Organization in Architecture

ARCHITECTURE
• The art of designing and constructing
buildings and other types of
structures.
• ARCHITECTURE is often referred to
as the “MOTHER OF ARTS”
 related to other fields of art—
painting, sculpture, interior designs,
landscape architecture and city
planning.

• If we would look around us today
we would notice a wide variety of
styles of architecture. Such
variety has always existed. The
modern houses and building
contrast with building and
dwellings of only one generation
age. A building, whatever it may
be, must be measured by the
standard of it’s own period rather
than ours. We now take a look of

• The Egyptian architecture which dates
back 4000 – 2280 B.C. is characterized
by enormous pyramidal structures.
• Art in ancient Egypt continued
strangely unchanged through the
various phases of foreign influence
Assyria, Persia, Greece and Rome. The
close connection between religious
rites and architecture is everywhere
manifested. The religious rites of the
Egyptians were traditional, virtually
unchangeable and mysterious, and
these traits are reproduced both of
tombs and temples.

Egyptian Temple is approached by
impressive avenues of sphinxes –
mythical monster each with the body of
a lion and the head of a man, hawk,
man or woman-possess in their
massive pylons, great courts,
hypostyle halls, inner sanctuaries, and
dim, secret rooms, a special character

Egyptian architecture persistently
maintained its traditions and when
there was a need for a change in the
methods of construction or in materials
used, the traditional forms were
perpetuated in spite of novel
conditions.
It is impressive by its solidity, which
suggests that the buildings were
intended to last eternally.

This is because the purpose of the
pyramids was not only to
preserved the mummy of the
Pharaoh for the return of the soul
in the infinite hereafter, but also to
be the center of the cult of the
royal dead, and as a
consequences, the dominant
element of the vast monumental
complex.

the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white
"casing stones" – slant-faced, but flat-
topped, blocks of highly polished white
limestone. These were carefully cut to
what is approximately a face slope with
a seked of 5½ palms to give the required

Mesopotamian Architecture is
evident in its palaces and temples.
The Mesopotamian architecture is
characterized by a brisk tower
called “ziggurat” built at
successive level having the form of
a pyramid.

Because of the use of brick,
however , Assyrians developed the
arch and its multiple, the canopy.
 In Mesopotamia ,Ziggurat, the
temple of Babylon, built by
Nebuchadnezzar (6th century
B.C.E), the stones were colored
white black, blue, yellow, silver,
and gold from bottom to top. The
effect may have been Garish, but at

As was the Egyptian temple, Greek
architecture in its most
characteristics form is found in the
temple, a low building of post-and-
lintel construction .
In this type of construction, two
upright pieces or posts are
surmounted by a horizontal piece,
the lintel, long enough to reach
from one to the other.

This is the simplest and earliest
types of construction, and is more
commonly used than other.
Post-and-lintel construction is well
adapted to wood because wooden
beams are strong and are able to
uphold the weight of a roof; at the
same time they are long, so that a
large building may be erected.

 has no base
 the bottom of the column
rests on the top step.
 can be identified by low-
cushion-like shape of part of its capital.
 the freeze is divided into triglyphs and
metopes.

is taller and more slender than
the Doric
it has a base, the capital is
ornamented with scrolls on each side.
unlike in the Doric order,
the freeze is continuous instead of
being divided.
the architecture below the
freeze is stepped; that is ,
it is divided horizontally into three parts,
each being slightly

 with the base and shaft resembling the
Ionic, tended to become much more
slender.
the distinctive feature is the capital,
which is much deeper than the Ionic.

The Romans adopted the Columnar and
trabeated style of the Greeks and
developed also the arch and vault from
the beginnings made by Etruscans (the
early inhabitants of west-central Italy).
The combined use of column, beam,
and arch is the keynote of the Roman
style in the earliest stages.
The Romans developed the stone arch
of the Etruscans.
Above all, the use of concrete allowed
the Romans to build vaults of a

The art of buttressing was
developed in the course of early
engineering works, which
frequently required the retaining of
masses of Earth.
Another characteristics of Roman
architecture is the flat round dome
that covers an entire building, as in
the Pantheon. The Pantheon at
Rome, the finest of all illustrations
of Roman construction, embodies

It is characterized by a great central
dome supported by curved triangles
(pendentives) and fitted to a square.
Byzantine takes its name from
Byzantium later called Constantinople
and now called Istanbul.
Byzantine architecture is characterized
by a great central dome which had
always been a traditional feature in the
East.
The grouping of small domes or semi-
domes round the large central dome

One of the characteristics features
of Byzantine churches was that the
forms of the vaults and domes
were visible externally,
undistinguished by any timbered
roof; thus in the Byzantine style.
The exterior closely corresponds
with the interior.

Western Architecture passed through
three stages of development during the
middle ages. These are the:
Early Christian
Romanesque
Gothic
The Romanesque was an outgrowth of
the Early Christian, and the Gothic , of
the Romanesque.
The western styles follow the general
type of the Roman Basilica, a long
rectangular building divided by pillars

 The early Christian Basilica has grown in part
from the roman house where the earliest
Christians met for worship, and in part from
pagan basilicas.
 In the classic temples, the emphasis lay on the
exterior; in the Christian church, on the inside.
 A second from of building, known as the
central type, was designed around central
vertical axis instead of longitudinal one.
 The long, internal lines of the basilica carried
the eye of the visitor from the door to the altar
as their ritualistic climax of the structure.
 On the other hand, the circular or octagonal
buildings focused on the center.
 The interiors of early Christian churches were
often decorated with mosaics, as in S.
Apollinare.

The structure is characterized with very
heavy walls with small window opening
stone arch or inverted roof window.
They have a wide nave and narrow and
lower side aids with tranusepts.
Romanesque Architecture is an
extension and development of the Early
Christian Basilica exemplified by S.
Apollinare in Classe.
Examples are Notre Dame la Grande at
Portiers (exterior) and the Abbayeaux –
Dame (interior).

ROMANESQUE:
• Is an extension and development of the
Early Christian Basilica.
• Romanesque has very heavy walls with
small window openings and a heavy stone
arched or vaulted roof inside. In this
respect, it resembles the Roman style-
hence the name Romanesque (“Roman-
ish”).
• In the Romanesque Cathedral, several
small windows were combined in a
compound arch.
• In the Romanesque church, the façade
sometimes has one doorway, sometimes
three.
• They were relatively simple moldings,

GOTHIC:
• The arches appeared only as stone
tracery. Eventually, the windows became
so large that the walls ceased to have any
function as walls; the roof was supported
by the huge buttresses and the entire wall
space was filled with stained-glass
windows. The triforium space was
regularly filled with small arches, and the
rose window became large and important.
The doorways became spacious.
• The Gothic façade regularly had three
doorways.
• In Gothic, the human figure became the
characteristic decoration, a recessed
doorway being filled with rows or saints

It is influenced by Greek and Roman
styles comes to the fore but with a
difference
Renaissance Architecture , the
cathedral or temple is no longer the
typical building; secular architecture
comes to the fore, as in Roman times.
Although renaissance architecture is a
return to the ideals of the Greeks and
Romans, it is not a slavish imitation,
but rather a free use of the materials
found Greece and Rome, but they used

Baroque Architecture
flourished in the
seventeenth century and
the opening years of the
eighteen century
Baroque architecture is the
building style of the Baroque
era.
It is characterized
primarily as a period of

Versailles's chapel as
seen from the tribune
royale, an outstanding
example of French
The interior of the São Roque
Church in Lisbon, Portugal
illustrates the rich Baroque
architecture in its chapels,
including the chapel of St.

The architectural framework remained
close to that of the Renaissance,
although often it was far more spacious,
but had a profusion of carved
decoration
Columns and entablatures were
decorated with garlands of flowers and
fruits, shells, and waves.
Often alcoves were built into the wall
to receive statues, thus making a pattern
of light and dark.
Surfaces were frequently carved.
The churches of this period no longer

 The nineteenth century is known as a
period of eclecticism. Eclecticism in
architecture implies freedom on the
part of the architect or client to choose
among the styles of the past that which
seems to him most appropriate.
 Modern eclectism was not only pure in
style; it understood something of the
flavor of the past as well as its forms.
 At best, modern eclectism was marked
by scholarship, taste, and sympathy for
the forms of the past and remarkable
ingenuity in adapting central heating,

 Is an attempt to interpret man’s purpose through
his building in a style free in relation to change
and independent of fix symmetries.
 New materials came to be utilized-prestressed
steel in tension, high-pressure concrete, glass
block, wood, metal, chromium, plastics, copper,
cork, steel, gypsum lumber, real and artificial
stone, and all varieties of synthetic and
compressed materials, and the versatile plywood.
 Strength is no longer synonymous with
massiveness because the supporting function is
created by a light, cage like skeleton of steel and
reinforced concrete, which is faster and easier to
build. Reinforced concrete is made by pouring
concrete over steel rods laid in temporary wooden
moulds; thus mushroom-heated columns and slab-

 The Philippines has shown knowledge and expertise
in all the arts. In this country, along Roxas Boulevard,
the Ayala, and Escolta, one can see that the
architecture in the Philippines has come with the
times.
Those architectures reflect not only the living proofs
of the antiquity of architecture in the country but also
trace back the influence of Europe on this particular
art at a time.
The old St. Augustine Church, the University of Sto.
Tomas, San Sebastian Church and some parts of the
Intramuros, reflect not only the living proofs of the
antiquity of architecture in this county but also trace
back the influence of Europe on this particular art at a
time when most of the civilized.
Landscapes in tourist spots attract foreigners.
They are impressed with the local use of the latest in

The use of concrete, wood and coconut
products, thin shells, a wide choice of
marble, and other locally available
products is becoming extensive.
One can note the predominance of native
products used, as materials for edifices of
apparently western architectural forms.
Salazar F., in her article “RP architecture
captured in churches,” says that most
modern architects and writers doing
analyses of Philippine churches marvel at
the majetic structures which were
designed and built during the Spanish

She mentioned Roger Gaspar’s
comment regarding the flowering of the
colonial church architecture in the
Philippines which he said was a
significant event in the history of the
Philippines – that the Filipinos’
spontaneous and inventive attitudes
created a kind of architecture that was
unique from Western architectural
idioms.
Writers noted that the massive
buttresses of the church, as in the
Ilocos Norte’s Paoay church are
reminiscent of the builders’ struggle

Morong Church in Rizal was also
mentioned for its integration of the
belfry with the old façade, in the effect
it became one of the most well-
composed architectures in colonial
Philippines.
This feature was noted by authors
Galende and Javellana in their book,
The Great Churches.

CULTURAL CENTER OF THE
PHILIPPINES

Organization in Architecture

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