Origin of the universe
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The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and contains countless galaxies, many with supermassive black holes at their centers. The Milky Way galaxy is the one that contains our solar system. According to the leading Big Bang theory, the universe began as an extremely hot and dense singularity which expanded rapidly approximately 13 billion years ago, resulting in the formation of hydrogen and helium from the cooling nuclear matter. Evidence for the expansion of the universe and the Big Bang model includes the redshift of distant galaxies and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation.
Origin of the universe
- 11. UNIVERSE
- 12. THE UNIVERSE
- 13. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE comprises all space and time, and all matter and energy in it. is at least 13.8 billion of years old. includes planets, moons, minor planets, stars, galaxies What are GALAXIES?GALAXIES- are clusters of stars - around 100 billion in the universe - formed around 200 million years after the “Big Bang” - held together by the gravitational attraction of all its member stars on one another - most large ones seem to have super-massive black holes at their centers - sometimes contain very bright centers called quasars
- 14. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE What is the name of the galaxy we reside in?
- 15. Milky Way GalaxyMilky Way Galaxy
- 16. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE What are STARS?STARS- the building blocks of galaxies; are giant, luminous spheres of plasma. • Thermonuclear reaction - a nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars. *Constellation- a group of stars that form a pattern in the sky
- 19. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year = 9.4607 × 1012 km) Light years - the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical distance Speed of light=299 792 458 m / s made of 4.6% baryonic matter, 24% cold dark matter, and 71.4% dark energy
- 20. DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGYDARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY
- 21. UNIVERSEUNIVERSE Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements.
- 27. THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSETHE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE THEORIESTHEORIES How did the Universe start?How did the Universe start?
- 28. Big Bang TheoryBig Bang Theory ActivityActivity
- 29. BIG BANG THEORY: According to Big Bang theory, some kind of expansion of space took place at some point in time. What is the estimated date of the start of this expansion? 13–14 billion years ago
- 30. BIG BANG THEORY: Give two pieces of evidence that point to this idea of Big Bang and expansion of space. “We can tell that from the light that gets emitted and detected back on Earth through telescopes, that light is moving away from us, so stars and galaxies and planets are generally expanding away from us.” Hydrogen and Helium that we have in the universe. Cosmic microwave background radiation.
- 31. BIG BANG THEORY: The very hot and dense nuclear matter that was present at the beginning of this expansion slowly cooled. Name the two elements first formed as a result of this cooling. Hydrogen and helium .
- 32. BIG BANG THEORY: What is cosmic background radiation? Radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe. Its discovery is considered a landmark test of Big Bang theory.
- 33. BIG BANG THEORY: In this transcript, what is the last thing David says about Big Bang? “Big Bang is how matter came about.”
- 34. BIG BANG THEORY: The Universe originated in a very dense and hot state, has constantly expanded until now is thought to be an explosion from a SINGULARITY (a single point of density – where all known space was compressed into an infinitely small mass). proposed by Georges Lemaître and supported by Edwin Hubble, Arno Penzias, and Robert Wilson
- 38. History of the Universe •10-43 seconds - gravity separates from other forces •10-35 to 10-32 seconds - fundamental particles - quarks and electrons •10-6 seconds - quarks combine into protons and neutrons •1 second - electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces separate •3 minutes - protons and neutrons combine into atomic nuclei •105 years - electrons join nuclei to make atoms; light is emitted •105 -109 years - matter collapses into clouds, making galaxies and stars Orion Nebula - http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/planet_form.html
- 39. History of the Universe Orion Nebula - http://stardate.utexas.edu/resources/ssguide/planet_form.html
- 40. EVIDENCES OF EXPANDING UNIVERSE RED SHIFT OF DISTANT GALAXIESRED SHIFT OF DISTANT GALAXIES In 1929, Edwin Hubble Hubble’s Law: Galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance.”
- 44. EVIDENCES OF EXPANDING UNIVERSE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATIONCOSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION (CMB)(CMB) In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) CBM The Universe's "baby picture". WMAP's map of the temperature of the microwave background radiation shows tiny variations (of few microdegrees) in The 3K background. Hot spots show as red, cold spots as dark blue.
- 45. EVIDENCES OF EXPANDING UNIVERSE Abundance of hydrogen(93%), helium(7%), and lithium(trace)Abundance of hydrogen(93%), helium(7%), and lithium(trace)
- 46. STEADY STATE THEORY - was proposed in 1948 by Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold and by Fred Hoyle. “The density of matter in the expanding universe remains unchanged due to a continuous creation of matter.” - has no beginning or end in time
- 47. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY “The universe passes through successive cycles of expansion and contraction (or collapse).” -by Richard Tolman and Paul Steinhardt
- 48. CREATIONIST THEORY (Theological Theory) “God created the universe in seven days.” -Supported by the Holy Bible
Editor's Notes
- #14: Ask the learners how long will it take them to spend 1 billion pesos if they spend 1 peso per second. • 1 billion/(60 s/min*60 min/hr*24 hr/day*365days/year) • ~32 years • How long is 13.8 billion years? Speed of light =299 792 458 m / s Quasars or (Quasi-Stellar Objects (QSOs) are the very bright centers of some distant galaxies, and so energetic probably because there is a supermassive black hole at the galaxy's center. (star-like objects) the Earth/Solar System at least 4.5-4.6 billions of years old
- #15: Ask the learners how long will it take them to spend 1 billion pesos if they spend 1 peso per second. • 1 billion/(60 s/min*60 min/hr*24 hr/day*365days/year) • ~32 years • How long is 13.8 billion years? A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars Speed of light =299 792 458 m / s
- #17: Protostars---main sequence stars---red giants.---white dwarf---black dwarfs ,,,or supernovae to become neutron star or black hole
- #18: Protostars---main sequence stars---red giants.---white dwarf---black dwarfs ,,,or supernovae to become neutron star or black hole
- #19: Nebula (pl. nebulae) latin: “cloud”- gas and dust clouds
- #20: Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so while dark energy can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.
- #21: Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so while dark energy can explain the observed accelerating expansion of the universe.
- #30: Before its creation, space and time didn´t exist, so they are relative to it Time, space, and matter were created during the big bang
- #31: Before its creation, space and time didn´t exist, so they are relative to it Time, space, and matter were created during the big bang
- #32: Before its creation, space and time didn´t exist, so they are relative to it Time, space, and matter were created during the big bang
- #33: Before its creation, space and time didn´t exist, so they are relative to it Time, space, and matter were created during the big bang
- #34: Before its creation, space and time didn´t exist, so they are relative to it Time, space, and matter were created during the big bang
- #35: Before its creation, space and time didn´t exist, so they are relative to it Time, space, and matter were created during the big bang
- #37: Deuterium=hydrogen with one proton, neutron, and electron
- #38: Deuterium=hydrogen with one proton, neutron, and electron
- #39: Light at 300,000 years Light to shine through about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
- #40: Video on BIG BANG
- #41: the speed of the galaxies moving away from each other causes a change in the light spectrum, ‘red shift’. Hubble Law – the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us
- #42: Video 1: Horn is coming from inside the car There is hardly any change in the volume and pitch of the hor n Video 2: Horn is coming from outside the car. Pitch and volume increase as the other car approaches
- #44: Video on REDSHIFT
- #45: Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson – ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERY they experimented with the Holmdel Horn Antenna building a radio receiver in 1965 (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) This early light — sometimes called the "afterglow" of the Big Bang — is more properly known as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It was first predicted by Ralph Alpher and other scientists in 1948, but was found only by accident almost 20 years later.
- #46: ABUNDANCE of light elements made up of approx 93% H, 7% He, and trace Li
- #47: has no beginning or end in time and will continue forever
- #48: OR PULSATING THEORY-never ending cycle described as the combination of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch. the Oscillating Universe Theory suggests that once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another universe will be born. This is referred to as the Big Bounce. Tolman theorized that the universe may be first in the cycle and could be a result of a previous Big Bounce event.
- #49: This theory is supported by the Bible, but if this is true, the universe would be very young. Some people think that the universe is only 6,000 years old, if this theory is proven true.
- #50: This theory is supported by the Bible, but if this is true, the universe would be very young. Some people think that the universe is only 6,000 years old, if this theory is proven true.