Origin and classification of poultry
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The document outlines the origin and genetic classification of poultry, detailing the domestication of various birds such as chickens, ducks, and turkeys across different cultures and regions. It discusses the effects of domestication on species traits, the utilization of domestic birds for food and religious practices, and provides a genetic classification of poultry within the animal kingdom. Additionally, it highlights the historical diffusion of domesticated birds and their significance in different societies from ancient times to modern day.
![Gallus lafayetti[Ceylon jungle fowl]
Male plumage is similar to RJF
except that breast feathers are
pointed and fringed .males have
a peculiar patch of bluish purple
feathers on the upper breast.
Plumage of the females is similar
to those of RJF](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originandclassificationofpoultry-180804094349/85/Origin-and-classification-of-poultry-17-320.jpg)
![Gallus sonneratti [grey jungle fowl]
Male plumage is different from other species
“sealing wax” spots on rachis ;those that are
subterminal being white
terminal spots being shredded and yellow.
Occurs in neck hackle ,saddle, and wing coverts.
Body feathers are black with a white shaft and a
grey border.
Wing and tail feathers are black ; bird appears
grey.
Female plumage differs from RJF
in breast feathers which are white with broad
black/brown borders.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originandclassificationofpoultry-180804094349/85/Origin-and-classification-of-poultry-19-320.jpg)
![Gallus varius[green jungle fowl]
Most primitive of four species
Plumage consists of 16 tail feathers rather
than 14 in other species.
Short truncate neck hackle feathers in males.
Male plumage is glossy black , but hackle and
saddle feathers are edged with bronze and
yellow imparting a distinctly green coloration
to the bird.
In females feathers of the back and rump are
penciled (similar to dark Cornish),
upper breast feathers have dark edging ,
lower breast feathers are pale and
rest of the plumage has irregular barring.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originandclassificationofpoultry-180804094349/85/Origin-and-classification-of-poultry-21-320.jpg)
![Period Diffusion and sailent features
2500 -
2100 BC
Chicken used for sport
1500 BC Aryans invaded India;included chicken in their culture but not as food
1000-537
BC
Chicken had religious significance but forbidden as food ;fighting cocks reached Persia,
Persians carried westward to Mesopotamia and Asia Minor ; by 700 BC reached Greece where it
was primarily used for sport and poor folk as food .
Plato and Aristotle distinguished between high and low bred chicken ;egg production of high
bred chicken being poor.two breeds were recognised from Tangare[ near modern Athens] –one
for fighting and other was black with crest and wattles.
200 BC Bearded chicken reported .chicken reached Egypt and got firmly established .
100 BC Chicken reached Romans who knew about force feeding,hybrid vigor,caponizing,sperm
competition etc.adopted chicken as food source and employed for cock fighting ,religious
purposes ,superstition and divination.
Dawn of
Christian
era -1300
AD
Chicken probably reached Europe and then to Russia .main diffusion through Europe occurred
during the Neolithic and early Bronze age . Due to fall of Roman empire importance of chicken
reduced in Europe and became farmyard scavengers
1500-1600
AD
Spanish conquest brought chickens to America and rapidly spread to south and central America
.later, English ,Dutch and French brought them to east and north America](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originandclassificationofpoultry-180804094349/85/Origin-and-classification-of-poultry-24-320.jpg)
Origin and classification of poultry
- 1. Origin & genetic classification of poultry BY: V SAI CHAITANYA MVSC POULTRY SCIENCE NTR CVSC GANNAVARAM SVVU
- 2. Domestication Species Period Country Chicken 5400 BC 2500 to 2100 BC China – cishan culture,but, the contribution of these birds to modern birds doubtful From harappan culture of indus valley ; may be main source of diffusion the world Geese and mallard ducks 2500 BC 1500 BC China Egypt – separately domesticated ; in west,mallard duck was not till middle ages Ring necked pheasants 1300 BC Greece Turkeys 200 BC to 700 AD Mexico muscovy ducks 16th century Columbia , peru Japanese quail 11th century Japan,china korea Guinea fowl West African birds introduced to by Portuguese explorers
- 6. Effects of domestication Seed/grass eating species are preferred. Reproduction in captivity : reproduction became less dependant on climatic and environmental factors. Ability to imprint Development of social order
- 7. consequences Increase in bone length Noticeable changes in plumage Alterations to the limbs involving length ,muscle attachments and joint structure . Changes in skin covering ,muscling, fat deposition and brain size ; these were accomplished at a later stage.
- 8. Purpose and utilization of domestic birds Initially used primarily for cultural needs (religion,superstition),decorative arts and entertainment. Later used as human food In ancient rome ; geese were sacred initially & later on became a table delicacy. In spain ,turkeys – cultural activities food Japanese quails – song birds food
- 9. Domestication – chicken or domestic fowl Only 3 fossils of Gallus species have been recorded . Two of them from UK and one from Greece & Black sea region . Fossil from UK is coracoid bone resembling Gallus gallus Assigned to new species gallus europaeus. Fossil from Greece and Black sea region is tarsometatarsus bone similar to Gallus gallus & coracoid bone much longer. Assigned to new species Gallus aesculapi. Totally 4 species are known to modern ornithology .
- 10. Genetic classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum : chordate Class : aves Order : Galliformes sub order : Galli Family : phasianidae Sub family : phasianinae Tribe : phasianini Genus : Gallus
- 11. Wild Gallus species 4 recognised species under genus Gallus : G.gallus – Red Jungle Fowl ,RJF G.sonneratti -grey or sonnerats G .lafayetti – old name G.stanleyi, in Ceylon G.varius –green, old name G.furcatus
- 12. Gallus gallus 5 Subspecies in males G.g.gallus –Cochin – Chinese RJF G.g.spadiceus – Burmese RJF G.g.jabouillei – Tokinese RJF G.g.murghi – Indian RJF G.g.bankiva – Javan RJF These differ in Color of ear lobes ( white to red ) Shape and neck hackle feathers in males & Shade of red plumage in males (golden yellow to mahogany)
- 13. Origin of modern poultry Not clear Might have begun in Burma In Harappan culture (2500 -2100 BC ) of the indus valley reared chicken and later on diffused westward to other parts of the world at a rate of 1.5- 3 km /year. Except for Egypt ,diffusion of chicken into Africa is unknown. India is likely to be source leads to well developed trade between India & Africa
- 14. Gallus gallus (red jungle fowl ) Comb is single upright ,serrated blade; a pair of wattles. Male exhibit spectacular coloring whereas females have drab color but feathers have identical morphology in both the sexes .
- 17. Gallus lafayetti[Ceylon jungle fowl] Male plumage is similar to RJF except that breast feathers are pointed and fringed .males have a peculiar patch of bluish purple feathers on the upper breast. Plumage of the females is similar to those of RJF
- 18. Ceylon jungle fowl - female
- 19. Gallus sonneratti [grey jungle fowl] Male plumage is different from other species “sealing wax” spots on rachis ;those that are subterminal being white terminal spots being shredded and yellow. Occurs in neck hackle ,saddle, and wing coverts. Body feathers are black with a white shaft and a grey border. Wing and tail feathers are black ; bird appears grey. Female plumage differs from RJF in breast feathers which are white with broad black/brown borders.
- 21. Gallus varius[green jungle fowl] Most primitive of four species Plumage consists of 16 tail feathers rather than 14 in other species. Short truncate neck hackle feathers in males. Male plumage is glossy black , but hackle and saddle feathers are edged with bronze and yellow imparting a distinctly green coloration to the bird. In females feathers of the back and rump are penciled (similar to dark Cornish), upper breast feathers have dark edging , lower breast feathers are pale and rest of the plumage has irregular barring.
- 22. Female green jungle fowl
- 23. Gallus gallus Gallus sonneratti Gallus lafayetti Gallus varius Adult weight Males, g Females ,g 800 -1360 485 – 740 790-1136 705-790 790-1140 510-625 454-795 454 -795 Age at sexual maturity in captivity (years) 1-2 2 2 1-2 Clutch size 4-8 4-8 2-4 6-10 Egg size,mm 45.3 *34.4 46*36.5 46.3*34.5 44.5*34.5 Egg shell color White – rosy cream White – rosy buff Pinkish to buff,brown stippled Buffy white Incubation period ,d 19-21 20-21 20-21 21 Eclipse plumage (molting) ,and habitat Most of the males molt after breeding season Prefer forest habitat and forest clearings Molt involves only cervical feather tract of the neck ;long pointed hackles of males replaced by around short feathers similar to female;this plumage persists only for a few weeks followed by complete annual molt involving all feather tracts. Prefer sea shore and rocky scrub land bordering cultivated land General Sedentary,omnivorous,behaviour similar to domestic chicken with different vocalizations Distribution Pakistan to China ,Hainan and in East India ,Burma,Indo China,Islands of West & South India;sympatric with RJF at boundaries of its range Restricted to Sri lanka Java and on the chain of islands eastwards ;sympatric with RJF in java but occupying different habitats
- 24. Period Diffusion and sailent features 2500 - 2100 BC Chicken used for sport 1500 BC Aryans invaded India;included chicken in their culture but not as food 1000-537 BC Chicken had religious significance but forbidden as food ;fighting cocks reached Persia, Persians carried westward to Mesopotamia and Asia Minor ; by 700 BC reached Greece where it was primarily used for sport and poor folk as food . Plato and Aristotle distinguished between high and low bred chicken ;egg production of high bred chicken being poor.two breeds were recognised from Tangare[ near modern Athens] –one for fighting and other was black with crest and wattles. 200 BC Bearded chicken reported .chicken reached Egypt and got firmly established . 100 BC Chicken reached Romans who knew about force feeding,hybrid vigor,caponizing,sperm competition etc.adopted chicken as food source and employed for cock fighting ,religious purposes ,superstition and divination. Dawn of Christian era -1300 AD Chicken probably reached Europe and then to Russia .main diffusion through Europe occurred during the Neolithic and early Bronze age . Due to fall of Roman empire importance of chicken reduced in Europe and became farmyard scavengers 1500-1600 AD Spanish conquest brought chickens to America and rapidly spread to south and central America .later, English ,Dutch and French brought them to east and north America
- 25. Sub class Order Family Genus Species Common name Carinatae (flying birds) Anseriformes (ducks and geese) Anseridae Anatidae Cairina anser Anas C.moschata A.anser A.albiformis A.platyrynchos A.boscher Muscovy duck Grey legged goose White legged goose Mallard duck Wild mallard Galliformes(chicke n,quail,turkeys,gui nea fowl of African origin and pheasants) Phasianidae Cortunix gallus Phasianus Numida Meleagris C.cortunix japonica G.domesticus G.gallus G.lafayetti G.sonneratti G.varius P. colchicus N.meleagris N.ptylorirhyncha M.gallipavo Japanese quail Domestic chicken Red jungle fowl Ceylon jungle fowl Grey jungle fowl Javan jungle fowl Ring necked pheasant Ring wattled G.fowl Blue wattled G.fowl Domestic turkey Columbiformes (Pigeons and doves) Columbiformidae Columba streptopelia C.Livea S .turtus Rock pigeon Turtle dove Ratite ( running birds ) Strunthiformes Strunthionidae ( large running birds) struthio S. camelus S.austrialis North African ostrich South African ostrich Rheiformes rheidae Rhea R.Americana abbscens Rhea Casuriformes Dromoiidae Dromauis Casuarius D.novaechollandia C.casuarius Emu cassowary Apterygiformes Apterigidae Apterix A.australis A.wenii owenii
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