Orifice study and investigation of flow of fluid
- 2. Orifice and Jet Apparatus Introduction We decided to work on Orifice and Jet apparatus and so , we prepared 3 orifices of different shape and geometry but of same weight. Our orifices are of shapes 1). Triangular Orifice 2). Hexagonal Orifice 3). Square Orifice The weight of all three orifices is 18 gram .
- 6. What is an Orifice ? Definition An orifice is a small hole or opening in a wall, plate, or surface through which a fluid (liquid or gas) flows. It is typically used to control, measure, or regulate the flow of fluid in a system. Some key points about Orifice 1). Flow characteristics 2). Applications 3). Types of Orifice
- 7. What is a Jet Apparatus ? An Orifice and Jet Apparatus is a laboratory device used to study the flow characteristics of fluids as they exit through an orifice, forming a jet. Key Components 1). Reservoir 2). Orifice 3). Jet 4). Tank ( Hydraulic Bench )
- 9. Hydraulic Coefficients There are 3 Hydraulic coefficients : 1). Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) 2). Coefficient of Velocity (Cv) 3). Coefficient of Contraction (Cc)
- 10. Applications of Cd & Cv 1). Flow measuring devices like venturi meter depends on accurate measurement of Cd 2). In hydraulic systems, the efficiency of fluid transfer depends heavily on behaviour of Cd and Cv. 3). In thermal power plants, Cd is crucial for designing cooling water systems. 4). For gasoline pieplines , deviations in Cd and Cv can indicate leaks or blockages. 5). Rockets & Jet engines uses Cv & Cd to optimize fuek injection .
- 11. Key Difference b/w Cd & Cv Cd is used for analyzing flow through orifices and deals with energy losses as the fluid exits a small opening, while Cv is used for valves and describes the flow capacity based on a pressure drop across the valve. Cd typically ranges between 0.6 and 1.0, reflecting the level of flow losses, while Cv can vary greatly depending on the valve size, type, and application.
- 12. Our main task The behavior of fluid flow through orifices is a core subject in fluid mechanics, serving as the foundation for various engineering systems, such as flow measurement devices, hydraulic control mechanisms, and fluid transfer applications. The primary objective of this project is to evaluate the effects of orifice shape and size on the flow rate and velocity, providing a deeper understanding of the behavior of Cd and Cv .
- 13. Research Gaps Despite the extensive body of work, certain gaps persist in the literature. Limited studies focus on hexagonal orifices and their flow characteristics, especially in high-turbulence environments. Additionally, the interplay between fluid viscosity and orifice geometry in determining Cd and Cv remains underexplored. This study aims to address these gaps by systematically investigating the flow characteristics of square, rectangular, triangular, and hexagonal orifices with varying cross-sectional areas under controlled experimental conditions.
- 14. PROCEDURE 1). Orifice preparation a). Material selection b). Purchasing raw material c). Geometries d). Sizes 2). Test set-up a). A costant Head Tank b). Orifices are mounted c). Volumetric Measuring Tank
- 15. PROCEDURE 3). Measuring Flow Rate a). Hydraulic bench b). Stop watch 4). Data Collection a). Actual Flow Rate b). Theoretical Flow Rate c). Actual Velocity d). Theoretical Velocity
- 16. PROCEDURE
- 17. Modeling in Solid Works
- 18. COST FACTOR For 3D printing of these 3 orifices , we paid 1200 pkr. And the weight was 18 grams .
- 20. CONCLUSION