of movies starring Tom Cruise, released before 1999 SELECT ?subject ?label ?released ?abstract WHERE { ?subject rdf:type <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Film>. ?subject dbpedia2:starring <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Tom_Cruise>. ?subject rdfs:comment ?abstract. ?subject rdfs:label ?label. FILTER(lang(?abstract) = "en" && lang(?label) = "en"). ?subject <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/releaseDate> ?released. FILTER(xsd:date(?released) < "2000-01-01"^^xsd:date). } ORDER BY ?released LIMIT 20 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 48
  • 49. Jose Gato Luis <jose.gato@atosresearch.eu> http://www.linkedin.com/in/josegatoluis 04/09/12 Ontologies and Semantic 49