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CHAPTER 09
MANAGEMENT OF QUALITY
Teaching Notes
This chapter is devoted to quality management. It presents a definition of quality, discusses the
importance of quality and the determinations of quality, highlights the views of leading experts on
modern quality management, and describes the total quality management approach. A later chapter is
devoted to quality control procedures and quality improvement.
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a popular approach that:
1. Promotes understanding and fulfilling the needs of customers.
2. Defines quality in terms of customer requirements.
3. Views quality improvement as a never-ending quest to improve the process.
4. Uses statistical reasoning with data to solve problems and to improve the process.
5. Emphasizes the role of leadership systems in improving quality.
6. Utilizes appropriate education and training for everyone in the organization in a continuous
fashion.
7. Views quality as not only a technical operational issue but also views it from a strategic
orientation that leads to enhanced long-term planning.
8. Encourages empowerment of the employees in the workplace to improve job design, job
performance, and continuous improvement in all aspects of the organization.
TQM is an approach that views quality improvement as a never-ending quest to improve the
conversion process so that the level of customer satisfaction continually rises. Because the Japanese
have been so successful in continuously improving the quality of their products and services, Kaizen,
or continuous improvement, has become an extremely popular and widely accepted managerial
approach to improve quality on a daily basis. The old adage, “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it,” has a rather
hollow ring to it these days. A more appropriate message today would be “just because it ain’t broke
doesn’t mean it can’t be improved.”
The material in this chapter is divided into the following major topics:
1. Overview of TQM
2. Problem Solving
3. Continuous Process Improvement
a. Process Mapping
b. Process Analysis
c. Process Redesign
4. Seven Quality Tools
a. Check Sheets
b. Flowcharts
c. Scatter Diagrams
d. Histograms
e. Pareto Charts
f. Control Charts
g. Cause-and-Effect Diagrams

5. Strategic Issues in Implementing TQM
6. Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle
7. Methods for Generating Ideas
a. Run Charts
b. Brainstorming
c. Quality Circles
d. Benchmarking
Reading: Benchmarking Corporate Web Sites of Fortune 500 Companies
Reason for the importance of each factor:
Factor Importance
1 Use of meta tags Conveys information to web crawlers about the
site.
2 Home page title Communicates the content of the site.
3 Unique domain name Lessens the chance that other domains will show
up in a search.
4 Search engine site registration Increases visibility on the web.
5 Server reliability Affects the percentage of time a site is “up.”
6 Speed of loading Some potential viewers will not be willing to wait
if loading is slow.
7 Number of bad links Frustrates visitors and does not give impression of
a site that is “current.”
8 Number of spelling errors Does not make a good impression.
9 Visibility of contact information Eases ability to contact.
10 Indication of last update date Reveals how current the site information is.
11 A privacy policy A privacy policy is one of the most important
documents on any web site. It details how
information collected from visitors will be treated.
12 Presence of a search engine Allows visitors to find what they are looking for
on the site easily.
13 Translation to multiple languages Broadens the potential audience.
Answers to Discussion and Review Questions
1. a. Convenience: the availability and accessibility of the service
Reliability: the ability to perform a service dependably, consistently, and accurately
Responsiveness: the willingness of service providers to help customers in unusual
situations and to deal with problems
Time: the speed with which service is delivered
Assurance: the knowledge exhibited by personnel who come into contact with a customer
and their ability to convey trust and confidence
Courtesy: the way customers are treated by employees who come into contact with them
Tangibles: the physical appearance of equipment, facilities, personnel, and communication
materials
Consistency: the ability to provide the same level of good quality repeatedly
Expectations: meet or exceed customer expectations

b. The primary determinants of quality are design, conformance to design, ease of use (partly
related to design, but also a function of user instructions and sometimes training), and
service after delivery.
2. Qualityof design refers to the intention of designers to include or exclude certain features in a
product or service. Quality of conformance refers to how well a product or service matches
design specifications.
3. a. The reputation and image of an organization will suffer from poor quality products or
services.
b. Organizations must pay special attention to their potential liability due to damages or
injuries resulting from either faulty design or poor workmanship.
c. Poor quality can affect productivity adversely if rework is necessary or if the process has
to slow down to accommodate an assembler trying to find a part that fits properly or by
having defects and scrap that reduce output.
d. Poor quality increases costs because of rework, scrap, repair and replacement, warranty
claims, discounts, customer field work such as travel and inspection, lost time, and legal
expenses.
4.
Dimension Television Set
Performance On/off, sound, color, and picture
Aesthetics Shiny black cabinet
Special features Remote control, inset picture, and stereo sound
Conformance Conforms to design specifications for size, pixels, etc.
Reliability Infrequency of breakdowns and repair work
Durability Useful life in terms of time and use
Perceived quality UL approved and high Consumer Reports rating
Serviceability Handling of complaints, requests for information, and repair
work (cost, time, reliability, courtesy, and trust)
Consistency Quality of each set does not vary
Dimension Restaurant Meal (Product)
Performance Taste, smell, color, arrangement of food, cleanliness, and
tableware
Aesthetics Looks appetizing
Special features Specialties of the house: wines, cocktails, desserts, etc.
Conformance Meets or exceeds customer expectations
Reliability Meals are consistently delicious and cooked properly
Durability Meal ingredients maintain freshness and flavor
Perceived quality Appearance of meal leads customers to believe food is good
Serviceability Complaints handled quickly
Consistency Quality of each meal does not vary

Dimension Restaurant Meal (Service)
Convenience Easy entry into facility and available hours meet customer
needs
Reliability Servers take and serve orders dependably, consistently, and
accurately
Responsiveness Servers are able to handle special meal and drink requests
and to take care of problems quickly
Time Meals are cooked and served quickly
Assurance Servers are knowledgeable about all menu items
Courtesy Servers and managers treat customers with respect
Tangibles Facility is clean, equipment is in good working order, and
servers are dressed properly and have good hygiene
Consistency The restaurant consistently serves good food
Expectations The restaurant consistently meets or exceeds customer
expectations
Dimension Painting a House (Service)
Convenience Painters are able to work around homeowner’s schedule
Reliability Painters always finish jobs on time with good results
Responsiveness Painters and/or manager are willing and able to handle
special requests and to take care of problems (spills, runs,
etc.)
Time Painters are able to complete two coats of paint in a timely
manner
Assurance Painters are able to answer questions about paint coverage,
the ability of the paint to prevent mold, etc.
Courtesy Painters are respectful to homeowners
Tangibles Painters are dressed professionally, and equipment is in good
working order
Consistency Painters perform the same quality job each time
Expectations The painters meet or exceed customer expectations

Dimension Surgery and Post-Surgery Care (Service)
Convenience Timing of surgery works with patient’s schedule
Reliability Surgeon makes the same type of incisions, follows the same
steps each surgery, and correctly diagnoses and fixes patient
ailments
Responsiveness Surgeon is willing to move up surgery for a patient with
excessive pain
Time Patient is scheduled for surgery quickly, and surgeon
completes the surgery quickly given the complexity of the
procedure
Assurance Surgeon is able to answer all patient questions regarding
surgery and recovery
Courtesy Surgeon is respectful to the patient and explains procedures
in a friendly, caring manner
Tangibles Hospital surgery room and equipment are sanitary
Consistency Surgeon provides the same quality each surgery
Expectations Surgeon meets or exceeds patients’ requirements for range of
motion, speed of recovery, etc.
5. a. Various student responses are possible regarding whether product reviews (negative or
positive) influence their purchasing decisions.
b. Among the possible reasons: Often these are the extremes - A customer is either very
satisfied or very dissatisfied or a customer receives something in return for a review, such
as discount coupons or a small monetary reward.
c. Student answers will vary regarding whether they provide feedback about the helpfulness
of a product review.
6. A major component of the quality-ethics interface involves firms knowingly allowing
substandard products to be manufactured and sold or organizations knowingly providing
substandard service to customers.
The substandard production can take place as a result of poor workmanship; improper or
inadequate training of employees; poor product or process design; low quality parts, raw
materials, or components; poor maintenance policies and systems;and equipment or machinery
problems. Each of these reasons for substandard quality may involve possible unethical
behavior.
The consequences of delivering substandard or poor quality products range from increased
warranty and liability costs for companies to inconvenience or injuries to customers.
When the firm learns about the quality problem, the way in which it deals with it may be
considered unethical if the response to the problem is unreasonably slow, and/or if the
remedies are either nonexistent or considered to be inadequate.

7. Quality Gurus:
W. Edwards Deming:Deming is known as the senior quality guru. He was a statistics
professor at New York University. He went to Japan to assist the Japanese in improving
quality and productivity. As a result of his successful accomplishments in Japan, the Japanese
established the prestigious Deming prize, which is awarded annually to firms that distinguish
themselves with successful quality management programs. His work in quality was not
recognized in the U.S. until the 1980s. Finally, U.S. companies embraced his work. He
assisted many American companies in designing quality programs until his death in 1993.
Deming compiled a famous list of 14 points that he believed was the prescription needed to
achieve quality in an organization. He strongly believed the cause of inefficiency and poor
quality was due to the system and not to the employees. He also believed it was
management’s responsibility to correct the system to achieve the desired improvements in
quality and productivity.
The key elements of Deming’s 14 points are: constancy of purpose, continual improvement,
and profound knowledge. Profound knowledge has four key components:
a. An appreciation for a system.
b. A theory of variation (develop a system to reduce the variation in output and distinguish
between special and common causes of variation).
c. A theory of knowledge (knowledge is derived from theory, and learning cannot take place
without a theory of knowledge).
d. Psychology (management must find a way to motivate workers).
8. a. ISO 9000 is a set of international standards on quality management. The International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) promotes worldwide standards that will improve
efficiency and productivity. The ISO 9000 standards are important for doing business
internationally, especially in Europe. Over 40,000 companies are certified by ISO. To
become certified, companies must go through a process documenting procedures
involving process control, inspection, purchasing, and training. After the documentation
is complete, there is an on-site visit to verify the procedures documented. After
certification, registered companies go through a series of audits. They must be recertified
every three years.
b. One is an award; the other certifies a level of competence. The Baldrige Award is
designed to stimulate quality improvement efforts and to recognize achievements in U.S.
companies. ISO certification implies a certain level of quality competence in products or
services that is recognized internationally. If a U.S. company wanted to pursue both, the
logical first choice would be the Baldrige Award, because it would help the company
focus on its processes, which is a key step for ISO certification.

9. Quality management emphasizes preventing mistakes or correcting them after they occur.
There is a direct trade-off between investment in quality programs and investment in failure
costs. If the quality is poor, the failure costs will be high. Productivity can be harmed
significantly due to having to rework defective parts. Injuries can occur also because of
neglected machinery and defective output (internal failure costs). Increases in warranty costs,
service costs, repair costs, discount costs, and payments to customers to offset the inferior
quality are examples of external failure costs. The emphasis on quality can lead to a
significant reduction of both internal and external failure costs, thereby reducing production
costs for the company.
10. TQM is a quest for quality that involves everyone in the organization. The key elements of the
TQM approach are: asking customers what they want, designing a product or service that will
meet (or exceed) customer expectations, designing processes that facilitate doing the job right
the first time, keeping track of results and using them to guide improvement, extending TQM
concepts throughout the supply chain, ensuring that top management is involved with the
TQM effort, driving continuous improvement, benchmarking other companies, empowering
employees, using a team approach, making decisions based on facts, acquiring knowledge of
quality tools, ensuring supplier quality, having a TQM champion, enforcing quality at the
source, and treating suppliers as partners in the TQM process.
The driving force behind TQM is that it is an attitude toward quality. The company culture
must be willing to change and to embrace TQM. Embracing TQM is necessary for a company
because quality is an important determinant of a company’s viability now and in the future.
11. Seven Quality tools are:
a. Check Sheet: A tool for organizing and collecting data. It is a tally of problems and other
events by category.
b. Flowchart: A diagram of the steps in a process.
c. Scatter Diagram: A graph that shows the degree of relationship (correlation) between two
variables.
d. Histogram: A chart that shows the empirical frequency distribution. Histogram expresses
the shape of the data set.
e. Pareto Chart: A chart or diagram that arranges categories from highest frequency of
occurrence to lowest frequency of occurrence. A Pareto chart distinguishes the few critical
factors from the many trivial factors.
f. Control Chart: A statistical chart of time ordered values of a sample statistic. It involves
setting upper and lower limits to determine potential causes of problems in a given
process.
g. Cause-and-Effect Diagram: A representation of the relationship between some measured
effect and the set of possible causes that produce the effect. It may be used to correct the
problems or to understand the process itself.
12. a. Brainstorming is a technique in which a people share ideas and thoughts on various
problems in a relaxed atmosphere to stimulate unrestrained collective thinking.
b. Benchmarking is a technique that measures a company’s performance against the best in
industry. This technique can help in determining how the best companies achieve high
performance and quality levels.
c. Run Chart is a plot of series of values in the order of their occurrence. It is used to track
the values of a variable over time to identify trends or patterns in the data set.

13. There are four basic steps in the plan-do-study-act cycle:
Plan. Begin by studying the current process. Document that process. Then, collect data to
identify problems. Next, analyze data and develop a plan for improvement. Specify measures
to be used for evaluating the plan.
Do. Implement the plan, on a small scale if possible. Document any changes that are made
during this phase. Collect data systematically for evaluation.
Study. Evaluate the data collection during the do phase. Check to see how closely the results
match the original goals of the plan phase.
Act. If the results are successful, standardize the new method and communicate the new
method to all people associated with the process. Implement training for the new method.
Consider opportunities for replicating the same changes in other similar processes. If the
results are not successful, either revise the plan and repeat the process, or cease the process.
14. Steps of Problem Solving:
a. Define the problem and establish an improvement goal
b. Collect data
c. Analyze the problem
d. Generate potential solutions
e. Choose a solution
f. Implement the solution
g. Monitor the solution to see if it accomplishes the goal
15. a. Pareto Analysis:Assume that a company has just been bought by another company. Based
on an initial study, it has been established that the organization is suffering from numerous
quality problems. A committee is formed to study the quality-related problems. One of the
first tasks of the committee is to enumerate the various problems experienced by this
company and to identify the more important problems so that they can take corrective
action.In this context, the company is considering to use Pareto analysis to differentiate
the fewimportant problems from many trivial problems.
b. Histogram: A company is having problems controlling the quality of the average diameter
of radial tires. The quality control manager of a tire manufacturing company wants to
determine the shape of the tire diameter distribution so that he can determine whether
excessively large diameters or excessively small diameters are occurring. A histogram
is drawn to shed light on this problem.
c. Flowchart:The company has moved one of its plants to a new location. In the process of
moving, the layout of the plant was altered. Because of the alteration, the company is
having difficulty locating material and controlling its operations. The plant manager thinks
there is a more effective way to determine the layout of the plant. He proceeds by
assigning the Production and Inventory Control Manager to determine where in the
process problems occur. The Production and Inventory Control Manager utilizes a
flowchart to diagram the steps of the manufacturing process in the plant. After analyzing
the results from the flowchart, the company will consider other options for the plant
layout.

d. Scatter Diagram: A drug manufacturer wants to determine if there is a significant
relationship between the dosage of its new drug and a patient’s body temperature. It
collects information from 12 patients that were administered several different drug
dosages. Plotting the scatter diagram will show the degree and the direction of the
relationship between the two variables.
16. Steps of process improvement:
a. Map the process: Identify each step in the process along with its input and outputs, the
people involved, and the decisions that are made. Document measures such as time, cost,
space used, employee morale, turnover, accidents, working conditions, revenues, profits,
quality, and customer satisfaction. Prepare a flowchart of the process.
b. Analyze the process: Ask questions about the process: Is it logical? Are any steps
missing? Is there any duplication of steps? Ask questions about each step: Does the step
add value? Could the step be eliminated? Does any waste occur at the step? Could the
process time be shortened? Could the cost to perform the step be reduced? Could two (or
more) steps be combined?
c. Redesign the process: Using the results of the analyze step, redesign the process and
document improvements.
17. Flowchart: A manager trying to improve a process could start with a flowchart to determine
possible points in the process where problems occur.
Check Sheet: After determining where defects occur, the manager could use a check sheet to
record the different defects generated at the various points in the process.
Pareto Analysis: The manager could take the results from the check sheet and arrange the
defects in order of frequency.
Cause-and-Effect Diagram: The manager could take the most frequently occurring problem
and study that problem in greater detail using a cause-and-effect diagram.
Taking Stock
1. The tradeoff involved in deciding whether to offer a product or service guarantee is increased
revenue vs. increased cost. The guarantee should drive more business and revenue. However,
if the quality of the product or service does not meet customer expectations, external failure
costs could increase due to customers asking for refunds. Therefore, any company considering
offering such a guarantee will need to increase spending on prevention and appraisal costs to
ensure that external failure costs do not outweigh the benefits of increased revenue.
2. Setting priorities for quality improvement needs to transcend the entire organization.
Therefore, at the macro level, upper management needs to be involved heavily in determining
the desired level of quality. Obviously, the marketing department, due to its close contact with
the customers, can provide valuable information when defining quality. Upper-level manager
involved in strategic planning, due to their knowledge of competition, should be involved. Of
course, engineering, production, and the quality control department will not only be able to
answer technical questions about quality improvement but also will be in a position to
evaluate whether quality goal setting done at the macro level was reasonable. Finally,
accounting and financial personnel can provide valuable information about the cost of quality.
3. Technology has had a profound impact on quality. Improvement in measurement systems has
drastically improved the measurement of quality. Computer technology has enabled many
companies to perform on-line, real-time statistical process control, which has enabled them to
respond to quality problems faster. Due to technological improvements in computerized
design, products are designed better and thus have significantly fewer quality problems. The

artificial intelligence systems forewarn potential problems before they occur. Due to
computerized equipment, processes are able to hold tighter tolerances also.
Critical Thinking Exercises
1. It may be possible that customers noticed the additional repair personnel in the shop and
assumed (wrongly) that the manager had raised prices to pay the wages of the additional repair
personnel. It may be possible that repair personnel have some idle time now given the
additional staffing, and customers may be observing this. The manager has two options:
promote the fact that repair times have decreased while repair costs have decreased at the
same time or ensure that the additional repair personnel are not visible to customers.
2. Customer retention is important because it typically costs much less to retain current
customers than it does to attract new customers. One possible reason that “satisfied
customers” leave is that “customer satisfaction” is not enough. Retention may require
exceeding customer expectations. Another possibility is that no matter what you do, you will
not be able to retain some customers.
In some businesses, developing a breakdown of profits generated by each type of customer
(e.g., loyal customers versus customers with a tendency to leave) can be a good starting point.
It may turn out that it is not worthwhile to try to retain some customers. If it is worthwhile, try
to find out why you cannot retain them (i.e., what it would take to retain them), and respond
accordingly.
3. Compared to decentralized processing facilities, a single processing facility would entail more
transportation to and from the facility, thus leading to more chances for contamination as well
as higher transportation costs. Longer shipping times from a centralized facility could increase
the risk of deterioration or spoilage. Any contamination at the processing facility would affect
a large amount of produce, and any quality problems that caused delays or shutdowns would
affect the entire output of the company. Conversely, any quality problems at a decentralized
facility would affect a small amount of produce only.
4. Student answers will vary. Some possible answers are listed below:
a. Knowingly producing and shipping defective products would violate the Utilitarian
principle (due to increased failure costs) and the Virtue Principle.
b. Allowing defective processes to spew hazardous substances into the surrounding
community would violate the Common Good Principle.
c. A production manager forcing a subordinate to lie on a quality report would violate the
Rights Principle.
d. If a CEO withheld information about defective products from the U.S. government, this
would violate the Virtue Principle.

Solutions
1. Check Sheet
Work Type Frequency
Lube and Oil 12
Brakes 7
Tires 6
Battery 4
Transmission 1
Total 30
Pareto Diagram
2.
Check Sheet
Problem Check Sheet
Customer Type Noisy Failed Odor Warm Totals
Residential 10 7 5 3 25
Commercial 3 2 7 4 16
Totals 13 9 12 7 41
12
7
6
4
1
Lube & Oil Brakes Tires Battery Trans.

Pareto Diagrams
Residential customers Commercial customers
Run Chart for Occurrences of Defective Computer Monitors
3.
The run charts seems to show a pattern of errors possibly linked to break times or the end of the shift.
Perhaps workers are becoming fatigued. If so, perhaps three 10-minute breaks spread out over the shift
instead of two 15-minute breaks (one in the in the morning and one in the afternoon) could reduce
fatigue and some errors. In addition, errors are occurring during the last few minutes before noon and
at the end of the shift, and those periods should be given management’s attention.
10
7
5
3
7
4
3
2
Noisy Failed Odor Warm Odor Warm Noisy Failed
break lunch break
3
2
1
0
•
• •
•
•
• •
•
•
• • •
•
• • •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•

4. Time Count Time Count
1:00–1:04 1 1:40–1:44 3
1:05–1:09 2 1:45–1:49 2
1:10–1:14 2 1:50–1:54 3
1:15–1:19 1 1:55–1:59 2
1:20–1:24 1 2:00–2:04 7
1:25–1:29 3 2:05–2:09 4
1:30–1:34 1 2:10–2:14 6
1:35–1:39 2 2:15–2:20 2
Run Chart
Emergency calls appear to fluctuate around an average until 2:00 AM, and then appear to
increase until about 215 AM, and then decrease again. The manager may want to try to find
out why 2 AM – 215 AM is busier.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Time

5.
6. Supplier
Weather
Breakdown
Capacity
Orders
Traffic
Scheduling
Wrong
information
Late to
supplier
Missing
information
Inadequate
recordkeeping
Insufficient
capacity
Poor
scheduling
Delivery
system
Late
deliveries
Power off
Person Lamp
Bulb
missing
Did not turn
completely on
Not
plugged in
Outlet
defective Defective
Burned
out bulb
Bulb
loose
Lamp fails
to light
Other Cord

7.
Methods
Procedures
Tolerances
Timing
Poka-Yoke
Controls
Sequences
Consistency
Quality
at
the
Source
Organization
Culture
Working
Conditions
Qualifications
Morale
Expertise
Motivation
Selection
Training
Personnel
Defective
Machine
Parts
Materials
Suppliers
Tolerances
Handling
Specifications
Controls
Environment
Consistency
Quality
Operation
Controls
Vibration
Wear
Set-up
Maintenance
Specifications
Adjustment
Machine

8. a.
b.
In the first scatter diagram, days absent appear to decrease as the age of the worker increases.
In the second scatter diagram, the error rate (number of errors) decreases as temperature
increases to about 70 degrees, and then increases as temperature increases beyond 70 degrees.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 20 40 60 80
D
a
y
s
A
b
s
e
n
t
Age
Scatter Diagram
Days Absent
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100
E
r
r
o
r
s
Temperature
Scatter Diagram
Errors

9.
Start
Is
the
location too
crowded?
Study
Gather and pack
all items in the
book bag
Are
all items
packed?
Leave the library
and travel home
Stop
Find an adequate
place to study
Travel to
the library
Are
all items
packed?
Gather and pack
the materials in
the book bag
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes

10.
Classroom
Number
of
seats
available
in
other
sections
Location
of
classroom
Number
of
seats
available
in
the
closed
section
Type
of
classroom
Closed
Section
of
a
College
Course
Course
Subject
matter
Reputation
(difficulty)
of
the
course
Course
format
(discussion/lecture/online)
Instructor
Reputation
of
the
instructor
Reputation
of
instructors
teaching
other
sections
of
the
same
course
Number
and
type
of
other
courses
offered
at
the
same
time
Time
of
the
day
Days
of
the
week
Time
and
days
of
the
week
for
other
sections
of
the
course
Time
of
Offering
Reputation
of
instructors
teaching
other
courses
at
the
same
time
Total
capacity
Estimated
#
of
students
taking
it
as
an
elective
Estimated
#
of
eligible
students
that
need
the
course
as
a
requirement
#
of
sections
scheduled
Enrollment
Forecasting
Estimated
#
of
students
taking
it
as
a
required
course
Cause-and-Effect
Diagram

11.
Vehicle
Characteristics
Type
of
vehicles
Age
of
vehicle
Condition
of
vehicle
Weather
Rain
Wind
Ice
Slippery
roads
Accidents
Vision
Night
Hills
or
curves
Condition
of
the
driver
Profile
of
drivers
Age
of
driver
involved
in
accidents
Driver
Characteristics
Sun
light
Speed
limit
Road
signs
Distractions
Intersections
Road
Characteristics
Curvature
of
the
road
Cause-and-Effect
Diagram
Oncoming
headlights

12.
Dimension Pharmacy Filling a Prescription (Service)
Convenience Location of the pharmacy and the hours of operation
Reliability Is the prescription filled correctly?
Responsiveness Willingness to answer questions about the medication
Time How long did you have to wait?
Assurance Knowledge of the pharmacist when answering your questions
Courtesy Friendliness of the pharmacist and the cashier
Tangibles Appearance of the pharmacy and the staff
Consistency Pharmacist delivers same quality during each customer visit
Expectations Pharmacy meets or exceeds customer expectations
Case: Chick-N-Gravy Dinner Line
This case provides the opportunity for students to acquire some insight into analyzing quality
problems. You may prefer to give them some initial guidance, or you may want to let them grapple
with it on their own.
On their own, they may attempt to set up control charts. However, the essence of the case is to
examine the data and draw conclusions about where problems may be.
Data can be organized in a number of ways. One useful way is the following:
Underfilled Missing
Label
Spilled/Mixed Unacceptable
Taste
Improper Seal
#1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2
Morning 0 1 1 11 0 11 2 2 4 14 7 21 0 5 5
Afternoon 3 1 4 0 6 6 4 6 10 0 1 1 1 5 6
3 2 5 11 6 17 6 8 14 14 8 22 1 10 11
This gives a breakdown by morning/afternoon as well as by Line #1/Line #2. Histograms (totals,
morning/afternoon, and Line #1/Line #2) could be constructed to highlight problem areas.
Overall, 69 defects were found, 22 of which were classified as unacceptable taste, making this the
most frequent problem. The next most frequent was missing label with 17 occurrences, and then
spill/mixed with 14 occurrences.
Looking more closely at these three categories, we can see that 14 of the 22 unacceptable tastes for
Line #1 occurred in the morning, and 7 of 8 for Line #2 occurred in the morning also. Line #1
exhibited a similar morning problem for missing labels: all 11 occurrences were in the morning. Line
#2 had all 6 of its occurrences of missing labelsin the afternoon. 10 of 14 occurrences of spill/mixed
occurred in the afternoon (across both lines). In the improper seal category, 10 out of 11 occurrences
were for Line #2.
In terms of recommendations, Ann should focus on investigating what might be causing unacceptable
taste problems in the morning on both lines, morning problems on Line #1 for missing labels, and
afternoon problems for Line #2 for missing labels. Spill/mixed has afternoon problems on both lines,
and there are seal problems on Line #2 throughout the day.

Case: Tip Top Markets
Based on the analysis of the check sheet given on the following page, the number of complaints
associated with out-of-stock increased over time. On the other hand, the number of complaints
associated with quality of products decreased over time. The number of complaints associated with
checkout line/pricing problems varied over time until July 27, which exhibited a significant decrease.
Analyzing the Pareto diagram, we see that out-of-stock had the most complaints, followed by checkout
line/pricing problems complaints, store/parking lot conditions complaints, quality of products
complaints, and other complaints.
The runs charts show the following:
1. A general increase over time and an increase in the number of out-of-stock complaints for the
Weeks of 7/20 and 7/27.
2. Decreases in the number of checkout line/pricing complaints for the Weeks of 7/20 and 7/27.
3. A decrease in the number of store/parking lot conditions complaints for the Week of 7/20 and
an increase in the Week of 7/27 to the highest level over the time of the study.
4. A general decrease over time and a decrease in the number of quality of products complaints
for the Weeks of 7/20 and 7/27.
5. A decrease in the number of customer unable to find product complaints for the Weeks of 7/20
and 7/27.
6. An increase in the number of other complaints for the Weeks of 7/20 and 7/27.
We identified four possible major reasons for out-of-stock complaints on the cause-and-effect diagram
shown below:
1. Forecasting
2. Supplier Deliveries
3. Spoilage
4. Inventory Inaccuracies
Further analysis of these four areas is necessary before taking any corrective action.
In addition to the main goal of reducing the out-of-stock problem, Tip Top needs to investigate the
store/parking lot conditions and the checkout line/pricing problems. However, these problems do not
occur nearly as often, and the consequences of these problems are not as serious as the out-of-stock
problem.

Date Out-of-Stock
Customer
Unable to Find
Product
Store/Parking
Lot Conditions
Checkout
Line/Pricing
Problems
Quality of
Products Other*
June
1
√√ √√ √√√ √√√√√
√√
√√√√√
√√
June
8
√√√√ √√√√√ √√√√ √√√√√
√√
June
15
√√√ √ √√ √√√√√
√√√√√
√√√√√ √√
June
22
√√√√√ √√√ √√√ √√ √√√√
June
29
√√√√√
√
√ √√√√√ √√√√ √√
July
6
√√√√√
√√√√
√√√√√ √√√√√ √ √√
July
13
√√√√√
√√
√ √√√√ √√√√√
√√
July
20
√√√√√
√√√√√
√√√
√√ √√√√√ √√
July
27
√√√√√
√√√√√
√√
√√√√√
√√
√ √√
Notes:
*Other Category: June 15 (wanted smaller size & lost wallet); July 6 (stockboy was not helpful & lost
child); July 20 (found keys in parking lot & lost keys); July 27 (reported accident in parking lot &
wanted to know who won the lottery)

Pareto Diagram
Run Charts
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
6/1 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/20 7/27
Out-of-Stock Complaints
Complaints

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
6/1 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/20 7/27
Checkout Line/Pricing Complaints
Complaints
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6/1 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/20 7/27
Store/Parking Lot Conditions
Complaints
Complaints

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6/1 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/20 7/27
Quality of Products Complaints
Complaints
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
6/1 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/20 7/27
Customer Unable to Find Product
Complaints
Complaints

Cause-and-Effect Diagram for Out-of-Stock Complaints
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
6/1 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/20 7/27
Other Complaints
Complaints
Theft
Machine
errors
(bar
code)
Inventory
Inaccuracies
Human
error
Out
of
Stock)
Supplier
Deliveries
Weather
Supplier
capacity
Advertisements
coupons
Demand
variability
Lost
merchandise
Weather
Cause-and-Effect
Diagram
Backorders
Forecasting
Lateness
Business
cycle
Poor
quality
products
Poor
refrigeration
Spoilage
Contamination
Case:
Tip
Top
Markets

Enrichment Module: TQM Exercise
Suppose that you have just been hired by the Bloor Company as a consultant to assist it in its quality
improvement efforts.
Bloor is a supplier to a wide range of companies, including several in the auto industry. The
company’s desire to institute a total quality approach has come from a number of directions. Senior
management has become aware of successes in other companies’ quality efforts, including those of
several competitors. Apart from that, the company is also being pressured by many of its customers to
adopt a more formal approach to quality. For these and other reasons, Bloor senior management has
decided to develop a TQM approach.
Towards that end, in a series of brainstorming sessions, senior management has put together a list of
possible strategies and tactics that would form the foundation of the company’s effort to achieve a
TQM operation. Your immediate task is to review the list, and to identify those items that are
reflective of a TQM approach.
The list of questions is below. Indicate by placing either a “Yes” or a “No” beside each question
whether or not you feel that the item reflects a TQM approach.
TQM (?) Strategy or Tactic
[YES or NO]
Agree?
_____ 1. Emphasize a company-wide program for finding defectives before they are sent out.
_____ 2. Use a systematic process analysis effort to improve processes throughout the company.
_____ 3. Strive to maintain high-quality ethical standards by not engaging in practices such as
obtaining information about competitors’ quality efforts.
_____ 4. Have senior management carefully design the TQM process, but then turn it over to the
employees with the authority they need to operate it.
_____ 5. Set up a method for achieving customer satisfaction of both internal and external
customers.
_____ 6. Put every member of the organization through the same quality training program to prepare
them to operate in a TQM environment.
_____ 7. Benchmark other companies’ operations, even those that are not in the same industry.
_____ 8. Set a reasonable time limit for the completion of the TQM effort so that it doesnot become
a never-ending program.
_____ 9. Ensure that all decisions are approved by senior management to keep them actively
involved.
_____ 10. Train employees to work effectively in teams, and give the teams some degree of
autonomy.

Answers TQM—Strategy or Tactic
1. No. Prevention of defects should be the emphasis—not detection of errors.
2. Yes.
3. No. It is not unethical to obtain information about the competitor’s quality practices as long as
it is done in a legal and ethical fashion.
4. No. The senior management should work with the rest of the company to design the TQM
process.
5. Yes. Many companies forget about internal customers and only consider external customers.
6. No. Different employees have different quality training needs.
7. Yes. Because certain industries have excelled in certain areas, a company may learn a great
deal about a specific function by benchmarking that function from a company outside the
industry.
8. No. Quality improvement programs should be a never-ending, continuous improvement effort.
9. No. Senior managers need not be involved actively in decision-making at the lower levels of
the organization and on the shop floor. (Too much detail for senior management.)
10. Yes. Teamwork and training are very important in successfully implementing a TQM system.

Other documents randomly have
different content

SYN: Countenance, befriend, favor, support, help.
ANT: Oppress, depress, oppose, withstand, disfavor, discountenance.
=
KEY: Pattern.
SYN: Model, sample, archetype, exemplar, specimen, shape, precedent,
mould, design, plan.
ANT: Monstrosity, caricature, perversion, misrepresentation.
=
KEY: Paucity.
SYN: Rarity, scantity, fewness, deficiency, lack, [See DEFICIENCY].
ANT: Frequency, quantity, number, abundance.
=
KEY: Pauperism, [See BEGGARY and MENDICITY].
=
KEY: Pause n.
SYN: Stop, cessation, suspension, halt, intermission, rest.
ANT: Continuance, advancement, perseverance.
=
KEY: Pause v.
SYN: Cease, suspend, intermit, forbear, stay, wait, hesitate, demur, stop,
desist.
ANT: Continue, proceed, advance, persist, persevere.
=
KEY: Pave.
SYN: Prepare, facilitate, smooth, expedite, adapt, fit, mature, arrange,
dispose, qualify.
ANT: Obstruct, indispose, disqualify.
=
KEY: Pawn.
SYN: Pledge, impignorate.
ANT: Ransom, redeem.
=
KEY: Pay n.
SYN: Wages, salary, stipend, recompense, payment, [See SPUR and UBOE].
=
KEY: Pay v.

SYN: Compensate, remunerate, satisfy, discharge, expend, disburse,
requite, liquidate.
ANT: Deprive, defraud, exact, dissatisfy, hoard, retain, invest, fund.
=
KEY: Payment, [See PAY, n.].
=
KEY: Peace.
SYN: Quiet, tranquillity, calm, repose, pacification, order, calmness,
reconciliation, harmony, concord.
ANT: Noise, disturbance, tumult, agitation, hostility, disorder, embroilment,
war, discord, variance, strife.
=
KEY: Peaceable.
SYN: unwarlike, inoffensive, quiet, peaceful, innocuous, mild,
unquarrelsome, serene, placid.
ANT: Pugnacious, warlike, litigious, quarrelsome, savage, fierce, hostile,
violent, bellicose, restless.
=
KEY: Peasant.
SYN: Countryman, hind, clown, laborer, villager, swain, rustic.
ANT: Citizen, cockney, townsman.
=
KEY: Peccability.
SYN: Frailty, sinfulness.
ANT: Impeccability, perfection.
=
KEY: Peccable.
SYN: Frail, sinful.
ANT: Impeccable, perfect, incorrupt.
=
KEY: Peccant.
SYN: Morbid, corrupt, criminal, offensive, objectionable, vicious, erring,
guilty, transgressing.
ANT: Pure, incorrupt, wholesome.
=
KEY: Peculator.

SYN: Defaulter, delinquent, thief, embezzler, [See DEFAULTER and ROBBER].
=
KEY: Peculiar.
SYN: Private, personal, characteristic, exceptional, exclusive, special,
specific, particular, unusual, singular, uncommon, strange.
ANT: Public, common, general, universal, unspecial, ordinary.
=
KEY: Peculiarity.
SYN: Speciality, individuality, distinctiveness, idiosyncrasy.
ANT: Generality, universality, community, uniformity, homology,
homogeneity, conaturality.
=
KEY: Pedantic.
SYN: Pedagogical, priggish.
ANT: Unaffected, slipshod.
=
KEY: Pedigree.
SYN: Descent, parentage, genealogy, lineage, [See BIRTH and LINEAGE].
=
KEY: Pedler.
SYN: Huckster, hawker, shopman, trader.
=
KEY: Peer n.
SYN: Mate, equal, compeer.
ANT: One unequal in rank, state, or condition.
=
KEY: Peer v.
SYN: Peep, pry, look narrowly.
=
KEY: Peerless.
SYN: Matchless, paramount, unique, unequaled.
ANT: Mediocre, commonplace, ordinary.
=
KEY: Peevish.
SYN: Fretful, querulous, petulant, testy, captious, waspish, splenetic, ill-
natured, irascible.

ANT: Genial, complaisant, insensate, inquerulous, easy, good-natured,
good-tempered.
=
KEY: Pelf.
SYN: Lucre, mammon.
ANT: Reward, compensation, wage.
=
KEY: Pellucid.
SYN: Translucent, limpid, crystalline, vitreous.
ANT: Opaque, semiopaque, luteous, turbid.
=
KEY: Penal.
SYN: Retributive, coercive, visitatorial, castigatory, inflictive, corrective,
punitive.
ANT: Remunerative, reparatory, decorative, honorary.
=
KEY: Penalty.
SYN: Pain, punishment, forfeiture, price, fare, retribution, amercement.
ANT: Guerdon, wages, reward, premium, prize, douceur, sop, bribe,
honorarium, compensation, remuneration.
=
KEY: Pendent.
SYN: Pendulous, hanging, suspended, drooping, projecting.
ANT: Supporting, sustaining, supported.
=
KEY: Penetrate.
SYN: Pierce, enter, enter into, reach, permeate, make one's way, disclose,
fathom, [See PIERCE].
=
KEY: Penetrable.
SYN: Pervious, permeable.
ANT: Impervious, impermeable.
=
KEY: Penetration.
SYN: Discernment, observation, sagacity, acuteness, discrimination, insight,
sharpness.

ANT: Indiscernment, dulness, indiscrimination, stolidity, hebetude,
shortsightedness, shallowness, obtuseness.
=
KEY: Penitence.
SYN: Repentance, contrition, sorrow, remorse.
ANT: Congratulation, self-approval, obduracy, hardheartedness.
=
KEY: Penitent, [See PENITENTIAL].
=
KEY: Penitential.
SYN: Wailing, mournful, dirgeful, sorrowful, contrite, penitent.
ANT: Impenitent, hard-hearted, obdurate.
=
KEY: Pensive.
SYN: Meditative, ruminating, thoughtful, musing, reflective, impressed,
melancholy, sober, dejected.
ANT: Vacant, joyous, unreflecting, careless, thoughtless, unmeditative,
incogitant, unreflective.
=
KEY: Penurious.
SYN: Niggardly, parsimonious, avaricious, griping, miserly, closefisted,
sordid, stingy.
ANT: Liberal, open-handed, bountiful.
=
KEY: Penury.
SYN: Wart, privation, poverty, indigence, impecuniosity, destitution,
beggary.
ANT: Competence, wealth, affluence, pecuniosity.
=
KEY: People.
SYN: Nation, community, populace, mob, crowd, vulgar, herd, mass,
persons, inhabitants, commonalty, fellow-creatures, tribe, race.
ANT: Aristocracy, nobility, government, ruler, oligarchy.
=
KEY: Perceivable.
SYN: Cognizable, appreciable, perceptible, sensible, distinguishable.

ANT: Incognizable, inappreciable, imperceptible, insensible,
indistinguishable.
=
KEY: Perceive.
SYN: Discern, distinguish, descry, observe, feel, touch, see, recognize,
understand, know.
ANT: Miss, misobserve, overlook, misunderstand, misconceive,
misperceive.
=
KEY: Perceptible, [See PERCEIVABLE].
=
KEY: Perception.
SYN: Cognizance, apprehension, sight, understanding, discernment.
ANT: Incognizance, ignorance, imperception, misapprehension,
misunderstanding.
=
KEY: Perceptive.
SYN: Cognitive, apprehensive, sensitive, percipient.
ANT: Reflective, reminiscent, insensible, impercipient, inobservant,
inapprehensive, insensitive.
=
KEY: Percipient, [See PERCEPTIVE].
=
KEY: Percolate.
SYN: Strain, niter, exude, ooze.
ANT: Absorb, retain, [See OOZE].
=
KEY: Percussion.
SYN: Collision, shock, encounter, crash.
ANT: Graze, touch, recoil, rebound, repercussion, reverberation.
=
KEY: Perdition.
SYN: Destruction, ruin, loss, demolition.
ANT: Restoration, recovery, renovation, rescue, salvation.
=
KEY: Peregrination.

SYN: Wandering, travel, perambulation, perennation.
ANT: Domiciliation, residence.
=
KEY: Peremptory.
SYN: Decisive, express, absolute, authoritative, arbitrary, dogmatical,
imperious, despotic, positive.
ANT: Suggestive, entreative, mild, postulatory, hortatory.
=
KEY: Perennial.
SYN: Perpetual, unceasing, unfailing, ceaseless, incessant, constant,
permanent, unintermittent, continual, undying.
ANT: Periodical, occasional, intermittent, failing, deficient, uncertain.
=
KEY: Perfect.
SYN: Consummate, complete, full, indeficient, immaculate, absolute,
faultless, impeccable, infallible, unblemished, blameless, unexceptionable,
mature, ripe.
ANT: Incomplete, meagre, faulty, scant, short, deficient, defective,
imperfect, peccable, fallible, blemished, marred, spoilt.
=
KEY: Perfection.
SYN: Perfectness, completion, consummation, wholeness, excellency.
ANT: Imperfection, incompletion, imperfectness.
=
KEY: Perfectly.
SYN: Fully, wholly, entirely, completely, totally, exactly, accurately.
ANT: Imperfectly, incompletely, partially, inaccurately.
=
KEY: Perfidious.
SYN: false, treacherous, faithless, traitorous, deceptive, disloyal, insidious.
ANT: true, staunch, faithful.
=
KEY: Perforate.
SYN: Bored, pierced, drilled.
ANT: Unpierced, imperforate.
=

KEY: Perform.
SYN: Accomplish, [See DO], act, transact, achieve, execute, discharge, fulfil,
effect, complete, consummate, enact.
ANT: Miss, mar, misperform, misexecute, botch, misenact, misconduct,
spoil.
=
KEY: Performance.
SYN: Accomplishment, act, execution, deed, exploit, work, achievement,
enterprise, operation, [See ACHIEVEMENT and DEED].
=
KEY: Perfume.
SYN: Odor, scent, fragrance, redolence, aroma, smell, incense.
ANT: Fetor, stench, stink.
=
KEY: Perfunctory.
SYN: Uninterested, routine, mechanical, careless, slovenly.
ANT: Interested, zealous, spirited, animated, ardent, assiduous, careful.
=
KEY: Perhaps.
SYN: Possibly, peradventure, perchance, may be.
ANT: Certainly, inevitably.
=
KEY: Peril.
SYN: Danger, risk, hazard, jeopardy, insecurity, uncertainty, unsafety,
venture.
ANT: Security, safety, certainty.
=
KEY: Perilous.
SYN: Hazardous, dangerous.
ANT: Safe, secure, certain.
=
KEY: Period.
SYN: Time, date, epoch, era, age, duration, continuance, limit, bound, end,
conclusion, determination.
ANT: Eternity, datelessness, immemoriality, infinity, perpetuity, illimitability,
endlessness, indefiniteness, indeterminateness.

=
KEY: Periodical.
SYN: Stated, recurrent, regular, systematic, calculable.
ANT: Indeterminate, eccentric, irregular, incalculable, spasmodic, fitful.
=
KEY: Perish.
SYN: Decay, waste away, be ruined, be destroyed, die, expire, fade away,
[See DECAY].
=
KEY: Perishable.
SYN: Frail, evanescent, fragile, destructible, fleeting, transient, ephemeral,
impermanent.
ANT: Enduring, lasting, indestructible, imperishable, persistent, perpetual,
permanent, Permanent, [See PERISHABLE].
=
KEY: Permeable.
SYN: Penetrable, pervadible, percolable.
ANT: Impenetrable, impermeable.
=
KEY: Permeate, [See PERMEABLE].
=
KEY: Permissable.
SYN: Allowable, sufferable, lawful.
ANT: Unallowable, insufferable, unlawful.
=
KEY: Permission.
SYN: Leave, license, dispensation, allowance, liberty, consent, sufferance,
compliance, endurance.
ANT: Prohibition, refusal, denial, prevention, hinderance, resistance.
=
KEY: Permit, [See ALLOW].
=
KEY: Permutation.
SYN: Interchange, transference, transposition.
ANT: stabilisation, retention, fixity, sequence, order, series, succession.
=

KEY: Pernicious.
SYN: Hurtful, harmful, noxious, deleterious, detrimental, destructive,
deadly, injurious, baneful.
ANT: Beneficial, wholesome, innocuous, undetrimental, innocent, salutary.
=
KEY: Perpendicular.
SYN: Vertical, upright, standing upright.
ANT: Horizontal.
=
KEY: Perpetrate.
SYN: Commit.
ANT: Achieve, perfect.
=
KEY: Perpetual.
SYN: Constant, unceasing, endless, eternal, everlasting, unfailing,
perennial, continual, enduring, incessant, uninterrupted.
ANT: Inconstant, periodic, recurrent, temporary, transient, falling,
exhaustible, occasional, momentary, casual.
=
KEY: Perpetuate, [See PERPETUAL].
SYN: Continue, stabilitate, eternize.
ANT: Discontinue, abolish, eradicate, cancel, disestablish, break.
=
KEY: Perpetuity.
SYN: Constancy, permanence, perennity, persistence, continuity, fixity.
ANT: Impermanence, transience, evanescence, discontinuance, casualty,
momentariness.
=
KEY: Perplex.
SYN: Embarrass, puzzle, entangle, involve, encumber, complicate, confuse,
bewilder, mystify, harass, entangle.
ANT: Clear, enlighten, explicate, disentangle, simplify, elucidate,
disencumber.
=
KEY: Perplexity.
SYN: Embarrassment, difficulty, uncertainty.

ANT: Certainty, certitude, sureness, [See DILEMMA].
=
KEY: Persecute.
SYN: Harass, molest, annoy, worry, vex.
ANT: Encourage, inspirit, abet, support.
=
KEY: Perserverance.
SYN: Persistence, steadfastness, constancy, indefatigableness, resolution,
tenacity.
ANT: Inconstancy, unsteadfastness, fitfulness, caprice, irresoluteness,
vacillation, wavering, indecision, variableness, levity, volatility.
=
KEY: Persevere.
SYN: Persist, insist, continue, keep on, be steadfast, hold out, [See
CONTINUE].
=
KEY: Persist, [See PERSEVERE].
=
KEY: Persistence, [See PERSEVERANCE and PERISHABLE].
=
KEY: Person.
SYN: Individual, special, peculiar, idiosyncratic.
ANT: Generic, common.
=
KEY: Persons.
SYN: Men folks, people, beings, living souls, individuals.
ANT: Single persons.
=
KEY: Perspicacity.
SYN: Acuteness, discernment, sagacity, penetration.
ANT: Hebetude, dullness, stolidity, inobservance.
=
KEY: Perspicuous, [See LUCID and PLAIN].
=
KEY: Perspicuity.
SYN: Clearness, lucidity, transparency, intelligibility.

ANT: Obscurity, turbidity, unintelligibility, mystification, confusedness.
=
KEY: Persuade.
SYN: Induce, influence, incline, convince, dispose, urge, allure, incite.
ANT: Deter, disincline, indispose, mispersuade, misinduce, coerce, compel.
=
KEY: Persuasion.
SYN: Conviction, inducement, creed, belief, opinion, [See CONVICTION].
=
KEY: Pert a.
SYN: Flippant, saucy, impudent, forward.
ANT: Modest, retiring, bashful, demure, staid.
=
KEY: Pertain to.
SYN: Belong to, relate to, appertain to, regard, concern.
ANT: Be foreign to.
=
KEY: Pertinacious.
SYN: Obstinate, persistent, wilful, dogged, persevering, determined,
unyielding.
ANT: Flexible, inconstant, irresolute, volatile.
=
KEY: Pertinacity.
SYN: Obstinacy, tenaciousness, adherence, resoluteness.
ANT: Irresoluteness, irresolution, indecision, hesitancy, vacillation,
changeableness.
=
KEY: Pertinent.
SYN: Related, connected, appertaining, appropriate, fit, apposite, just,
proper, congruous, applicable.
ANT: Unrelated, unconnected, alien, inappropriate, impertinent,
incongruous, discordant, repugnant, Perturb, [See AGITATE].
=
KEY: Pervade.
SYN: Permeate, fill, saturate, color, tinge, fill, diffuse.
ANT: Touch, affect.

=
KEY: Perverse.
SYN: Froward, untoward, stubborn, fractious, wayward, unmanageable,
intractable, crochety.
ANT: Docile, ductile, amenable, governable, complacent, accommodating,
pleasant, obliging.
=
KEY: Perversion.
SYN: Abuse, misrepresentation, distortion, corruption, misinterpretation,
caricature, sophistry.
ANT: Use, conservation, representation, right, truth, portraiture,
manifestation, explanation, interpretation, reason, correction,
authentication, verification.
=
KEY: Pervert.
SYN: Twist, distort, corrupt, falsify, misrepresent, [See REPRESENT and
TWIST].
=
KEY: Pervious.
SYN: Penetrable, traversable, explorable.
ANT: Impenetrable, impervious, impregnable, inexplorable.
=
KEY: Pest.
SYN: Plague, nuisance, curse, annoyance, blight, bone, scourge.
ANT: Benefit, blessing, acquisition.
=
KEY: Pester.
SYN: Plague, worry, vex, harass, disquiet, annoy, tease, torment, chafe,
harry, badger, incommode, gall.
ANT: Treat, regale, amuse, refresh, gratify, soothe.
=
KEY: Pestiferous.
SYN: Insalubrious, pestilential, deleterious, mephitic, virulent, mortiferous,
infectious, contagious, catching, lethal, morbific.
ANT: {[(ifiiiiil]?}, salubrious, balmy, salutiferous, sanitary, innocuous,
remedial, wholesome, nutritive, pure, sanative, disinfectant.

=
KEY: Pestilential.
SYN: Noxious, ruinous, deadly, deleterious, mischievous, [See
PESTIFEROUS].
=
KEY: Pet n.
SYN: Darling, fondling, favorite, cosset, jewel, minion, idol.
ANT: Horror, bugbear, aversion, scarecrow.
=
KEY: Pet v. [See FONDLE].
=
KEY: Petition.
SYN: Supplication, entreaty, craving, application, appeal, salutation, prayer,
request, instance.
ANT: Deprecation, expostulation, protect, command, injunction, claim,
demand, requirement, exaction, dictation.
=
KEY: Petrify.
SYN: Astound, electrify, dismay, horrify, appal, stun, stupefy, dumbfounder.
ANT: Reassure, tranquillize.
=
KEY: Pettish.
SYN: Petulant, testy, peevish, waspish, querulous.
ANT: Easy, jovial, good-humored, genial.
=
KEY: Petty.
SYN: Small, mean, paltry, ignoble, trifling, narrow, trivial, contemptible.
ANT: Large, large-hearted, noble, generous, chivalrous, magnificent, liberal,
broad.
=
KEY: Petulant, [See PEEVISH].
=
KEY: Phantasm.
SYN: Chimera, phantasma, phantom, specter, illusion, delusion, unreality,
phantasy, bugbear, vision, dream, hallucination, shadow.
ANT: Reality, truth, fact, substance, verity, Phantom, [See PHANTASM].

=
KEY: Pharisaical.
SYN: Sanctimonious, formal, ceremonious, precision.
ANT: Sincere, guileless, genuine, godly, unpharasaical.
=
KEY: Philanthropic.
SYN: Humane, large-hearted, public-spirited, charitable, kind.
ANT: Selfish, cynical, egotistical, morose, misanthropic.
=
KEY: Philanthropy.
SYN: Humanity, love of mankind, good will to all men, general,
benevolence,.
ANT: Misanthropy, hatred of men.
=
KEY: Philosopher.
SYN: Doctor, savant, teacher, master, schoolman.
ANT: Ignoramus, sciolist, freshman, tyro, greenhorn, fool, booby, dunce.
=
KEY: Philosophical.
SYN: Wise, sound, conclusive, scientific, accurate, enlightened, rational,
calm, unprejudiced.
ANT: Unsound, crude, vague, loose, inaccurate, popular, unscientific,
sciolistic, unphilosophical.
=
KEY: Phlegmatic.
SYN: Sluggish, cold, apathetical, dull, frigid, cold-blooded, unfeeling.
ANT: Quick, lively, warm-blooded, susceptible.
=
KEY: Phrensy.
SYN: Madness, insanity, delirium, mania, raving, hallucination, afflatus,
inspiration.
ANT: Sanity, sobriety, rationality, lucidity.
=
KEY: Physical.
SYN: Natural, material, visible, tangible, substantial, corporeal.

ANT: Mental, moral, intellectual, spiritual, immaterial, invisible, intangible,
unsubstantial, supernatural, hyperphysical.
=
KEY: Pick.
SYN: Choose, cull, select, gather, pluck, eliminate, enucleate, extract, glean.
ANT: Reject, discard, repudiate, relegate, bunch, grasp, clutch.
=
KEY: Pictorial.
SYN: Illustrated, picturesque, artistic, imaginative, graphic.
ANT: Plain, unembellished, unadorned.
=
KEY: Picture n.
SYN: Likeness, resemblance, drawing, painting, representation, image,
engraving.
ANT: Original.
=
KEY: Picture v.
SYN: Delineate, draw, paint, represent, [See REPRESENT].
=
KEY: Picturesque.
SYN: Comely, seemly, graceful, scenic, artistic, pictorial, graphic.
ANT: Unseemly, uncouth, rude, unpicturesque, beautiless, flat, tame,
monotonous, dead.
=
KEY: Pierce.
SYN: Perforate, bore, drill, penetrate, excite, affect, rouse, touch, move,
enter, stab, transfix.
ANT: Deaden, quiet, blunt, scott, allay, lull, compose.
=
KEY: Piercing.
SYN: Penetrating, perforating, sharp, keen, acute, thrilling, [See ACUTE].
=
KEY: Piety.
SYN: Religion, devotion, godliness, holiness, grace, reverence, sanctity.
ANT: Irreligion, impiety, ungodliness, sinfulness, profanity, hypocrisy,
formalism, sanctimoniousness, phariseeism.

=
KEY: Pile.
SYN: Heap, accumulate, gather, store, stuck, amass, collect.
ANT: Demolish, dissipate, squander, scatter, separate, disperse, deal,
distribute.
=
KEY: Pilfer.
SYN: Abstract, peculate, filch, purloin, smuggle, cabbage, steal, thieve.
ANT: Pillage, ransack, plunder, rifle, spoil.
=
KEY: Pillage, [See PILFER].
=
KEY: Pillar.
SYN: Column, shaft, post, support.
=
KEY: Pilot v.
SYN: Steer, guide, direct, conduct, lead, convoy, escort, [See CONDUCT].
=
KEY: Pimple.
SYN: Pustule, blotch, eruption.
=
KEY: Pinch, [See EMERGENCY].
=
KEY: Pinch v.
SYN: Squeeze, grip, press, compress, nip, distress, [See GRIPE].
=
KEY: Pine v.
SYN: Waste away, droop, fade, wither, decline, decay, sink, [See
LANGUISH].
=
KEY: Pious.
SYN: Devout, saintly, holy, religious, godly, [See DEVOUT].
=
KEY: Piquant.
SYN: Pungent, sharp, lively, racy, severe, biting, cutting, smart, stimulating,
keen, stinging, tart.

ANT: Tame, dull, flat, characterless, insipid.
=
KEY: Pique.
SYN: Grudge, offence, umbrage, spite, resentment (slight), wounded pride,
[See GRUDGE].
=
KEY: Pirate.
SYN: Corsair, searobber, buccaneer, freebooter, sea rover.
=
KEY: Pit.
SYN: Hollow, gulf, trench, excavation, [See ABYSS].
=
KEY: Pitch.
SYN: Throw, fling, cast, hurl, [See FUNG].
=
KEY: Piteous.
SYN: Sad, miserable, deplorable, lamentable, distressing, doleful, pitiable,
mournful, woful, affecting, sorrowful.
ANT: Joyous, enviable, comfortable, pleasant, desirable, delectable.
=
KEY: Pith.
SYN: Kernel, marrow, gist, substance, essence, cream, root.
ANT: Surplusage, surroundings, dressing, verbiage.
=
KEY: Pithy.
SYN: Terse, laconic, pregnant, expressive, nervous.
ANT: Weak, characterless, diluted, pointless, flat, vapid.
=
KEY: Pitiable, [See PITEOUS].
=
KEY: Pitiful, [See PITILESS].
=
KEY: Pitiless.
SYN: Merciless, unsparing, inexorable, cruel.
ANT: Pitiful, tender, merciful, compassionate, lenient, indulgent, [See
{[^]?}].

=
KEY: Pittance.
SYN: Dole, driblet, drop, drain, scantling.
ANT: Exuberance, abundance, profusion, lavishment.
=
KEY: Pity.
SYN: Mercy, compassion, tenderness, commiseration, ruth, sympathy,
condolence.
ANT: Cruelty, hardheartedness, relentlessness, pitilessness, ruthlessness.
=
KEY: Placard.
SYN: Handbill, poster, bin, broadside.
=
KEY: Place.
SYN: Locate, assign, fix, establish, settle, attribute, situate.
ANT: Disturb, remove, unsettle, disarrange, disestablish, misplace,
misattribute, misassign, uproot, transplant, extirpate, eradicate, transport.
=
KEY: Placid.
SYN: Calm, quiet, serene, composed, gentle, unruffled, still, halcyonic,
unexcited, imperturbable, passionless.
ANT: Rough, troubled, unquiet, discomposed, agitated, ruffled, disturbed,
irritated, stormy, excited, Impassioned.
=
KEY: Plain.
SYN: Level, even, flat, smooth, open, clear, unencumbered, unobstructed,
uninterrupted, manifest, evident, obvious, unmistakable, simple, easy,
natural, unaffected, homely, unsophisticated, open, unvarnished,
unembellished, unreserved, artless.
ANT: Uneven, undulating, rugged, rough, abrupt, broken, confused,
encumbered, obstructed, interrupted, questionable, uncertain, dubious,
ambiguous, enigmatical, hard, abstruse, affected, fair, beautiful,
sophisticated, artful, varnished, embellished.
=
KEY: Plaintive.

SYN: Mournful, sorrowful, sad, doleful, melancholy, wailing, touching,
moaning.
ANT: Joyous, exultant, glad, jubilant, cheerful, cheering, gladdening.
=
KEY: Plan n. Design, drawing, sketch, draft, scheme, groundplot, project,
contrivance, stratagem, device, [See DESIGN], Plan v.

Contrive, devise, sketch out, design, hatch, [See
CONTRIVE].
=
KEY: Plant.
SYN: Set, insert, settle, establish, introduce, stock, fix, place.
ANT: Remove, extract, eradicate, extirpate, disestablish, transport, denude,
transplant, displace.
=
KEY: Plaster.
SYN: Palliate, patch, ramp, tinker, cobble, bolster.
ANT: Expose, repair, restore, renovate, redintegrate.
=
KEY: Plastic.
SYN: Ductile, pliant, yielding, malleable, tractile, flexible.
ANT: Stubborn, unyielding, inert, unmalleable, inflexible, intractile.
=
KEY: Platitude.
SYN: Commonplace, generality, truism, triviality.
ANT: Sophism, laconism, enigma, dictum, oracle.
=
KEY: Platonic.
SYN: Cold, intellectual, unsensual, mental, philosophical.
ANT: Ardent, animal, sensual, passionate, sexual.
=
KEY: Plaudit, [See APPLAUSE].
=
KEY: Plausible.
SYN: Specious, superficial, passable, unctuous, fair-spoken, pretentious,
ostensible, right, apparently, colorable, feasible.
ANT: Genuine, sterling, transparent, unmistakable, profound.
=
KEY: Play n.
SYN: Sport, pastime, amusement, diversion, recreation, gambol, frolic,
opportunity, scope, room, [See PASTIME and SPORT].
=

KEY: Playful.
SYN: Lively, sportive, jocund, frolicsome, gay, vivacious, sprightly, [See
LIVELY].
=
KEY: Plea.
SYN: Excuse, vindication, justification, ground, defence, apology, entreaty.
ANT: Charge, accusation, impeachment, action.
=
KEY: Pleasant.
SYN: Grateful, agreeable, acceptable, pleasurable, desirable, gratifying,
cheerful, enlivening, sportive, delicious, delectable, jocular, satisfactory,
exquisite, merry.
ANT: Unpleasant, ungrateful, disagreeable, obnoxious, unacceptable,
offensive, unlively, lugubrious, dull, ill-humored.
=
KEY: Please.
SYN: Delight, content, gladden, fascinate, [See GRATIFY].
=
KEY: Pleasing, [See AGREEABLE].
=
KEY: Pleasure.
SYN: Enjoyment, gratification, sensuality, self-indulgence, voluptuousness,
choice, preference, vill, inclination, purpose, determination, favor,
satisfaction, indulgent.
ANT: Pain, suffering, affliction, trouble, asceticism, self-denial, abstinence,
disinclination, aversion, indisposition, denial, refusal.
=
KEY: Plebeian.
SYN: Low, vulgar, lowborn, lowbred, coarse, ignoble.
ANT: Patrician, noble, aristocratic, refined, highborn, high-bred.
=
KEY: Pledge n.
SYN: Security, guarantee, warrant, hostage, surety, pawn, earnest.
ANT: Word, promise, assurance, parole.
=
KEY: Pledge v.

SYN: Pawn, hypothecate.
ANT: Redeem.
=
KEY: Plenary.
SYN: Full, abundant, complete, entire, unreserved, unstinted, unrestricted.
ANT: Partial, incomplete, restricted, reserved, contingent, temporary.
=
KEY: Plenitude.
SYN: Fulness, copiousness, repletion, abundance, amplitude, exuberance,
largeness, liberality, height, maximum, richness, completeness.
ANT: Scantiness, Insufficiency, restriction, partiality, stint, narrowness,
poverty, incompleteness, reserve, minimum.
=
KEY: Plentiful, [See ABUNDANT].
=
KEY: Plenty.
SYN: Enough, sufficiency, full supply, profusion, copiousness, [See
PLENITUDE].
=
KEY: Pleonastic.
SYN: Redundant, superfluous, surplus, inconcise.
ANT: Requisite, necessary, essential, terse, concise, succinct.
=
KEY: Pliable.
SYN: Flexible, supple, limber, like, ductile, yielding, manageable, facile,
lithe, pliant.
ANT: Stiff, stubborn, brittle, unbending, unyielding, unmanageable,
inexorable.
=
KEY: Pliant, [See PLIABLE].
=
KEY: Plight n.
SYN: Situation, condition, predicament, difficulty, dilemma, [See
DILEMMA].
=
KEY: Plight v.

SYN: Vow, pledge.
=
KEY: Plodding.
SYN: Painstaking, industrious, persevering, laborious, studious.
ANT: Indiligent, unindustrious, distracted, inattentive, impatient,
unpersevering, flighty, fitful.
=
KEY: Plot n.
SYN: Scheme, plan, stratagem, combination, conspiracy, machination, [See
SCHEME].
=
KEY: Plot v.
SYN: Devise, concoct, conspire, contrive, frame, batch, [See CONSPIRE and
DEVISE].
=
KEY: Pluck, [See COURAGE].
=
KEY: Pluck up.
SYN: Eradicate, root out, exterminate, [See ERADICATE].
=
KEY: Plump.
SYN: Well-conditioned, wellrounded, chubby, strapping, bouncing, fleshy,
brawny, full, fat, round, massive, portly.
ANT: Ill-conditioned, lean, emaciated, scraggy, weazen, macilent, lank,
rawboned, shrivelled, flaccid, tabid.
=
KEY: Plunder, [See PILLAGE].
=
KEY: Plunge.
SYN: Dip, dive, douse, duck, submerge, immerse, precipitate, sink,
overwhelm, thrust under, pitch headlong.
ANT: Emerge, issue, soar, raise, extricate, rescue.
=
KEY: Plurality.
SYN: Multitude, multitudinousness, number, numerousness, profusion,
host, legion, collection.

ANT: Unity, singularity, oneness, solitude, individuality, singleness,
isolation.
=
KEY: Ply.
SYN: Work, urge, practice, exercise, apply steadily, [See URGE].
=
KEY: Poet.
SYN: Bard, singer, rhymer, rhymster, author of poems.
=
KEY: Poetical.
SYN: Metrical, rythmic, versified, lyric, rhyming, imaginative, creative,
romantic, fictitious, dreamy, flighty.
ANT: Unmetrical, unrythmical, prosaic, unpoetical, unversified,
unimaginative, commonplace, historical, mathematical, logical, matter-of-
fact, veracious, sober.
=
KEY: Poignant.
SYN: Stinging, sharp, keen, penetrating, severe, biting, intense, piercing,
[See KEEN].
=
KEY: Point v.
SYN: Aim, level, direct, show, indicate, [See INDICATE].
=
KEY: Point n.
SYN: Apex, top, summit, sharp end, aim, purpose, subject matter, object,
[See ACME].
=
KEY: Pointed.
SYN: Peaked, keen, sharp, marked, severe, telling, [See KEEN].
=
KEY: Pointless a.
SYN: Vague, vapid, aimless, inexpressive, feeble.
ANT: Close, sharp, telling, pregnant, significant, expressive, forcible,
epigrammatic.
=
KEY: Poise, [See BALANCE].

=
KEY: Poison.
SYN: Vitiate, taint, infect, envenom, pollute.
ANT: Purify, disinfect, depurate.
=
KEY: Poisonous.
SYN: Venomous, infect ant, vicious, corruptive, vitiative, noxious, baneful,
malignant, morbific, peccant, virulent, pestiferous, mephitic, deleterious.
ANT: Wholesome, genial, beneficial, sanative, invigorative, healthful,
innoxious, restorative, remedial, hygeian.
=
KEY: Policy.
SYN: Plan, device, system, prudence, management, cunning, [See DEVICE].
=
KEY: Polish.
SYN: Burnish, furbish, levigate, brighten, refine, make glossy.
ANT: Abrade, scratch.
=
KEY: Polite.
SYN: Elegant, refined, wellbred, courteous, obliging, complaisant, civil,
courtly, polished, genteel, accomplished.
ANT: Awkward, rude, uncouth, illbred, discourteous, boorish, clownish,
disobliging.
=
KEY: Politeness.
SYN: Courtesy, refinement, good breeding, courteousness, urbanity, civility,
gentility, [See COURTESY].
=
KEY: Politic.
SYN: Prudent, wise, sagacious, provident, diplomatic, judicious, cunning,
wary, well devised, discreet.
ANT: Imprudent, unwise, improvident, undiplomatic, impolitic.
=
KEY: Pollute.
SYN: Befoul, taint, poison, corrupt, tarnish, stain, contaminate, soil, vitiate,
deprave.

ANT: Purify, clarify, disinfect, filter.
=
KEY: Poltroon.
SYN: Scoundrel, coward, hound, skulk, dastard.
ANT: Hero, philanthropist, gentleman, benefactor, model, example.
=
KEY: Pommel.
SYN: Beat, thump, baste, thrash, strike, cudgel.
ANT: Smooth, caress, pat, stroke.
=
KEY: Pomp.
SYN: Ostentation, magnificence, parade, ceremony, show, display,
gorgeousness, grandeur, splendor, pageantry, publicity.
ANT: Quiet, retirement, simplicity, unceremoniousness, unadornment,
privacy, plainness.
=
KEY: Pompous.
SYN: Magnificent, gorgeous, splendid, showy, sumptuous, ostentatious,
stately, lofty, grand, bombastic, turgid, stiff, Inflated, pretentious,
coxcombical, assuming.
ANT: Unpretending, unobtrusive, modest, unassuming, plain-mannered,
humble-minded.
=
KEY: Ponder.
SYN: Think over, meditate on, weigh, consider, cogitate, deliberate,
ruminate, reflect, amuse, study, resolve, [See CONSIDER].
=
KEY: Ponderable.
SYN: Appreciable, determinable, palpable.
ANT: Inappreciable, indeterminable, impalpable, imponderable.
=
KEY: Ponderous, Weighty, bulky, massive, burdensome, heavy, onerous.
ANT: Light, trifling, airy, volatile, subtle.
=
KEY: Poor.

SYN: Indigent, moneyless, impecunious, penniless, weak, meagre,
insufficient, deficient, faulty, unsatisfactory, inconsiderable, thin, scanty,
bald.
ANT: Rich, wealthy, copious, affluent, abundant, liberal, large, ample,
moneyed, sufficient, satisfactory, considerable.
=
KEY: Popular.
SYN: Common, current, vulgar, public, general, received, favorite, beloved,
prevailing, approved, widespread, liked.
ANT: Exclusive, restricted, scientific, esoteric, unpopular, odious, detested.
=
KEY: Populous.
SYN: Crowded, dense, swarming, thronged.
ANT: Deserted, thin, scanty, unfrequented, unoccupied, uninhabited.
=
KEY: Porch.
SYN: Portico, vestibule, [See ENTRANCE].
=
KEY: Porous.
SYN: Foraminous, pervious, permeable, percolable.
ANT: Impervious, impermeable, impercolable.
=
KEY: Port.
SYN: Haven, harbor, mien, bearing, demeanor, carriage, deportment, air,
[See DEPORTMENT and MIEN].
=
KEY: Portable.
SYN: Movable, {[haLdy]?}, manageable, light.
ANT: Ponderous, immovable, awkward, unmanageable, unhandy.
=
KEY: Portal.
SYN: Gate, entrance, gateway, [See ENTRANCE].
=
KEY: Portend.
SYN: Indicate, threaten, prognosticate, forbode, augur, presage, herald,
foreshow, betoken.

ANT: Contradict, negative, preclude, forefend, nullify, contravene, avert.
=
KEY: Portentous.
SYN: Indicative, suggestive, threatening, prophetic, predictive, ominous,
premonitory.
ANT: Auspicious, hopeful, cheering, assuring, animating, encouraging,
joyous.
=
KEY: Portion, [See PART].
=
KEY: Portly.
SYN: Dignified, burly, imposing, stately, corpulent, stout, plump.
ANT: Undignified, unimposing, mean.
=
KEY: Portray.
SYN: Draw, delineate, represent, depict, describe, sketch, paint.
ANT: Misrepresent, caricature, misportray.
=
KEY: Pose.
SYN: Puzzle, perplex, bewilder, dumbfounder, mystify, embarrass, daze,
confound.
ANT: Enlighten, unmystify, indoctrinate, initiate.
=
KEY: Position, [See SITUATION].
=
KEY: Positive.
SYN: real, actual, substantial, absolute, independent, unconditional,
unequivocal, explicit, fixed, settled, definitive, indisputable, decisive,
express, enacted, assured, confident, direct, dogmatic, overbearing,
dogmatical.
ANT: Negative, insubstantial, unreal, fictitious, imaginary, relative,
contingent, dependent, conditional, implied, dubious, questionable, moral,
uncertain, doubtful, indirect, occasional, suspicious.
=
KEY: Possess.
SYN: Occupy, enjoy, have, hold, entertain, own.

ANT: Abandon, renounce, abjure, surrender, lose, forfeit, resign.
=
KEY: Possession.
SYN: Holding, ownership, tenure, occupation.
ANT: Abandoning, renouncing, resigning, surrendering.
=
KEY: Possible.
SYN: Practicable, feasible, likely, potential.
ANT: Impracticable, impossible.
=
KEY: Possibly.
SYN: Perhaps, perchance, haply, maybe, [See PERHAPS].
=
KEY: port, [See SITUATION].
=
KEY: Posterior.
SYN: Later, subsequent.
ANT: Earlier, precedent, antecedent, prior.
=
KEY: Posterity.
SYN: Futurity.
ANT: Ancestry.
=
KEY: Postpone.
SYN: Defer, delay, prorogue, procrastinate.
ANT: Expedite, despatch, accelerate.
=
KEY: Postulate.
SYN: Assume, presuppose.
ANT: Prove, elaborate, exemplify, argue.
=
KEY: Posture, [See SITUATION].
=
KEY: Potent.
SYN: Powerful, efficacious, effective, active, strong, energetic.

ANT: Weak, impotent, inefficient, ineffective, inactive, fruitless,
inoperative.
=
KEY: Potential.
SYN: Possible, implicit, undeveloped, germinative, immanent, virtual.
ANT: Actual, explicit, developed, objective, real, express.
=
KEY: Pound.
SYN: Imprison, cage, coop.
ANT: Discharge, liberate, release.
=
KEY: Pound.
SYN: Beat, bruise, pulverize, triturate.
ANT: Soothe, stroke, amalgamate, compound.
=
KEY: Poverty.
SYN: Want, need, indigence, destitution, [See WANT].
=
KEY: Power.
SYN: Faculty, capacity, capability, potentiality, ability, strength, force, might,
energy, susceptibility, influence, dominion, sway, command, government,
agency, authority, rule, jurisdiction, effectiveness.
ANT: Incapacity, incapability, impotence, inability, weakness, imbecility,
inertness, insusceptibility, subjection, power lessness, obedience,
subservience, ineffectiveness.
=
KEY: Powerful.
SYN: Strong, potent, puissant, masterful, mighty, [See STRONG].
=
KEY: Practicable.
SYN: Possible, feasible, usable.
ANT: Impossible, impracticable, unusable.
=
KEY: Practical.
SYN: Useful, serviceable, skilled, trained, [See CUSTOM].
=

KEY: Practically.
SYN: Really, actually, substantially, in fact, in effect, [See ACTUALLY].
=
KEY: Practice n.
SYN: Usage, habit, exercise, experience, exercitation, action, custom,
manner, performance.
ANT: Disuse, dishabituation, Inexperience, theory, speculation,
nonperformance.
=
KEY: Practise v.
SYN: Perform, exercise, deal in, carry on, [See PERFORM].
=
KEY: Practised.
SYN: Trained, experienced, proficient, accomplished, [See PROFICIENT
a.].
=
KEY: Pragmatical.
SYN: Over-busy, fussy, consequential, officious, meddlesome.
ANT: Reserved, uninterfering, distant, unconcerned, inobtrusive,
unmeddlesome, inofficious.
=
KEY: Praise v.
SYN: Eulogize, laud, commend, honor, glorify, compliment, celebrate, puff,
extol, applaud, panegyrize.
ANT: Blame, censure, discommend, reprove.
=
KEY: Praise, [See APPROBATION].
=
KEY: Praiseworthy.
SYN: commendable, laudable, meritorious, honorable, worthy.
ANT: Blameable, censureable, reprehensible.
=
KEY: Prank.
SYN: Caper, antic, capricious, action, frolic, trick, gambol, escapade, freak,
[See FROLIC].
=

KEY: Prate.
SYN: Babble, prattle, chat, chatter, tattle, gossip, [See BABBLE].
=
KEY: Pray.
SYN: Beg, beseech, entreat, implore, solicit, supplicate, adjure, invoke,
crave, [See BESEECH].
=
KEY: Prayer.
SYN: Petition, supplication, entreaty, orison, benediction, suit, request,
[See BENEDICTION].
=
KEY: Preamble.
SYN: Preface, introduction, exordium, opening, introductory, part.
ANT: Close, termination, peroration, finale, conclusion.
=
KEY: Precarious.
SYN: Hazardous, peril, ous, uncertain, riskful, unassured, insecure, dubious,
doubtful.
ANT: Assured, certain, systematic, safe, immutable.
=
KEY: Precaution.
SYN: Forethought, provision, premunition, anticipation, prearrangement,
care, providence.
ANT: Carelessness, thoughtlessness, improvidence.
=
KEY: Precede.
SYN: Lead, introduce, herald, go before, usher, head.
ANT: Succeed, follow.
=
KEY: Precedence.
SYN: Superiority, lead, priority, preference, antecedence, supremacy, pre-
eminence.
ANT: Inferiority, sequence, subordination, posteriority.
=
KEY: Precedent.
SYN: Anterior, prior, earlier.

ANT: Subsequent, posterior, Inter.
=
KEY: Precedent n.
SYN: Instance, example, authority, warrant, antecedent, pattern.
ANT: Prohibition, diswarrant, disallowance.
=
KEY: Preceding.
SYN: Precedent, former, foregoing, prior, previous, antecedent, anterior,
[See ANTERIOR].
=
KEY: Precept.
SYN: Rule, maxim, injunction, commandment, doctrine, direction, law,
mandate, principle, instruction, command, order.
ANT: Suggestion, prompting, instigation, impulse.
=
KEY: Preceptor.
SYN: Master, teacher, pedagogue, tutor, instructor, schoolmaster.
ANT: Pupil, learner, scholar, student.
=
KEY: Precinct, Precincts.
SYN: Purlieus, environs, limit, bounds, boundary, confine, district.
ANT: Heart, centre, nucleus.
=
KEY: Precious.
SYN: Dear, valuable, costly, cherished, treasured, beloved, estimable, of
great value.
ANT: Cheap, valueless, worthless, unvalued, disesteemed, unappreciated,
vile.
=
KEY: Precipice.
SYN: Cliff, crag, steep descent, headlong, steep, [See ABYSS].
=
KEY: Precipitate, [See RASH].
=
KEY: Precipitous.

SYN: Steep, headlong, abrupt, sheer, perpendicular, beetling, rash,
dangerous.
ANT: Shallow, graduated, inclined, undulating.
=
KEY: Precise.
SYN: Definite, exact, nice, pointed, accurate, correct, particular, formal,
explicit, scrupulous, terse, punctilious, ceremonious, formal.
ANT: Indefinite, vague, inexact, rough, inaccurate, loose, circumlocutory,
ambagious, tortuous, informal, unceremonious.
=
KEY: Precision.
SYN: Exactness, nicety, preciseness, accuracy, [See ACCURACY].
=
KEY: Preclude.
SYN: Prevent, obviate, bar, debar, impede, hinder.
ANT: Admit, promote, further, advance.
=
KEY: Precocious.
SYN: Premature, predeveloped, overforward.
ANT: Tardy, backward, slow-growing, crude.
=
KEY: Precognition.
SYN: Foresight, foreknowledge.
ANT: Reflection, recollection.
=
KEY: Preconception.
SYN: Forethought, anticipation, fore-understanding.
ANT: Copy, portraiture, observation, vision, representation, delineation.
=
KEY: Preconcerted.
SYN: Prearranged, concocted, prepared, premeditated.
ANT: Extemporized, unprepared, unconcocted, unpremeditated.
=
KEY: Precursor.
SYN: Forerunner, harbinger, herald, pioneer, advance-guard, cause.
ANT: Follower, consequent, result, effect, event.

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