Operation Enduring Freedom was launched in October 2001 in response to the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and destroy terrorist camps, but the Taliban refused. The U.S. began bombing al-Qaeda and Taliban forces. Key battles included the Battle of Tora Bora in late 2001, where around 220 terrorists were killed. By 2004, Hamid Karzai had been elected as Afghanistan's first democratic leader. The operation continues today with support from over 50 countries and has rebuilt infrastructure, though insurgent attacks persist.