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Oracle 12c SQL, ISBN: 9781305251038
Ch. 6 1
Chapter 6 Solutions
Review Questions
1. How can a sequence be used in a database? To generate a series of sequential
numbers as primary keys or for internal control purposes
2. How can gaps appear in values generated by a sequence? If the integers are cached
and the server crashes or is shut down.
3. How can you indicate that the values generated by a sequence should be in
descending order? Include a negative value in the INCREMENT BY clause.
4. When is an index appropriate for a table? If searches on a large table normally return
less than 10% of the rows and the table is not updated frequently.
5. What is the difference between the B-tree and bitmap index structures? The B-tree
index structure is like a tree, with leaves or nodes holding the value ranges and
ROWIDs mapping to actual table rows. A bitmap index is useful for improving
queries on columns that have low selectivity (low cardinality, or a small number of
distinct values). The index is a two-dimensional array containing one column for each
distinct value in the column being indexed. Each row is linked to a ROWID and
contains a bit (0 or 1) that indicates whether the column value matches this index
value.
6. When does Oracle11g automatically create an index for a table? When a PRIMARY
KEY or UNIQUE index is created
7. Under what circumstances should you not create an index for a table? If the table is
updated frequently or searches normally return more than 10% of the table rows in
the results.
8. What is an IOT and under what circumstances might it be useful? This structure
stores the contents of the entire table in a B-tree index with rows sorted in the primary
key value order. It combines the index and table into a single structure. Search and
sort operations involving the primary key column can be improved with this index.
9. What command is used to modify an index? Except for a name change, there’s no way
to modify an index; it must be dropped and re-created.
10. What is the purpose of a synonym? A synonym provides an alternative name for a
database object.
Multiple Choice
1. c
2. c
3. d
4. a

Ch. 6 2
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. d
10. b
11. b
12. g
13. c
14. c
15. a
16. e
17. b
18. c
19. c
20. c
Hands-On Assignments
1.
CREATE SEQUENCE cust_seq
START WITH 1021
NOMAXVALUE
NOMINVALUE
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
2.
INSERT INTO customers (customer#, lastname, firstname, zip)
VALUES (cust_seq.NEXTVAL, 'SHOULDERS', 'FRANK', '23567');
3.
CREATE SEQUENCE my_first_seq
INCREMENT BY -3
START WITH 5
MAXVALUE 5
MINVALUE 0
NOCYCLE;
4.
SELECT my_first_seq.NEXTVAL
FROM DUAL;
Error: Caused by the sequence running out of values to issue, as the minimum value of 0
was reached and the CYCLE option is set to NOCYCLE.

Ch. 6 3
5.
ALTER SEQUENCE my_first_seq
MINVALUE -1000;
6.
CREATE TABLE email_log
(emailid NUMBER GENERATED AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
emaildate DATE,
customer# NUMBER(4));
INSERT INTO email_log (emaildate, customer#)
VALUES (SYSDATE, 1007);
INSERT INTO email_log (emailid, emaildate, customer#)
VALUES (DEFAULT, SYSDATE, 1008);
INSERT INTO email_log (emailid, emaildate, customer#)
VALUES (25, SYSDATE, 1009);
SELECT *
FROM email_log;
7.
CREATE SYNONYM numgen
FOR my_first_seq;
8.
SELECT numgen.currval
FROM dual;
DROP SYNONYM numgen;
DROP SEQUENCE my_first_seq;
9.
CREATE BITMAP INDEX customers_state_idx
ON customers(state);
SELECT index_name
FROM user_indexes;
DROP INDEX customers_state_idx;

Ch. 6 4
10.
CREATE INDEX customers_last_idx
ON customers(lastname);
SELECT index_name
FROM user_indexes;
DROP INDEX customers_last_idx;
11.
CREATE INDEX orders_shipdays_idx
ON orders(shipdate-orderdate);
Advanced Challenge
Student responses will vary. Sequences could be applied to all primary key columns.
Index additions can support searches, such as for author’s last name and publisher name.
An example of a drawback is minimizing indexes to only the columns required for
frequent searches, such as customer’s last name. Minimizing the number of indexes helps
improve DML processing efficiency because fewer indexes need to be updated.
Case Study: City Jail
1.
CREATE SEQUENCE criminals_seq
START WITH 1018
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
CREATE SEQUENCE crimes_seq
START WITH 10001
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
INSERT INTO criminals (criminal_ID, last, first, street, city, state, zip, v_status,
p_status)
VALUES (criminals_seq.NEXTVAL, 'Capps','Johnny','111 Main', 'Portsmouth', 'VA',
'04578', 'N', 'N');
INSERT INTO crimes (crime_ID, criminal_ID, classification, date_charged, status)
VALUES (crimes_seq.NEXTVAL, criminals_seq.CURRVAL, 'M', '15-JUL-05', 'CL');
2.
CREATE INDEX criminals_last_idx
ON criminals(last);

Ch. 6 5
CREATE INDEX criminals_street_idx
ON criminals(street);
CREATE INDEX criminals_phone_idx
ON criminals(phone);
3. Bitmap indexes are quite useful for columns with low selectivity. Some candidate
columns from the City Jail database include Criminals/V_status, Criminals/P_status,
Crimes/Classification, Crimes/Status, Sentences/Type, Prob_officers/Status,
Crime_charges/Charge_status, Officers/Status, and Appeals/Status.
4. Synonyms could simplify object references for the City Jail database. If a variety of
users are accessing or developing applications to access the City Jail database objects,
creating public synonyms simplifies object reference, as the schema doesn’t have to
be included in all object references.

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with Unrelated Content

“For breakfast, toast and rich soup made on a slow fire, a walk
before breakfast, and a good deal after it; a glass of wine in the
forenoon, from time to time; good broth or soup to dinner, with
meat of any kind he likes, but always the most nourishing; several
glasses of port or punch to be taken after dinner, till some enlivening
effect is perceived from them, and a dram after everything heavy;
one hour and a half after dinner another walk; between tea-time
and supper a game with cheerful company at cards or any other
play, never too prolonged; a little light reading; jocose, humorous
company, avoiding that of popular Presbyterian ministers and their
admirers, and all hypocrites and thieves of every description....
Lastly, the company of amiable, handsome, and delightful young
women and an enlivening glass.”
Dr. Russell, to whom we are indebted for the quotation, might well
say that “John Brown’s prescriptions seem a caricature of his
system.”
A “Stomach-mill” and a “Stewing-pot.”
There have been many speculations about the nature of the
digestive process, and in relation to them the celebrated Hunter
remarked, playfully, “To account for digestion, some have made the
stomach a mill; some would have it to be a stewing-pot, and some a
brewing-trough; yet all the while one would have thought that it
must have been very evident that the stomach was neither a mill,
nor a stewing-pot, nor a brewing-trough, nor anything but a
stomach.” All that can be said is, that digestion is a chemical
process, the mechanical agency spoken of being of service only in
thoroughly mixing the gastric juice with the food.
“Five Minutes for Refreshments.”

“Murder! murder!” the conductor might as well cry to passengers, as
“Five minutes for refreshments.”
Now it makes less difference what we eat than how we eat. Cold
hash, eaten slowly, therefore, well masticated, and mixed with the
saliva, is more likely to “set well” than a light cake or a cracker,
though it be “Bond’s best,” if hurried down the throat.
What the English call the “blarsted Yankee style” of gulping down
the food half masticated, washing it down with drinks, will ruin
anything but a sheet-iron stomach in a cast-iron constitution. Talk
about “mills.” Why, that most excellently contrived mill in the mouth
is not suffered to perform its duty. The hopper is too crammed; it
clogs the whole machinery.
Eating between meals destroys the regular periods naturally
established by the stomach for digestion. Three meals should be
sufficient for twenty-four hours.
“Much has been said about exercising after eating, and the truth has
been often over-stated. The famous experiment with the two dogs is
cited to show that exercise after eating interferes with the process of
digestion. Observe just how much was proved by the experiment.
Two dogs were fed to the full, and while one was left to lie still, the
other was made to run about very briskly. In an hour or two both
dogs were killed, and it was found that the food was well digested in
the dog that remained quiet, but not in the other. (I have seen it
stated the reverse.) This proves simply that violent exercise, taken
immediately after eating, interferes with digestion. Other facts show
that light exercise rather promotes than impedes the process, and
that even very strong exercise does not interfere with it if a short
interval of rest be allowed, so that the process may be fairly
commenced.
“The same is to some extent true of exercise of mind. It seems to be
necessary that there should be some measure of concentration of
energy in the stomach for the due performance of digestion, and

any very decided exercise, bodily or mental, tends to prevent this. In
the dyspeptic, even a slight amount of effort, either of body or mind,
often suffices to do it.
“It is very commonly said that it is wrong to eat just before going to
bed. Is this true? Cattle are apt to go to sleep after eating fully. Do
sleep and digestion agree well in their case, and not so in the case
of man? In some seasons of the year the farmer takes his heartiest
meal at the close of the labors of the day, and soon retires. Is this a
bad custom? Our opinion is that food may be taken properly at a
late hour, provided, first, that the individual has not already eaten
enough for the twenty-four hours,—that he has done so being true,
probably, in most cases; and provided, secondly, that he is in such a
state of health that digestion will not so act upon his nerves as to
disturb his sleep. If it will thus act, it is clear that he had better be
disturbed when awake, for he can bear the disturbance then with
less of injury to his system.”
Ancient Diet.
“How did them old anti-delusion fellows live?” once asked an honest
old farmer of the writer. “They must have lived differently than we
live, or they would not have told so many years as they did.”
True, true. The difference between ancient and modern diet is
remarkable. The ancient Greeks and Romans used no tea, coffee,
tobacco, chocolate, sugar, lard, or butter. They had but few spices,
no “nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger, or cloves,” no Cayenne pepper, no
sage, sweet marjoram, spinach, tapioca, Irish moss, arrow-root,
potato, corn starch, common beans; no oranges, tamarinds, or
candies, or the Yankee invention, “buckwheat cakes and molasses.”
What would our modern cooks do without the above enumerated
articles in the culinary department? And the butter! Down to the
Saviour’s time butter was unknown. Dr. Galen (130-218, A. D.) saw

the first butter only a short time before his death. Tea is
comparatively a modern introduction.
The Green Grocery of the Classics.
The cabbage has had a singular destiny—in one country an object of
worship, in another of contempt. The Egyptians made of it a god,
and it was the first dish they touched at their repasts. The Greeks
and Romans took it as a remedy for the languor following
inebriation. Cato said that in the cabbage was a panacea for the ills
of man. Erasistratus recommended it as a specific in paralysis.
Hippocrates accounted it a sovereign remedy, boiled with salt, for
the colic. And Athenian medical men prescribed it to young nursing
mothers, who wished to see lusty babies lying in their arms. Diphilus
preferred the beet to the cabbage, both as food and as medicine,—
in the latter case, as a vermifuge. (Horace Greeley prefers the latter,
for he says that “a cabbage will beat a beet if the cabbage gets a-
head.”) The same physician extols mallows, not for fomentation, but
as a good edible vegetable, appeasing hunger and curing the sore
throat at the same time. The asparagus, as we are accustomed to
see it, has derogated from its ancient magnificence. The original
“grass” was from twelve to twenty feet high; and a dish of them
could only have been served to the Brobdignagians. Under the
Romans, stems of asparagus were raised of three pounds’ weight,
heavy enough to knock down a slave in waiting with. The Greeks ate
them of more moderate dimensions, or would have eaten them, but
that the publishing doctors of their day denounced asparagus as
injurious to the sight. But then it was also said that a slice or two of
boiled pumpkin would reinvigorate the sight which had been
deteriorated by asparagus! “Do that as quickly as you should
asparagus!” is a proverb descended to us from Augustus, and
illustrative of the mode in which the vegetable was prepared for the
table.

A still more favorite dish, at Athens, was turnips from Thebes.
Carrots, too, formed a distinguished dish at Greek and Roman
tables. Purslain was rather honored as a cure against poisons,
whether in the blood by wounds, or in the stomach from beverage. I
have heard it asserted in France, that if you briskly rub a glass with
fingers which have been previously rubbed with purslain or parsley,
the glass will certainly break. I have tried the experiment, but only
to find that the glass resisted the pretended charm.
Broccoli was the favorite vegetable food of Drusus. He ate greedily
thereof; and as his father, Tiberius, was as fond of it as he, the
master of the Roman world and his illustrious heir were constantly
quarrelling, like two clowns, when a dish of broccoli stood between
them. Artichokes grew less rapidly into aristocratic favor; the dictum
of Galen was against them, and for a long time they were only used
by drinkers against headache, and by singers to strengthen their
voice. Pliny pronounced artichokes excellent food for poor people
and donkeys. For nobler stomachs he preferred the cucumber—the
Nemesis of vegetables. But people were at issue touching the merits
of the cucumber. Not so regarding the lettuce, which has been
universally honored. It was the most highly esteemed dish of the
beautiful Adonis. It was prescribed as provocative to sleep; and it
cured Augustus of the malady which sits so heavily on the soul of
Leopold of Belgium—hypochondriasis. Science and rank eulogized
the lettuce, and philosophy sanctioned the eulogy in the person of
Aristoxenus, who not only grew lettuces as the pride of his garden,
but irrigated them with wine, in order to increase their flavor.
But we must not place too much trust in the stories, either of sages
or apothecaries. These pagans recommended the seductive but
indigestible endive as good against the headache, and young onions
and honey as admirable preservers of health, when taken fasting;
but this was a prescription for rustic swains and nymphs. The higher
classes, in town or country, would hardly venture on it. And yet the
mother of Apollo ate raw leeks, and loved them of gigantic
dimensions. For this reason, perhaps, was the leek accounted not

only as salubrious, but as a beautifier. The love for melons was
derived, in similar fashion probably, from Tiberius, who cared for
them even more than he did for broccoli. The German Cæsars
inherited the taste of their Roman predecessor, carrying it, indeed, to
excess; for more than one of them submitted to die after eating
melons, rather than live by renouncing them.
I have spoken of gigantic asparagus: the Jews had radishes that
could vie with them, if it be true that a fox and cubs could burrow in
the hollow of one, and that it was not uncommon to grow them of a
hundred pounds in weight. It must have been such radishes as those
that were employed by seditious mobs of old, as weapons in
insurrections. In such case, a rebellious people were always well
victualled, and had peculiar facilities, not only to beat their
adversaries, but to eat their own arms! The horseradish is probably
a descendant of this gigantic ancestor. It had at one period a
gigantic reputation. Dipped in poison, it rendered the draught
innocuous, and rubbed on the hands, it made an encounter with
venomed serpents mere play. In short, it was celebrated as being a
cure for every evil in life, the only exception being that it destroyed
the teeth. There was far more difference of opinion touching garlic
than there was touching the radish. The Egyptians deified it, as they
did the leek and the cabbage; the Greeks devoted it to Gehenna,
and to soldiers, sailors, and cocks that were not “game.” Medicinally,
it was held to be useful in many diseases, if the root used were
originally sown when the moon was below the horizon. No one who
had eaten of it, however, could presume to enter the temple of
Cybele. Alphonso of Castile was as particular as this goddess; and a
knight of Castile, “detected as being guilty of garlic,” suffered
banishment from the royal presence during the entire month.
It is long since the above instructive article on the “Green Groceries
of the Classics,” by Dr. Doran, was in print, and I think it will be new
to most of my readers. I hope it will prove interesting as well as
instructive.

Animal or Vegetable Diet?
Both, if considered in regard to health. With an eye to economy only,
I should recommend vegetable diet.
I think that poor people lay out more, in proportion, than the rich,
for the purchase of animal food. They often buy extravagantly, on
the credit system, purchasing on Saturday nights, when there is a
rush at the stalls, and less opportunities for good bargains than
when there is more time. Again, the lower classes fry their meats,
losing much of their flavor and substance, by its going up chimney;
or by boiling, and throwing away much of the nutriment with the
water, which stewing in a covered dish would obviate.
I have been into various markets, and observed the poor as they
made their purchases. I have seen them count into the butcher’s
hand their last penny for a rib roast, a piece of pork to fry, a hind
quarter of lamb to bake, or beef to boil, when a piece to stew, with
nourishing vegetables, would cost far less, and return double the
nutritive principle.
Beefsteak, which contains seventy-five per cent. of water, is poor
economy of both money and health. The flank and neck pieces are
better. The more fatty and nutritive fore quarters are better than the
hind quarters. Ask the Jews. Coarse vegetables, as carrots,
cabbages, turnips, and potatoes, contain more nourishment than
beef, though far less than the cereals, as wheat, barley, corn, and
buckwheat. Beans, peas, rice, cracked wheat or hominy, cooked with
meat, make a most wholesome and nourishing diet for laborers, for
the sedentary, and for invalids. Meat should never be given to
toothless infants. Milk, or bread and milk, is all they require until
they have teeth.
A cheap, innutritious regimen is scarcely conducive to longevity, any
more than a stimulating and high living is contributive to that end. A
great quantity of hot roast meats is objectionable. Also hot fine flour
bread. Let those particularly interested in the matter see our article

on bread, etc., in chapter on Adulterations. Also, as respects coarse
sugar against the refined. See, also, Nutriment for Consumptives, in
next chapter.

XXXIII.
CONSUMPTION (PHTHISIS
PULMONALIS).

CONSUMPTION A MONSTER!—UNIVERSAL REIGN.—
SIGNS OF HIS APPROACH.—WARNINGS.—BAD
POSITIONS.—SCHOOL-HOUSES.—ENGLISH
THEORY.—PREVENTIVES.—AIR AND SUNSHINE.
—SCROFULA.—A JOLLY FAT GRANDMOTHER.
—“WASP WAISTS.”—CHANGE OF CLIMATE.
—“TOO LATE!”—WHAT TO AVOID.—HUMBUGS.—
COD-LIVER OIL.—STRYCHNINE WHISKEY.—A
MATTER-OF-FACT PATIENT.—SWALLOWING A
PRESCRIPTION.—SIT AND LIE STRAIGHT.—
FEATHERS OR CURLED HAIR.—A YANKEE
DISEASE.—CATARRH AND COLD FEET, HOW TO
REMEDY.—“GIVE US SOME SNUFF, DOCTOR.”—
OTHER THINGS TO AVOID.—A TENDER POINT.
Phthisis Pulmonalis is consumption of the lungs, which is the
common acceptation of the term consumption. Phthisis is from the
Greek, meaning to consume. This fearful disease, from the earliest
period in the history of medicine to the present day, has proved
more destructive of human life than any other in the entire
catalogue of ills to which frail humanity is heir. In Great Britain, one
in every four dies of consumption; in France, one in five. In the
United States, especially in New England, the number who die
annually by this fearful disease is truly startling! One in every three!
One reason for this fatality is because of the prevailing and
erroneous idea that it is inevitably a fatal disease.
Consumption is a relentless monster, and insidious in his approaches.
He spares not the high or the low. Oftener known in the hovel, he
fails not to visit dwellers in palaces. He paints the cheek of the
infant, youth, maiden, the middle-aged, and the aged with the false
glow of health. The delicate and beautiful are his common subjects.

Tupper wrote with an understanding when he penned the following:
—
“Behold that fragile form of delicate, transparent beauty,
Whose light blue eye and hectic cheek are lit by the bale-
fires of decline;
All droopingly she lieth, as a dew-laden lily,
Her flaxen tresses rashly luxuriant, dank with unhealthy
moisture;
Hath not thy heart said of her, ‘Alas! poor child of
weakness’?”
Yes, the monster “Decline” seeks particularly the fair-skinned, of
“transparent beauty,” and those of the “light blue eye and flaxen
hair,” for his victims. Nor are the illiterate alone his subjects, but men
of the most talented minds, men versed in arts, sciences, and belles-
lettres, professors of hygiene and physiology, and the very
practitioners of the art of medicine themselves, are often the shining
marks of the insidious monster whom they by erudition diligently
seek to repel.
Because of the too prevalent belief of the invincibleness of
consumption, it has been neglected more than any other disease.
The victims to its wiles have hoped against hope, while the enemy
has woven his web quietly and flatteringly around them.
You must first be warned of his earliest aggression.
Signs of his Approach.
He is a deceiver. Let us be wary of him.
We have been too negligent in this matter. Let us remember that
prevention is far better than cure.
The slight fatigue on the least exertion we have counted as
“nothing.” The hectic flush of the cheeks is too often mistaken for a

sign of health. The cursory pains of the chest, or left side, or under
the shoulder-blades, are disregarded, or, if noticed at all, are
mentioned as though “of no account.” The slight hacking cough is
scarcely heeded; for do not people often cough without having
consumption, and without raising blood? True, true; and this is the
stronghold of the deceiver.
Consumption is a disease which is not entirely confined to the lungs.
It is often a depraved condition of the system, particularly the blood.
There is a “consumption of the blood,” and a variety of morbid
phenomena, which cannot be expressed in the single word
consumption. It not unusually results in a scrofulous predisposition.
An hereditary predisposition may or may not be the cause. If the
former, its development must depend upon some exciting cause,
which will be mentioned hereafter. The intermarrying of persons of
like temperaments and constitutional dispositions inevitably results in
children of scrofulous and consumptive diathesis.

A NATURAL POSITION. AN UNNATURAL POSITION.
A neglected cold, cough, or catarrh may soon develop this fatality.
The peculiar changes in females at certain periods of life often
awaken the slumbering enemy. Teething in infancy not unfrequently
develops the scrofulous element, and a wasting of the system—
either marasmus or tabes mesenterica—follows, which, under the
best treatment, may prove fatal.
The slip-shod, doubled-up way that many people have of lying,
sitting, and standing, are conducive to consumption.
Badly-ventilated school-houses have heretofore been a source of
great injury to children, developing scrofula and consumption in
constitutions where it might have remained latent during their
lifetime. Every reflecting parent should rejoice in the improvements

which have been made during the last few years in the matter of
ventilation in buildings, particularly in churches and school-rooms,
although janitors, porters, and teachers have as yet too limited ideas
on the subject of wholesome air. The dry furnaces are a very
objectionable feature, and not conducive to health.
Early Symptoms.—Fatigue on the least exertion; a languid, tired
feeling in the morning; rosy tint of one or both cheeks during the
latter part of the day, caused by unoxygenized blood rushing to the
surface; swelling of the glands of the neck, or elsewhere; enlarged
joints; paleness of the lips; areola under the eyes; sensitiveness to
the air; chills running over the body; taking cold easily; catarrhal
symptoms; premature development of the intellect; and early
physical maturity, are among its initiatory indications. Also, when the
disease is located in the lungs, spitting of white, frothy mucus, or
blood, with catarrhal symptoms; cough, which is noticed by others
before by the patient; hacking on retiring, or early in the morning;
varied appetite; tickling in the throat; short breath on exertion, with
rapid pulse.
Second Stage.—Cough, and difficult breathing; increased difficulty of
lying on one side; sharp, short pains; diminution of monthly period;
swelling of the lower extremities, leaving corrugation on removing
the hose and garters at night; raising greenish yellow matter, with
(at times) hard, curd-like substance; sweating easily (sometimes the
reverse); night sweats; restless, feverish, either dull or sharp bright
cast to the eyes. Sputa increases to the
Third Stage.—Diarrhœa not unusually supervenes; spitting of blood;
the person emaciates rapidly; the face changes from a bloated to a
cadaverous appearance, with hectic fever; the patient faints easily;
debility increases with the cough, or hæmoptosis occurs often, until
death finally closes the scene.
These are merely some of the external symptoms. Let the patient
mark them, not so much to fear, as to provide against them. To be
forewarned is to be forearmed. I caution you against the causes,

and give you the benefit of my extensive experience with this
disease, both in New England and three years in the South, that you
may avoid its development by attention to rules for health and
longevity.
If this fearful disease was better understood by the people, it would
prove far less destructive of human life. Undomesticated animals do
not die of it; domesticated ones do. What does that imply? That the
people have engendered the disease! Let the “people,” then, take
the first step in preventing its ravages.
Theory of Consumption.
At a sitting of the Academy of Medicine at London, Dr. Priory read a
paper on the treatment of phthisis, in which he developed the
following propositions:—
1. Pulmonary phthisis is a combination of multifarious variable
phenomena, and not a morbid unity.
2. Hence there does not and cannot exist a specific medicine against
it.
3. Therefore neither iodine nor its tincture, neither chlorine, nor sea
salt, nor tar, can be considered in the light of anti-phthisical
remedies.
4. There are no specifics against phthisis, but there are systems of
treatment to be followed in order to conquer the pathological states
which constitute the disorder.
5. In order to cure consumptive patients, the peculiar affections
under which they labor must be studied, and appreciated, and
counteracted by appropriate means.
6. The tubercle cannot be cured by the use of remedies, but good
hygienic precautions may prevent its development.

7. The real way to relieve, cure, or prolong the life of consumptive
patients, is to treat their various pathological states, which ought to
receive different names, according to their nature.
8. Consumption, thus treated, has often been cured, and oftener still
life has been considerably prolonged.
9. Phthisis should never be left to itself, but always treated as stated
above.
10. The old methods, founded on the general idea of a single illness
called phthisis, are neither scientific nor rational.
11. The exact diagnosis of the various pathological states which
constitute the malady will dictate the most useful treatment for it.
Preventives of Consumption.
If a man desires a house erected, he consults a carpenter, or if a
first class residence, he employs an architect. If our watch gets out
of repair, we take it to a skilful jeweller. If our boots become worn,
want tapping, they are sent to the cobbler. But how many people
there are, who, when the complicated mechanism of the system
gets out of order,—which they cannot look into as they can their
watch or old boots,—first try to patch themselves up, instead of
employing a professional “cobbler of poor health and broken
constitutions.”
Before me are Wistar’s, Wilson’s, and Gray’s Works on Anatomy. I
have read them, or Krause’s, more than twenty years. They contain
all that has been discovered relative to the human system. But I do
not know it all. I never can. I doubt if the man lives who knows it all.
Then here is “Physiology,” which treats of the offices or various
functions of the system. I do not comprehend it all. “Great
ignoramus!” Nobody is perfected in it. Next is Pathology, which treats
of diseases, their causes, nature, and symptoms. Then there are

Materia Medica, Chemistry, and much more to be learned before one
can become competent to prescribe for diseases safely.
CORRECT POSITION. INCORRECT POSITION.
Can a carpenter, or any mechanic, a lawyer, minister, or other than
he who devotes his whole powers to the theory and practice of
medicine, be intrusted with the precious healths and lives of
individuals, about which he knows little or nothing? Or can I, in a
few chapters, instruct such in the art of curing complicated diseases?
O, no, no. But I can do something better for such. I can tell you how
to avoid diseases. I am quite positive of it. I should wrong you, and
endanger your lives by the deception thus put forth. There are some
books written on the subject which are useful to the masses in the
same manner in which I trust this will prove, by instructing in the
ways of health, and warnings against that which is injurious; but
there are far too many issued which are but a damage to the public
by their false claims of posting everybody in the knowledge of curing
all diseases, particularly that complicated one termed consumption.

Among the preventives of this fell destroyer I enumerate,—
First, Plenty of God’s pure, free air; and second, sunshine. These are
indispensable. He who prescribes for a patient without looking into
this matter has yet to learn the first principle of the healing art.
A lady recently came to my office with her son for medical advice.
She was a robust, matronly looking individual, who might turn the
scale at one hundred and eighty pounds, while the twelve-year-old
boy was almost a dwarf, pale and delicate. The contrast was
astounding.
“Madam,” I said, “I perceive that your son sleeps in a room where no
sunshine permeates by day;” for I could liken the pale, sickly-looking
fellow to nothing but a vegetable which had sprouted in a dark,
damp cellar. A gardener can tell such a vegetable, or plant, which
has been prematurely developed away from air and sunshine. And
though she looked astonished at my Œdipean proclivity in solving
riddles, it was nothing marvellous that a physician should detect a
result in a patient which a clodhopper might discover in a cabbage.
“Yes, sir,” she finally answered, “he always sleeps in a room where
the sunlight don’t enter; but I did not think it was that which made
him so pale-like; besides, I have taken him to several doctors, and
they said nothing about it; but their prescriptions did him no good,
and I am discouraged.”
Such stoicism was unpardonable, but I said in reply,—
“Take your son into a light airy room, to sleep. Try a healthy plant in
the cell where you have so wrongfully intombed him, and observe
how speedily the color and strength will depart from it. When you
can come back and assure me of his change of apartment, I will
prescribe for him.”
She went away, repeating to herself, as if to impress it firmly upon
her mind,—
“Put a plant into his room—plant into Johnny’s room.”

The lady afterwards returned, saying that she was sorry that the
plant had died, but was glad to say that Johnny was better.
It is a daily occurrence for physicians to see patients who are dying
by inches from the above cause; nor are they the low foreigners
alone, but, like my stoical one hundred and eighty pounder, of
American birth, and without excuse for their ignorance.
Do not sleep or live in apartments unventilated, or where the life-
giving sunshine does not penetrate during some portion of the day.
It is living a lingering death. If the patient is scrofulous, let him or
her employ such remedies as are known to remove the
predisposition, or seek aid from some physician who has cured
scrofula. The regular practitioner seldom desires such cases. One
who has devoted much time to scrofula and chronic diseases should
be preferred. I think chronic practice should become a separate
branch in medicine as much as surgery is fast becoming. Take the
disease in season. Do not neglect colds, coughs, and catarrh.
Persons of a low state of blood, who are weak and debilitated,
should wear flannels the year round—thinner in summer than in
winter; keep the feet dry—avoid “wafer soles,”—and the body clean,
but beware of what Artemus Ward termed “too much baths.” Employ
soap and a small quantity of water, with a plenty of dry rubbing, till
you get a healthy circulation to the surface.
Mothers, see to the solitary and other habits of your daughters.
Fathers, instruct your sons in the laws of nature, and of their bodies.
Do you understand?
See our youth swept off by the thousands annually, for want of
proper care and instruction!...
A jolly fat Grandmother.
“Wasp Waists.”—This is what I heard a fine-looking though tobacco-
sucking gentleman utter, as with his companion he passed two

young and fashionably dressed ladies on the street recently.
HOW WASP WAISTS ARE MADE.
So I fell into a reverie, in which I called up the image of a fat, jolly
old lady whom I knew as my “grandmarm.” She had a waist half as
large around as a flour barrel.
“O, horrid creature!” exclaims a modern belle.
But, then, my grandmother could breathe! You cannot—only half
breathe! And my “grandmarm” had a fresh color to her cheeks and
lips, and a good bust, till she was over sixty years of age, and she
lived to be almost a hundred years old. You won’t live to see a third
of that time. Did our grandfathers or mothers die of consumption?
O, no. Still they lived well—mine did. When I see a modern mince
pie, it quickly carries my mind back to childhood days, when I think
of a little boy who thought grandmothers were gotten up expressly
to furnish nice cakes and mince pies for the rising generation.

O, but she was jolly—and so were her pies!
An Irish blunderer once said, “Ah, ye don’t see any of the young gals
of the present day fourscore and tin years ould;” and probably we
should not see many of our present “crop” if we should survive that
age.
Drs. A., B., and C., tell me how many ladies who visit your offices
can take a full, deep breath. “Not one in a score or two!” So I
thought.
A CONSUMPTIVE WAIST.
CAUSE, TIGHT CORSETS.
NON-CONSUMPTIVE WAIST.
NEVER WORE CORSETS.
Lungs which are not used in full become weak and tender. Do you
have sore places about your chest? Practise inflating your lungs with
pure air through the nostrils,—where God first breathed the breath
of life,—and give room for the lungs to expand, and the “sore
places” will all disappear after a time. See my article on breathing.

Put it into steady, moderate practice, and the result will be beneficial
beyond all conception.
Consumption is Curable.
“Is it true that consumption of the lungs is ever cured?” is a question
which is often seriously asked.
“O, yes,” I reply.
“What are the proofs?”
Where on dissection we find cicatrices,—places in the lungs where
tubercles have existed, sloughing out great cavities, which have
healed all sound, the scar only remaining—what then? Here is
positive proof that consumption had been at work, was repelled by
some means, and the patient had recovered, subsequently dying of
some other disease, or from accident.
Such is the fact in many cases. It is an error—fatal to thousands—to
suppose that the lungs, of all substance in the body, cannot be
healed. Yet it is a fact patent to most educated physicians, that
many cases of consumption are cured in this country, while others
are prolonged, and the patient made comfortable during many
years.
Change of climate may be much towards saving a patient. Before
deciding upon such change, consult your physician. Ought not he to
know best? A climate adapted to one constitution may be quite
unsuited to another. What a wise provision in Providence in giving
this little world a variety of climates! There are certain portions of
the States and world where consumption seldom prevails. The
climate of California and the western prairies, as also some portions
of the South away from the coast, is less conducive of lung and
throat diseases than the more bleak and changeable climate of New
England and the Northern States. A change is only beneficial in
those cases where there is a mere deficiency of vitality in the

system. If the disease depends upon a scrofulous or other taint in
the system, one gains little by going from home. Change of climate
does not alter the condition of the system materially, so much as it
relieves one from atmospheric pressure, reducing thereby the
demands upon his small stock of vitality,—just as some places are
less expensive in which to live, and your funds hold out longer. The
writer resided in the Southern States during three cold seasons, and
carefully studied the effects of changes. He has two brothers in
California, who, during the past ten years, have often written
respecting the climate west of the Rocky Mountains. If ever called
upon to decide on a climate for a friend or patient who had
determined to change from this, I would advise him, or her, to select
California.
Do not change too late! going away from home and friends to die
among strangers....
Avoid Humbugs.
Do not run to clairvoyants and spiritual humbugs for advice. A
clairvoyant physician once said to me,—
“Mr. So-and-so has just called upon me to learn where he shall
spend the winter. He thinks he has the consumption, and that I can
tell him where he will pass the winter safely. What confounded fools
some of these men are, to be sure!” she exclaimed. “Why, I have got
that disease myself (not the foolish disease, but consumption), and
don’t know what to do to save my own life.”
That lady is living in Boston to-day. The gentleman went to St.
Thomas, dying in the hospital in January, amongst strangers, where
every dollar he possessed was stolen from him.
Nearly all patent medicines are humbugs. Avoid them. Dr. Dio Lewis
says that “the bath-tub is a humbug.” I believe him. While you avoid
drowning inside by pouring down drugs, do not exhaust your vitality

externally in a bath-tub. The hand-bath is all-sufficient for
consumptives.
Cod-liver Oil and Whiskey.
“Take cod-liver oil and die!” has become proverbial. The oil is utterly
worthless as a medicine, and the whiskey usually recommended to
be taken in connection is decidedly injurious. It is poisonous. I defy
one to obtain a pure article of whiskey in this country. If it could by
any means be obtained in its purity, it would not cure this disease
any more than the nasty oil from fishes’ livers. The oil is often given,
not as a medicine, but as an article of nourishment. If the patient so
understands it, all right; it will do no harm; but if he thinks that he is
taking a remedial agent, he is deceived thereby, and losing the
precious time in which he ought to be employing some remedy for
his recovery. The statements that cod-liver oil contains iodine, lime,
phosphorus, etc., is all bosh. A most reliable druggist of this city,
who has sold a ton or two of the oil, told me that “all the iodine or
phosphorus that it contains you might put into your eye, and not
injure that organ.”
If good, wholesome bread, butter, milk, eggs, and beef, will not give
nutriment to the wasting system, cod-liver oil will not, and the
patient must die—provided he has trusted to nutriment alone.
I have never known a consumptive patient to recover upon cod-liver
oil. I have known them to recover by other treatment, particularly by
the use of the phosphates, as “phosphate of lime,” and iron, soda,
and other combinations. I have intimated that a patient should be
advised by “his physician;” but if that physician is one of the old-fogy
style who insists upon cod-liver oil and whiskey as a cure, why, you
had better “change horses in crossing a river,” than to perish on an
old, worn-out hobby! There are two classes of patients which the
doctor has to deal with; one will follow no instructions accurately,
the other swallows everything literally.

I remember a story illustrative of the latter. A dyspeptic applied to
Dr. C. for treatment. The doctor looked into the case, gave a
prescription, telling the patient to take it, and return in a fortnight.
At the designated time he returned, radiant and happy.
“Did you follow my directions?” inquired the physician.
“O, yes, to the letter, doctor; and see—I am well!”
“I have forgotten just what I gave you; let me see the prescription,”
said the doctor, delighted at his success.
“I haven’t it. Why, I took it, sir.”
“Took it—the medicine, you mean,” explained the man of pills and
powders.
“Medicine? No. You gave me no medicine—nothing but a paper, and
I took that according to directions. That’s what cured me.”
The clown had swallowed the recipe!
The consumptive requires nourishment. He must derive it from
wholesome food,—even fat meats are beneficial,—not from
medicines. Let food be one thing, medicine another. I believe that a
man would starve upon cod-liver oil. He would not upon bread or
beef.
Sit and Lie Straight.
Go into one of our school-houses, and you may there see subjects
preparing for consumption. Our illustrations will give the reader a
correct idea of our meaning, without any explanation. The sewing-
machines, or rather the position which many girls assume while
sitting at their work by them from three to twelve hours a day, tend
to depression of the lungs, obstruction of circulation, reduction of
the vitality, dyspepsia, and sooner or later lead to consumption.

A HEALTHY POSITION.
Let everybody when walking stand erect, with shoulders slightly
thrown back rather than inclined towards the chest, then outward,
and keep the mouth closed. When sitting, keep the body erect, or
lean back slightly, resting the shoulders, rather than the spinal
column, against any substance excepting feathers, changing the
limbs from time to time to any easy position. If tired, and one can
consistently “loll,” recline to one side, resting the cheek upon the
hand. If one is very tired, and desires to “rest fast,” sit with the feet
and hands crossed or arms folded.

A CONSUMPTIVE POSITION.
If you lie crooked in bed, do it on the side. “To bend up double, man
never was made,” says the song. Do not bolster up the head so as to
get a square look at your toes, or, being in a feather bed, till you
resemble a letter C. Rather use but one light curled-hair pillow. It is
cool and healthy. Avoid feather beds and pillows.
“Didn’t your ‘grandma sleep during nearly a hundred years’ on a
feather bed?” My quizzer has returned, peeped over my shoulder,
and asked this question. Now see me quench him at a swoop.
“Yes, she did; and I think it probable that if she had not she would
have been living now. My grandmother’s good habits, free use of
muscle, sunshine, and air, more than offset the use of mince pies,
and the evil of sleeping on a feather bed in winter.”

I sleep on a hair mattress and pillow the year round. They are the
best.
Catarrh and Cold Feet.—How to cure both.
Catarrh is peculiarly a Yankee disease. Now, how does a Yankee
differ in his habits from the rest of the world’s people?
Let me tell you wherein he differs. The “five minutes for
refreshments” is an illustration. He hurries, he rushes, he’s a talker;
and having hurried unnecessarily, and got himself all in a
perspiration, he stops to talk with a friend on the street, in a current
of air, possibly in a puddle of water, the consequence of which is
checked perspiration, a cold, the catarrh. If the circulation to the
skin is checked, that excretory organ ceases to throw off the waste
and worn-out matter of the system, and the work is thrown upon
the mucous membrane, which if failing to perform the unnatural
office, the patient goes into a decline. Set this down as reason No. 1
for the catarrh being peculiarly a “Yankee disease.”
Chronic catarrh necessarily must be connected with a bad circulation
of the blood, a want of action in the skin, and usually with cold feet.
I must take time to explain these causes of a disease which usually
leads to the more fatal one—consumption. Now we have cold feet
and loss of action in the skin. Result, catarrh, terminating fatal in
consumption.
To keep the feet warm is to restore the circulation. Has your doctor
failed to do this? I fear he did not understand the connection, or the
patient did not follow his instructions. Dip the cold feet into a little
cold water! Is that “too homeopathic?”—cold to cure cold! Never
mind, do it. It feels cold at first. Well, catch them out, rub them
vigorously with a towel, then with the hands, and when quite red,
cover them up in bed, or in stockings and boots. Repeat it daily till
cured. Wear thick-soled boots and shoes always. Meantime, take a

dose of the third dilution of sulphur mornings, or at ten A. M., and
the third trituration of calcarea-carbonica at early bedtime.
To restore the loss of circulation to the skin, meantime—for they
must both be cured together—take a daily hand-bath; that is, with
the hand and in a comfortable room, apply a dose of castile or
Windsor soap to the skin, half of the person at a time, if the weather
is cool,—avoiding a current of air,—then, with cool or cold water, and
the hand only, wash rapidly over the surface, following quickly with
a dry towel and the dry hand, till warm. Cover the upper extremity,
and proceed to wash the other portion of the body in the same
manner. I really believe that there are individuals with such peculiar
temperaments, or low state of the blood, that they cannot bear cold
water. See to it that it is not fear, or habit, which prevents its use,
before abandoning a remedy of such curative powers.
Now, there is no other way under heaven whereby man can be
saved from catarrh than this which I have here given. If the patient
requires further medical treatment, he or she surely requires this,
else there is no catarrh in the case.
“But can’t you give me some snuff, doctor?”
Snuffs and nasal injections are humbugs. They will not cure a
chronic catarrh. The sugar and gum arabic powder is excellent for
the local irritation. That is all any local remedy can reach. Thousands
of dollars are expended annually for “Catarrh Remedies,” which
never cured a case yet, but have been the death of thousands, by
aggravating and prolonging the disease.
Indigestion and “a goneness at the stomach” not unusually
accompany the above disease. In addition to the instructions here
given, rubbing and slapping the region of the stomach with water
and the hand, and taking small quantities of extract gentian, orange-
peel, dock, and ginger, equal parts, twice daily, following the
directions regarding slow eating and cheerfulness, will eventually
remove the distressing disease.

Other Things to be Avoided.
For consumption, the old-fogy treatment by squills, ipecac,
laudanum, and the host of expectorants, is worthless. One of the
fatalities in this disease has been the sticking to these useless
medicines by a certain class of physicians and patients.
Use no tobacco. If tight-lacing and confined habits, as want of air
and exercise, have been conducive to the development of
consumption in females, more repulsive habits have led to catarrhal
affections, destruction of the vitality, and finally to consumption in
many of the opposite sex. Does the mother, by habits which injure
her health, jeopardize the life and health of her offspring? The
husband and father, by the debasing and health-destroying habit of
tobacco-using, injures both mother and child. The description which
I have given in the article on tobacco, respecting cleansing the
young man, and purifying him fit for society, is no joke! The clothes,
skin, blood, muscle, and bones,—even the seminal fluid,—of the
confirmed tobacco-user, all are impregnated with tobacco poison.
Does any one question but something of this virus is transmitted to
the offspring? Further, I have known many a wife to become
tobacco-diseased,—nervous, yellow, sick at the stomach, dyspeptic,
neuralgic, etc.,—suffering untold horrors, from lying, night after
night, during year in and year out, beside a great, filthy, tobacco-
plant of a husband!
Perhaps some sensitive gentleman—user of the weed of course—
may object to my way of putting it. Sound truths, like sound meat,
require no mincing. We know that children, sleeping constantly with
elderly people, become prematurely old and infirm. We know also
that nurses and others, sleeping with perpetual invalids, imbibe their
diseases. The skin of the tobacco-user is continually giving off the
tobacco poison—nicotine—and the more susceptible skin of the
female, or child, by its absorbent powers, is as continually taking in
this poison. There are many tobacco-users, who, if they knew this

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