Optimization of rectangular microstrip patch antenna parameters in l band by e

International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN
0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), © IAEME
176
OPTIMIZATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
PARAMETERS IN L BAND BY EMPLOYMENT OF PROPOSED
COMPOSITE NEGATIVE INDEX METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE
Sankul Agarwal, Amandeep Singh
Department of Electronics, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science,
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Rohit Jha, Rishabh Jain
Department of Electronics & Communication, Maharana Pratap College of Technology
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
In this paper work, a patch antenna and our proposed metamaterial patch antenna are simu-
lated and compared. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna along with the innovative metamaterial
structure is proposed at a height of 3.2mm from the ground plane. This work is mainly focused on
increasing the potential parameters of microstrip patch antennas and analyzing the operation of pro-
posed antenna. This structure produces a better performance compared to simple RMPA. The im-
plementation of the metamaterial as the substrate in a rectangular microstrip patch antenna produces
high value of return loss. Rectangular Microstrip Patch antenna loaded with metamaterial (MTM) is
proposed for better improvement in the impedance bandwidth and reduction in the return loss at op-
erating frequency 1.812 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed at a height 3.2 mm from the ground
plane. At 1.812 GHz, the bandwidth is increased up to 20.4 MHz in comparison to RMPA alone
of bandwidth 8.2 MHz. The Return loss of proposed antenna is reduced by -14.7dB. Microstrip
Patch antenna has advantages over other antennas as it is lightweight, inexpensive, easy to fabricate
and achieve radiation characteristics with higher return loss. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO is used to
design the metamaterial based rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The result of our work suggest
the proposed structure could be used in L band for wireless communications.
Keywords- Rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA), Metamaterial (MTM), Impedance
Bandwidth, Return loss, Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) approach.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)
ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August, 2013, pp. 176-187
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJECET
© I A E M E

177
I. INTRODUCTION
In modern wireless communication systems, the microstrip patch antennas are commonly
used in the wireless devices. Therefore, the miniaturization of the antenna has become an important
issue in reducing the volume of entire communication system [1].
Microstrip antennas are largely used in many wireless communication systems because of their low
profile and light weight [2].
The “patch” is a low-profile, low –gain, narrow – bandwidth antenna. Aerodynamic considera-
tions require low-profile antenna on aircraft and many kinds of vehicles. Typically a patch consists
of thin conducting sheet about 1 by 1/2 λ˳ mounted on Substrate. Radiation from the patch is like
radiation from two slots, at the left and right edges of the patch. The “slot” is the narrow gap between
the patch and the ground plane. The patch to ground plane spacing is equal to the thickness “t” of
the substrate and is typically about λ˳/100. The electric field is zero at the center of patch, maximum
at one side, minimum on the opposite side. The important parameters of any type antenna are imped-
ance bandwidth and return loss. The impedance bandwidth depends on parameters related to the
patch antenna element itself and feed used. The bandwidth is typically limited to a few percent. This
is a disadvantage of basic patch antenna. Metamaterial based rectangular microstrip patch antenna
improves the bandwidth and return loss in significant way [14]. CST MICROWAVE STUDIO is a
software package for the electromagnetic analysis and design, used to design the metamaterial based
rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The software contains four different simulation techniques
like transient solver, frequency domain solver, integral equation solver, Eigen mode solver and most
flexible is transient solver.
V.G. Veselago in 1968 provided a theoretical report on the concept of metamaterial (MTM)
[3]. A Left- Handed metamaterial or Double-Negative Metamaterial exhibits negative permittivity
and permeability [4]. The currently popular antenna designs suitable for the applications of wireless
local area network (WLAN) and world- wide interoperability for microwave access (Wi-MAX) have
been reported [5].
II. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The RMPA parameters are calculated from the following formulas. Desired Parametric Analy-
sis [6][7].
Calculation of Width (W):
ܹ ൌ
ଵ
ଶ௙ೝඥఓబఌబ
ට
ଶ
ఌೝା ଵ
ൌ
஼
ଶ௙ೝ
ට
ଶ
ఌೝା ଵ
(1)
where
C = free space velocity of light,
r =Dielectric constant of substrate
Effective dielectric constant of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna:
ߝ௥௘௙௙ ൌ
ఌೝାଵ
ଶ
൅
ఌೝିଵ
ଶ
ቌ
ଵ
ටଵା
భమ೓
ೈ
ቍ (2)
Actual length of the patch (L):
Le= L + 2∆L (3)
Calculation of length extension:
∆୐
୦
ൌ 0.412
ሺக౛౜౜ା଴.ଷሻቀ
౭
౞
ା଴.ଶ଺ସቁ
ሺக౛౜౜ି଴.ଶହ଼ሻቀ
౭
౞
ା଴.଼ቁ
(4)

178
III. ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA AND
METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE WITH SIMULATED RESULTS
The Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna is designed on FR-4 (Lossy) substrate at 50
matching impedance dielectric constant εr = 4.3 and height from the ground plane d=1.6mm. The
parameter of rectangular microstrip patch antenna are L= 35.8462 mm, W= 46.0721 mm,
Cut Width= 6 mm, Cut Depth= 10mm, length of transmission line feed= 29.58 mm, with width of
the feed= 3mm shown in figure1.
The simple RMPA is inspired by metamaterial structure at 1.812 GHz.
TABLE 1: RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS
Parameters Dimension Unit
Dielectric constant 4.3 -
Loss tangent(tan δ ) .02 -
Thickness (h) 1.6 Mm
Operating
frequency
1.812 GHz
Length L 35.84 Mm
Width W 46.07 Mm
Cut width 6 Mm
Cut depth 10 Mm
Path length 29.58 Mm
Figure 1. Rectangular microstrip patch antenna at 1.812 GHz
CST-software is used to design the Rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) at oprating
frequency 1.812 GHz.

179
However, their employment raises some problems, such as, difficulty impedance matching or
increasing of surface waves in the substrate that could decline the radiation efficiency and the radia-
tion pattern. Bandwidth of the antenna may be considerably becomes worse [8].
Simulated result of Return loss and bandwidth of Rectangular Microstrip Patch
antenna(RMPA) are shown in fig 2.
Figure 2. Simulation of return loss and bandwidth of RMPA
The bandwidth of simple RMPA is 8.2 MHz and Return loss is -10.3 dB.
The Rectangular microstrip patch antenna has 3D Radiation pattern at 1.812 GHz as shown in
figure 3. The radiation pattern shows the directivity of simple RMPA is 6.859 dB.
Figure 3. Radiation pattern of RMPA at 1.812 GHz

0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
Figure 4. Delivered power to RMPA. The maximum power deliver
Figure 5. Design of proposed metamaterial structure at the height of 3.2 mm from ground plane.
In this metamaterial design as shown in fig 5
angles, rectangles along with cuts are loaded on the patch anten
provement in impedance bandwidth and reduction in return loss
6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), © IAEME
180
Delivered power to RMPA. The maximum power delivered to patch
antenna is above 0.90 watt
posed metamaterial structure at the height of 3.2 mm from ground plane.
as shown in fig 5, composition of many figures like circles, tr
are loaded on the patch antenna. This design gives the better i
provement in impedance bandwidth and reduction in return loss.
August (2013), © IAEME
to patch
posed metamaterial structure at the height of 3.2 mm from ground plane.
composition of many figures like circles, tri-
This design gives the better im-

181
Figure 6. Rectangular microstrip patch antenna with proposed metamaterial structure
The simulation result of Return loss and bandwidth of Rectangular microstrip patch antenna
loaded with proposed composite metamaterial structure is shown in Fig 7.
Figure 7. Simulation of Return loss and impedance bandwidth of RMPA with proposed metema-
terial structure at operating frequency 1.812 GHz
The simulated result of RMPA loaded with proposed composite metamaterial is showing re-
turn loss of -25 dB and bandwidth of 20.4 MHz.

182
Figure 8. Radiation pattern of proposed antenna showing Directivity of 6.856 dBi
It is clear that the directivity of proposed antenna is almost unaffected in comparison to simple
RMPA alone.
NICOLSON-ROSS-WEIR (NRW) APPROACH
In this work Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) technique [9]-[10] has been used to obtain the val-
ues of permittivity and permeability as this is a very popular technique to convert S-parameters due
to the fact that this technique provides easy as well as effective formulation and calculation. Here in
this work for extracting the S-Parameters, proposed metamaterial structure is placed between the two
waveguide ports [11] [12] at the left and right hand side of the X axis as shown in Fig.4. In Fig 9, Y-
Plane is defined as Perfect Electric Boundary (PEB) and Z-Plane is defined as the Perfect Magnetic
Boundary (PMB), which creates internal environment of waveguide. The simulated S-Parameters are
then exported to Microsoft Excel Program for verifying the Double-Negative properties of the pro-
posed metamaterial structure [13].
Figure 9. Proposed metamaterial structure between the two waveguide ports

183
Equations used for calculating permittivity and permeability using NRW approach [10]-[11].
ࣆ࢘ ൌ
૛ࢉሺ૚ି࢜૚ሻ
࣓ࢊ࢏ሺ࢏ା࢜૛ሻ
(1)
ࢿ࢘ ൌ ࣆ࢘ ൅
૛.ࡿ૚૚.ࢉ.࢏
࣓ࢊ
(2)
Where,
࢜૚ = ࡿ૛૚ - ࡿ૚૚
ω = Frequency in Radian
d = Thickness of the Substrate
і = Imaginary coefficient
c = Speed of Light
࢜૛ = Voltage Minima
For satisfying Double Negative property, the values of permeability and permittivity should be nega-
tive within the operating frequency range. The obtained values of these two
quantities from the MS-Excel Program are given in Table 2 whereas Fig. 10 & Fig. 11 shows the
graph between permeability & frequency and permittivity & frequency respectively.
Figure 10: Permeability versus Frequency Graph
Figure 11: Permittivity versus Frequency Graph

0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
The maximum power delivered to proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna is 1 watt in fi
ure 12.
Figure 12. Delivered power t
6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), © IAEME
184
TABLE-2
The maximum power delivered to proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna is 1 watt in fi
Delivered power to reduced size RMPA loaded with metamaterial structure
August (2013), © IAEME
The maximum power delivered to proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna is 1 watt in fig-
metamaterial structure

185
Figure 13. E Field of the reduced size RMPA loaded with Metamaterial
Figure14. H Field of the reduced size RMPA loaded with Metamaterial
Figure 15. Smith chart of simple Rectangular microstrip patch antenna

186
Figure 16. Smith chart of RMPA loaded with metamaterial
The smith chart is very useful when solving transmission problems. The real utility of the
Smith chart, it can be used to convert from reflection coefficients to normalized impedances (or ad-
mittances), and vice versa.
Above figure shows the impedance variation in the simulated frequency range and received
impedance matching for proposed antenna at characteristic impedance.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this paper, Rectangular microstrip patch antenna loaded with composite structure
along with cuts metamaterial structure is simulated using CST-MWS software. The proposed de-
sign in comparison to RMPA alone, found that the potential parameters of the proposed antenna is
increased. This is clear from Fig.7 that the return loss is reduced to -25.0 dB and bandwidth is in-
creased to 20.4 MHz. From Fig.9, it is clear that the Directivity of proposed antenna design is almost
unaffected. The maximum power delivered to proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna is 1
watt.
V. CONCLUSION
The main drawback of Patch Antenna was impedance bandwidth. For this purpose, Rectangu-
lar microstrip patch antenna loaded with composite structure along with cuts metamaterial structure
has been proposed and analyzed in this paper. The simulated results provide that improvement in
the bandwidth is 12.2 MHz and the Return loss of proposed antenna is reduced by -14.7 dB. It is
clear that we can easily overcome the drawbacks of RMPA by using the properties of Metamaterial
(MTM). By using metamaterial, the maximum power delivered to proposed antenna is 1 watt as
compared to the RMPA delivered power of 0.9 watt.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank their parents for their constant motivation without which this work
would have never been completed.

187
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