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BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface xix
Chapter 1
Introduction to Project Management 1
Chapter 2
The Project Management and Information Technology Context 43
Chapter 3
The Project Management Process Groups: A Case Study 81
Chapter 4
Project Integration Management 139
Chapter 5
Project Scope Management 187
Chapter 6
Project Time Management 225
Chapter 7
Project Cost Management 271
Chapter 8
Project Quality Management 311
Chapter 9
Project Human Resource Management 359
Chapter 10
Project Communications Management 405
Chapter 11
Project Risk Management 439
Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

Chapter 12
Project Procurement Management 479
Chapter 13
Project Stakeholder Management 509
Appendix A
Guide to Using Microsoft Project 2013 A.1
Appendix B
(Available on CengageBrain.com)
Appendix C
Glossary G.1
Index I.1
viii Brief Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Project Management 1
Introduction 2
What Is a Project? 4
Examples of IT Projects 4
Project Attributes 6
Project Constraints 7
What Is Project Management? 9
Project Stakeholders 10
Project Management Knowledge Areas 11
Project Management Tools and Techniques 12
Project Success 14
Program and Project Portfolio Management 16
Programs 17
Project Portfolio Management 17
The Role of the Project Manager 21
Project Manager Job Description 21
Suggested Skills for Project Managers 22
Importance of People Skills and Leadership Skills 24
Careers for IT Project Managers 25
The Project Management Profession 26
History of Project Management 26
The Project Management Institute 30
Project Management Certification 30
Ethics in Project Management 32
Project Management Software 33
Chapter Summary 36
Quick Quiz 37
Quick Quiz Answers 38
Discussion Questions 38
Exercises 39
Key Terms 40
End Notes 41
Chapter 2 The Project Management and Information Technology Context 43
A Systems View of Project Management 45
What Is a Systems Approach? 45
The Three-Sphere Model for Systems Management 46

Understanding Organizations 47
The Four Frames of Organizations 47
Organizational Structures 49
Organizational Culture 51
Stakeholder Management 52
The Importance of Top Management Commitment 54
The Need for Organizational Commitment to Information Technology 55
The Need for Organizational Standards 56
Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle 56
Product Life Cycles 59
The Importance of Project Phases and Management Reviews 62
The Context of Information Technology Projects 64
The Nature of IT Projects 64
Characteristics of IT Project Team Members 64
Diverse Technologies 65
Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management 65
Globalization 65
Outsourcing 66
Virtual Teams 67
Agile Project Management 69
The Manifesto for Agile Software Development 70
Scrum 70
Agile, the PMBOK®
Guide, and a New Certification 71
Chapter Summary 73
Quick Quiz 74
Exercises 76
Key Terms 77
End Notes 78
Chapter 3 The Project Management Process Groups: A Case Study 81
Project Management Process Groups 82
Mapping the Process Groups to the Knowledge Areas 87
Developing an IT Project Management Methodology 88
Case Study 1: JWD Consulting’s Project Management Intranet Site Project
(Predictive Approach) 91
Project Pre-Initiation and Initiation 91
Pre-Initiation Tasks 92
Initiating 96
Project Planning 100
Project Execution 109
Project Monitoring and Controlling 114
Project Closing 117
Case Study 2: JWD Consulting’s Project Management Intranet Site Project
(Agile Approach) 120
Scrum Roles, Artifacts, and Ceremonies 121
Project Pre-Initiation and Initiation 123
Planning 124
x Table of Contents

Executing 127
Monitoring and Controlling 127
Closing 129
Templates by Process Group 129
Chapter Summary 133
Quick Quiz 133
Exercises 136
Key Terms 137
End Notes 138
Chapter 4 Project Integration Management 139
What Is Project Integration Management? 140
Strategic Planning and Project Selection 143
Strategic Planning 143
Identifying Potential Projects 145
Aligning IT with Business Strategy 146
Methods for Selecting Projects 148
Focusing on Broad Organizational Needs 148
Categorizing IT Projects 148
Performing Net Present Value Analysis, Return on Investment, and Payback
Analysis 149
Net Present Value Analysis 149
Return on Investment 152
Payback Analysis 153
Using a Weighted Scoring Model 154
Implementing a Balanced Scorecard 156
Developing a Project Charter 157
Developing a Project Management Plan 161
Project Management Plan Contents 161
Using Guidelines to Create Project Management Plans 164
Directing and Managing Project Work 166
Coordinating Planning and Execution 166
Providing Strong Leadership and a Supportive Culture 167
Capitalizing on Product, Business, and Application Area Knowledge 167
Project Execution Tools and Techniques 168
Monitoring and Controlling Project Work 169
Performing Integrated Change Control 171
Change Control on IT Projects 172
Change Control System 173
Closing Projects or Phases 175
Using Software to Assist in Project Integration Management 175
Chapter Summary 178
Quick Quiz 178
Table of Contents xi

Exercises 181
Running Case 182
Tasks 183
Key Terms 184
End Notes 185
Chapter 5 Project Scope Management 187
What Is Project Scope Management? 188
Planning Scope Management 189
Collecting Requirements 191
Defining Scope 194
Creating the Work Breakdown Structure 198
Approaches to Developing Work Breakdown Structures 203
Using Guidelines 203
The Analogy Approach 204
The Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches 204
Mind Mapping 205
The WBS Dictionary 206
Advice for Creating a WBS and WBS Dictionary 207
Validating Scope 208
Controlling Scope 210
Suggestions for Improving User Input 212
Suggestions for Reducing Incomplete and Changing Requirements 212
Using Software to Assist in Project Scope Management 214
Chapter Summary 216
Quick Quiz 216
Exercises 219
Running Case 220
Tasks 221
Key Terms 221
End Notes 222
Chapter 6 Project Time Management 225
The Importance of Project Schedules 226
Planning Schedule Management 229
Defining Activities 229
Sequencing Activities 232
Dependencies 232
Network Diagrams 233
Estimating Activity Resources 236
Estimating Activity Durations 237
Developing the Schedule 238
Gantt Charts 238
Adding Milestones to Gantt Charts 240
Using Tracking Gantt Charts to Compare Planned and Actual Dates 241
Critical Path Method 243
Calculating the Critical Path 243
Growing Grass Can Be on the Critical Path 244
xii Table of Contents

Using Critical Path Analysis to Make Schedule Trade-Offs 245
Using the Critical Path to Shorten a Project Schedule 247
Importance of Updating Critical Path Data 248
Critical Chain Scheduling 248
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) 251
Controlling the Schedule 252
Reality Checks on Scheduling and the Need for Discipline 253
Using Software to Assist in Project Time Management 255
Words of Caution on Using Project Management Software 256
Chapter Summary 258
Quick Quiz 259
Exercises 261
Running Case 265
Tasks 265
Key Terms 265
End Notes 268
Chapter 7 Project Cost Management 271
The Importance of Project Cost Management 272
What Is Cost? 274
What Is Project Cost Management? 274
Basic Principles of Cost Management 275
Planning Cost Management 279
Estimating Costs 280
Types of Cost Estimates 280
Cost Estimation Tools and Techniques 282
Typical Problems with IT Cost Estimates 283
Sample Cost Estimate 284
Determining the Budget 289
Controlling Costs 291
Earned Value Management 291
Project Portfolio Management 297
Using Project Management Software to Assist in Project Cost Management 299
Chapter Summary 301
Quick Quiz 301
Exercises 304
Running Case 305
Tasks 305
Key Terms 306
End Notes 308
Chapter 8 Project Quality Management 311
The Importance of Project Quality Management 312
What Is Project Quality Management? 314
Planning Quality Management 316
Performing Quality Assurance 318
Table of Contents xiii

Controlling Quality 319
Tools and Techniques for Quality Control 320
Statistical Sampling 327
Six Sigma 328
How Is Six Sigma Quality Control Unique? 329
Six Sigma and Project Selection and Management 330
Six Sigma and Statistics 331
Testing 333
Modern Quality Management 335
Deming and His 14 Points for Management 336
Juran and the Importance of Top Management Commitment to Quality 336
Crosby and Striving for Zero Defects 337
Ishikawa’s Guide to Quality Control 338
Taguchi and Robust Design Methods 338
Feigenbaum and Workers’ Responsibility for Quality 338
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 338
ISO Standards 339
Improving IT Project Quality 340
Leadership 340
The Cost of Quality 341
Organizational Influences, Workplace Factors, and Quality 343
Expectations and Cultural Differences in Quality 343
Maturity Models 344
Software Quality Function Deployment Model 344
Capability Maturity Model Integration 344
Project Management Maturity Models 345
Using Software to Assist in Project Quality Management 347
Chapter Summary 348
Quick Quiz 348
Exercises 351
Running Case 352
Tasks 352
Key Terms 352
End Notes 355
Chapter 9 Project Human Resource Management 359
The Importance of Human Resource Management 360
The Global IT Workforce 360
Implications for the Future of IT Human Resource Management 361
What Is Project Human Resource Management? 363
Keys to Managing People 365
Motivation Theories 365
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 365
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory 366
McClelland’s Acquired-Needs Theory 367
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 368
Thamhain and Wilemon’s Influence and Power 368
xiv Table of Contents

Covey and Improving Effectiveness 370
Developing the Human Resource Plan 373
Project Organizational Charts 374
Responsibility Assignment Matrices 376
Staffing Management Plans and Resource Histograms 377
Acquiring the Project Team 378
Resource Assignment 379
Resource Loading 381
Resource Leveling 383
Developing the Project Team 384
Training 385
Team-Building Activities 386
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 386
The Social Styles Profile 388
DISC Profile 389
Reward and Recognition Systems 390
Managing the Project Team 390
Tools and Techniques for Managing Project Teams 391
General Advice on Managing Teams 393
Using Software to Assist in Human Resource Management 394
Chapter Summary 396
Quick Quiz 397
Exercises 399
Running Case 400
Key Terms 401
End Notes 402
Chapter 10 Project Communications Management 405
The Importance of Project Communications Management 406
Keys to Good Communications 408
Focusing on Group and Individual Communication Needs 409
Formal and Informal Methods for Communicating 410
Distributing Important Information in an Effective and Timely Manner 411
Setting the Stage for Communicating Bad News 412
Determining the Number of Communication Channels 412
Planning Communications Management 414
Managing Communications 416
Using Technology to Enhance Information Creation and Distribution 416
Selecting the Appropriate Communication Methods and Media 417
Reporting Performance 420
Controlling Communications 420
Suggestions for Improving Project Communications 421
Developing Better Communication Skills 421
Running Effective Meetings 423
Using E-Mail, Instant Messaging, Texting, and Collaborative Tools Effectively 424
Using Templates for Project Communications 427
Using Software to Assist in Project Communications 430
Table of Contents xv

Chapter Summary 433
Quick Quiz 433
Exercises 435
Running Case 436
Key Terms 437
End Notes 437
Chapter 11 Project Risk Management 439
The Importance of Project Risk Management 440
Planning Risk Management 447
Common Sources of Risk on IT Projects 448
Identifying Risks 452
Suggestions for Identifying Risks 453
The Risk Register 455
Performing Qualitative Risk Analysis 457
Using Probability/Impact Matrixes to Calculate Risk Factors 457
Top Ten Risk Item Tracking 459
Performing Quantitative Risk Analysis 461
Decision Trees and Expected Monetary Value 461
Simulation 463
Sensitivity Analysis 465
Planning Risk Responses 467
Controlling Risks 469
Using Software to Assist in Project Risk Management 469
Chapter Summary 471
Quick Quiz 472
Exercises 474
Running Case 475
Key Terms 476
End Notes 478
Chapter 12 Project Procurement Management 479
The Importance of Project Procurement Management 480
Planning Procurement Management 483
Types of Contracts 485
Tools and Techniques for Planning Procurement Management 489
Make-or-Buy Analysis 489
Expert Judgment 490
Market Research 490
Procurement Management Plan 491
Statement of Work 491
Procurement Documents 493
Source Selection Criteria 494
Conducting Procurements 495
Controlling Procurements 497
Closing Procurements 499
xvi Table of Contents

Using Software to Assist in Project Procurement Management 499
Chapter Summary 502
Quick Quiz 503
Exercises 505
Running Case 505
Key Terms 506
End Notes 507
Chapter 13 Project Stakeholder Management 509
The Importance of Project Stakeholder Management 510
Identifying Stakeholders 512
Planning Stakeholder Management 516
Managing Stakeholder Engagement 516
Controlling Stakeholder Engagement 519
Using Software to Assist in Project Stakeholder Management 522
Chapter Summary 524
Quick Quiz 524
Exercises 526
Running Case 527
Key Terms 527
End Notes 527
Appendix A Guide to Using Microsoft Project 2013 A.1
Introduction A.2
Project Management Software Reviews A.3
Basic Features of Project Management Software A.5
What’s New in Project 2013 A.6
Using Project 2013 A.7
Before You Begin A.7
Using the 60-day Trial of Project 2013 A.8
Overview of Project 2013 A.9
Starting Project 2013 and Getting Started A.9
Understanding the Main Screen Elements A.12
Using Project Help and the Project Web Site A.14
Exploring Project 2013 Using an Existing File A.15
Project 2013 Views A.17
Project 2013 Reports A.19
Project 2013 Filters A.21
Creating a New File and Entering Tasks in a Work Breakdown Structure A.23
Creating a New Project File A.23
Creating a Work Breakdown Structure Hierarchy A.25
Creating Summary Tasks A.26
Numbering Tasks A.27
Saving Project Files Without a Baseline A.28
Developing the Schedule A.29
Table of Contents xvii

Calendars A.29
Entering Task Durations A.31
Manual and Automatic Scheduling A.31
Duration Units and Guidelines for Entering Durations A.32
Entering Task Durations A.34
Establishing Task Dependencies A.38
Gantt Charts, Network Diagrams, and Critical Path Analysis A.43
Project Cost and Resource Management A.46
Entering Fixed and Variable Cost Estimates A.46
Entering Fixed Costs in the Cost Table A.47
Entering Resource Information and Cost Estimates A.47
Using the Team Planner Feature A.51
Entering Baseline Plans, Actual Costs, and Actual Times A.52
Viewing Earned Value Management Data A.56
Integrating Project 2013 with Other Applications and Apps for Office A.57
Copying Information Between Applications A.57
Creating Hyperlinks to Other Files A.59
Using Project 2013 Apps A.60
Discussion Questions A.63
Exercises A.63
End Notes A.64
Appendix B
Appendix C
Glossary G.1
Index I.1
xviii Table of Contents

PREFACE
The future of many organizations depends on their ability to harness the power of
information technology, and good project managers continue to be in high demand.
Colleges have responded to this need by establishing courses in project management
and making them part of the information technology, management, engineering, and
other curricula. Corporations are investing in continuing education to help develop
effective project managers and project teams. This text provides a much-needed
framework for teaching courses in project management, especially those that
emphasize managing information technology projects. The first six editions of this
text were extremely well received by people in academia and the workplace. The
Seventh Edition builds on the strengths of the previous editions and adds new,
important information and features.
It’s impossible to read a newspaper, magazine, or Web page without hearing about
the impact of information technology on our society. Information is traveling faster
and being shared by more people than ever before. You can buy just about anything
online, surf the Web on a mobile phone, or use a wireless Internet connection at your
local coffee shop. Companies have linked their systems together to help them fill
orders on time and better serve their customers. Software companies are continually
developing new products to help streamline our work and get better results. When
technology works well, it is almost invisible. But did it ever occur to you to ask,
“Who makes these complex technologies and systems happen?”
Because you’re reading this text, you must have an interest in the “behind-the-
scenes” aspects of technology. If I’ve done my job well, you’ll begin to see the many
innovations society is currently enjoying as the result of thousands of successful
information technology projects. In this text, you’ll read about IT projects around the
world that went well, including Mittal Steel Poland’s Implementation of SAP that uni-
fied IT systems to improve business and financial processes; Dell Earth and other
green computing projects that save energy and millions of dollars; Six Sigma projects
such as the project to improve case load management at Baptist St. Anthony’s
Hospital in Amarillo, Texas; the systems infrastructure project at the Boots Company
in the United Kingdom that takes advantage of supplier competition to cut costs and
improve services; and many more. Of course, not all projects are successful. Factors
such as time, money, and unrealistic expectations, among many others, can sabotage
a promising effort if it is not properly managed. In this text, you’ll also learn from the
mistakes made on many projects that were not successful. I have written this book in
an effort to educate you, tomorrow’s project managers, about what will help make a
project succeed—and what can make it fail. You’ll also see how projects are used in
everyday media, such as television and film, and how companies use best practices in
project management. Many readers tell me how much they enjoy reading these real-
world examples in the What Went Right?, What Went Wrong?, Media Snapshot, and
Best Practice features. As practitioners know, there is no “one size fits all” solution to

managing projects. By seeing how different organizations successfully implement
project management, you can help your organization do the same.
Although project management has been an established field for many years,
managing information technology projects requires ideas and information that go
beyond standard project management. For example, many information technology
projects fail because of a lack of user input, incomplete and changing requirements,
and a lack of executive support. This book includes suggestions for dealing with these
issues. New technologies can also aid in managing information technology projects,
and examples of using software to assist in project management are included
throughout the book.
Information Technology Project Management, REVISED Seventh Edition, is the
only textbook to apply all 10 project management knowledge areas and all five pro-
cess groups to information technology projects. As you will learn, the project man-
agement knowledge areas are project integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human
resource, communications, risk, procurement, and stakeholder management. The
five process groups are initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling,
and closing.
This text builds on the PMBOK® Guide, Fifth Edition, an American National
Standard, to provide a solid framework and context for managing information tech-
nology projects. It also includes an appendix, Guide to Using Microsoft Project 2013,
that many readers find invaluable. A second appendix provides advice on earning and
maintaining Project Management Professional (PMP) certification from the Project
Management Institute (PMI) as well as information on other certification programs,
such as CompTIA’s Project certification. A third appendix provides additional case
studies and information on using simulation and mind-mapping software to help
readers apply their project management skills.
Information Technology Project Management, REVISED Seventh Edition, pro-
vides practical lessons in project management for students and practitioners alike. By
weaving together theory and practice, this text presents an understandable, integrated
view of the many concepts, skills, tools, and techniques of information technology
project management. The comprehensive design of the text provides a strong founda-
tion for students and practitioners in project management.
N E W T O T H E R E V I S E D S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Building on the success of the previous editions, Information Technology Project
Management, REVISED Seventh Edition, introduces a uniquely effective combination
of features. The main changes in the Seventh Edition include the following:
• The key update for the REVISED Seventh Edition is that Appendix A has
been updated for Microsoft Project 2013.
• Several changes were made to synchronize the Seventh Edition with the
PMBOK® Guide, Fifth Edition. Changes were made based on the exposure
draft released in February 2012. The biggest change was the addition of a
tenth knowledge area, Project Stakeholder Management. This text includes a
new chapter to address this important topic.
• Includes additional information on agile project management. Chapter 2
includes general information on this popular concept, and Chapter 3 provides
a second case study illustrating the outputs produced for the JWD Consulting
xx Preface

project when using an agile approach. For example, you can see a sample
product backlog, a sprint backlog, a burndown chart, and key artifacts or
outputs produced when using Scrum, the most popular agile method.
• Appendix C, Additional Cases and Software, provides information about using
several simulation software tools. Several suppliers offer discounts to users of this
text. A new section provides instructions for accessing a special 60-day trial of
MindView Business software. This software provides the capability to create mind
maps, a powerful tool for creating a SWOT analysis or work breakdown structure.
The software also allows users to convert a mind map into a Gantt chart.
• A new feature, Global Issues, provides examples of how project management
concepts and practices affect people around the globe.
• Updated examples are provided throughout the text. You’ll notice several new
examples in the Seventh Edition that explain recent events in managing real
information technology projects. Several of the What Went Right?, What
Went Wrong?, Media Snapshot, and Best Practice examples have been
updated to keep you current. Additional examples and results of new studies
are included throughout the text, with appropriate citations.
• User feedback is incorporated. Based on feedback from reviewers, students,
instructors, practitioners, and translators, you’ll see several additional
changes to help clarify information. (This book has been translated into
Chinese, Japanese, Russian, and Czech.)
• A new CourseMate site for the Seventh Edition (www.cengagebrain.com)
provides access to informative links from the end notes, lecture notes, inter-
active quizzes, templates, additional running cases, suggested readings, and
many other items to enhance your learning.
A C C E S S I N G T H E C O U R S E M A T E S I T E
To access the CourseMate site, open a Web browser and go to www.cengage
brain.com. Search by ISBN, author name, or title, and click Create My Account
to begin the registration process.
A P P R O A C H
Many people have been practicing some form of project management with little or no for-
mal study in this area. New books and articles are written each year as we discover more
about the field of project management, and project management software continues to
advance. Because the project management field and the technology industry change
rapidly, you cannot assume that what worked even a few years ago is still the best
approach today. This text provides up-to-date information on how good project manage-
ment and effective use of software can help you manage projects, especially information
technology projects. Six distinct features of this text include its relationship to the Project
Management Body of Knowledge, its detailed guide for using Microsoft Project 2013, its
value in preparing for Project Management Professional and other certification exams, its
inclusion of running case studies and online templates, its companion (premium) Web
site, and its inclusion of a 60-day trial of MindView Business software.
Preface xxi

Based on PMBOK®
Guide, Fifth Edition
The Project Management Institute (PMI) created the Guide to the Project
Management Body of Knowledge (the PMBOK®
Guide) as a framework and starting
point for understanding project management. It includes an introduction to project
management, brief descriptions of all 10 project management knowledge areas, and a
glossary of terms. The PMBOK®
Guide is, however, just that—a guide. This text uses
the PMBOK®
Guide, Fifth Edition exposure draft (2012) as a foundation, but goes
beyond it by providing more details, highlighting additional topics, and providing a
real-world context for project management. Information Technology Project
Management, Seventh Edition, explains project management specifically as it applies
to managing information technology projects in the 21st century. It includes several
unique features to bring you the excitement of this dynamic field. (For more infor-
mation on features, see the Pedagogical Features section.)
Detailed Guide for How to Use Microsoft Project 2013
Software has advanced tremendously in recent years, and it is important for project
managers and their teams to use software to help manage information technology
projects. Information Technology Project Management, REVISED Seventh Edition,
includes a detailed guide in Appendix A for using the leading project management
software on the market—Microsoft Project 2013. Examples that use Project and other
software tools are integrated throughout the text. Appendix A, Guide to Using Microsoft
Project 2013, teaches you in a systematic way to use this powerful software to help in
project scope, time, cost, human resource, and communications management.
Resource for PMP and Other Certification Exams
Professional certification is an important factor in recognizing and ensuring quality in
a profession. PMI provides certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP),
and this text is an excellent resource for studying for the certification exam as well as
the entry-level Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM) exam. This text
will also help you pass other certification exams, such as CompTIA’s Project+ exam.
Having working experience on projects does not mean you can easily pass the PMP or
other certification exams.
I like to tell my students a story about taking a driver’s license test after moving to
Minnesota. I had been driving safely and without accidents for over 16 years, so I
thought I could just walk in and take the test. I was impressed by the sophisticated
computer system used to administer the test. The questions were displayed on a large
touch-screen monitor, often with an image or video to illustrate traffic signs or driving
situations. I became concerned when I had no idea how to answer several questions,
and I was perplexed when the test seemed to stop and a message appeared: “Please see
the person at the service counter.” This was a polite way of saying I had failed the test!
After controlling my embarrassment, I picked up one of the Minnesota driving test
brochures, studied it for an hour or two that night, and passed the test the next day.
The point of this story is to emphasize the importance of studying information
from the organization that creates the test and not to be overconfident that your
experience is enough. Because this text is based on PMI’s PMBOK®
Guide, Fifth
Edition, it provides a valuable reference for studying for PMP certification.
xxii Preface

It is also an excellent reference for CompTIA’s Project+ exam. I have earned both
of these certifications and kept them in mind when writing this text.
Exercises, Running Cases, Templates, Sample Documents,
and Optional Simulation Software
Based on feedback from readers, the REVISED Seventh Edition continues to provide
challenging exercises and running cases to help students apply concepts in each
chapter. The text includes more than 50 templates, examples of real project docu-
ments, and information on several simulation software tools that you can use to
practice your skills in managing a project. All of these features help the subject
matter come alive and have more meaning.
O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D C O N T E N T
Information Technology Project Management, REVISED Seventh Edition, is organized
into three main sections to provide a framework for project management, a detailed
description of each project management knowledge area, and three appendices to
provide practical information for applying project management. The first three chap-
ters form the first section, which introduces the project management framework and
sets the stage for the remaining chapters.
Chapters 4 through 13 form the second section of the text, which describes
each of the project management knowledge areas—project integration, scope, time,
cost, quality, human resource, communications, risk, procurement, and stakeholder
management—in the context of information technology projects. An entire chapter
is dedicated to each knowledge area. Each of these chapters includes sections that
map to their major processes as described in the PMBOK®
Guide, Fifth Edition. For
example, the chapter on project quality management includes sections on planning
quality management, performing quality assurance, and controlling quality.
Additional sections highlight other important concepts related to each knowledge
area, such as Six Sigma, testing, maturity models, and using software to assist in
project quality management. Each chapter also includes detailed examples of key
project management tools and techniques as applied to information technology
projects. For example, the chapter on project integration management includes
samples of various project-selection documents, such as net present value analyses,
ROI calculations, payback analyses, and weighted scoring models. The project
scope management chapter includes a sample project charter, a project scope
statement, and several work breakdown structures for information technology
projects.
Appendices A through C form the third section of the text, which provides
practical information to help you apply project management skills to real or prac-
tice projects. By following the detailed, step-by-step guide in Appendix A, which
includes more than 60 screen illustrations, you will learn how to use Project 2013.
Appendix B summarizes what you need to know to earn PMP or other certifications
related to project management. Appendix C provides additional running cases and
information on using simulation and mind-mapping software to help you practice
your new skills.
Preface xxiii

P E D A G O G I C A L F E A T U R E S
Several pedagogical features are included in this text to enhance presentation of the
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attempt to communicate with others of our enemies. I must see
your brother about this. You will be good enough to lead the way.”
“You cannot see him,” she said. “He is ill, oh! very ill. He would not
be able to understand you. Even I don’t understand. I can’t
understand . . .”
He bowed gravely. “I am sorry to hear of your brother’s ill health. It
is the night air. The night air of the swamp is very poisonous to a
missionary. It was imprudent. I have noticed it before. But I will
take your word.”
He bowed again, and turned to his askaris. “Chekua,” he said. “Lift
. . .” They raised the lean body of M‘Crae, and set off down the hill-
side. Godovius came very near to Eva, so near that she shuddered.
Again the nightmare of the picture. . . . “Miss Eva,” he said,
“between us there should not be war. You see the man Hare goes to
my house. He may escape. . . . It is possible that he will escape . .
. possible, but not probable. If he should escape, what will you give
me?”
III
The next few days were very terrible for Eva. Perhaps it was
fortunate for her that her brother needed so much attention and that
his state harrowed her sufficiently to keep her mind from the greater
tragedy. James made a very slow recovery, and she could not feel
that she was justified in telling him of a climax in their affairs which
might fall with devastating effect on a mind already torn by his
adventure. Little by little he began to talk more freely of this, and
always with a communicated awe. At first it seemed that he could
never recover his hopes, or his faith in himself. He was far too weak
to feel that he could ever return to the struggle: but in a little while
he began to realise that he must make a new beginning. Then, as
the fever left his body, and his mind became less perilously clear, the
old impulse gradually returned, and he began to make plans for the

new campaign. “This time,” he said, “I shall not be fighting in the
dark. I think I know the worst. Nothing could be worse . . .
nothing. If only God will give me strength. I must not be beaten.
I’m only dealing with the same thing as the prophets and the early
Christians. If I were not quite so utterly alone . . . And yet, if the
trial is greater, so will be the triumph.”
In the end she found he could speak to her almost dispassionately of
his adventure, although he never told her any details of the affair,
and she knew better than to ask him. Indeed she knew very well
that when he spoke to her it was really no more than a little attempt
to share his trouble with another creature, to evade the utter
loneliness of which he had complained, and that it didn’t matter to
him whether she understood him or no. All the time it was clear
that he found the whole business in retrospect rather thrilling, and
even though he never once mentioned the crowning horror of the
night, he talked quite frankly of small things which he remembered:
of his passage of the M’ssente River under the rising moon; of the
coarse grasses which had cut his fingers. Indeed he might well
remember those, for his hands were still bandaged so that he could
not hold a book. The ragged wound on his forehead worried him:
for he could not be certain how he had come by it. “I remember
nothing after a certain point,” he said. “I know it seemed to me that
they were all rushing towards me. Perhaps I cried out, and they
hadn’t seen me before. And yet they must have known that I was
there. The hill was full of them. I just remember them all rushing
towards me in the firelight. I remember how white their eyes and
their teeth were. And that’s all. Yes . . . I think I must have cried
out in spite of myself.”
And all the time that he spoke of these things she was thinking of
M‘Crae, wondering what enormities he might be suffering in the
house of Godovius. She did not realise herself how much she
missed him, what a stable and reassuring element in her life he had
been. She supposed that she would never see him again; and
though this seemed no stranger to her than the fact that they had

ever met, she found it difficult to reconcile herself to the prospect;
for she had begun to think that nobody else in the world could
possibly look after him, remembering, with the greatest tenderness,
the time when he had been so dependent on her care. She had
never in her life known a man so intimately as M‘Crae. She didn’t
suppose that another man like him existed. The impression which
she recalled most fondly was that of his absolute frankness: the
desperate care which he had taken to make their relation free once
and for all from anything that was not strictly true. She was thankful
that it had been so. Musing on the strange story of his life, she was
grateful to him for having told her so much without extenuation or
pleading. She would have felt less happy if he had not cleared the
way for their friendship by abandoning the name which he had worn
as a disguise.
From time to time, thinking of his captivity and of what she owed
him, the last words of Godovius would return to her: “If he should
escape, what would you give me?” She knew exactly what that
meant: and when she thought of it, even though the idea were so
unspeakably horrible, she couldn’t help fancying that after all she
might trick Godovius, that she might keep him to his side of the
bargain and escape the fulfilment of her own, very much as she had
planned to do when first he had threatened them. It seemed to her
that this would be a natural thing to do: that if she could screw up
her courage to a certain point she might manage to keep Godovius
going and give M‘Crae at least the chance of escape. After all, it
was the sort of thing that a woman could easily do. It might even
be done without any too terrible risk. But always when she allowed
her thoughts to turn in this direction she would find herself
peculiarly conscious of the absent M‘Crae’s disapproval. She
remembered how gravely he had spoken to her when she had made
her last confession. “It never pays to put things off,” he had said,
and even though she couldn’t persuade herself that in this case it
might not pay after all, she felt that in taking so great a risk of
failure and its consequences she would not be as loyal to his ideals
as he would have expected her to be. And so, even though the

project pestered her mind, she felt that she was bound in honour to
abandon it. He wouldn’t like it, she thought, and that was enough.
“I am not as good naturally as he thinks me,” she said to herself.
“Not nearly as good as he is.”
Once when she was sitting beside James’ bed and thinking as usual
of M‘Crae, the voice of her brother invaded her thoughts so suddenly
that she found herself blushing. He said: “I’ve just remembered. . .
. On the night when they brought me back there was somebody
here. I asked you who it was. . . . I remember asking. And you
said it was a hunter, a stranger who had turned up. You told me the
name. Mac . . . Mac . . . Mackay. . . . No, it wasn’t Mackay. I get
things mixed up. Who was it?”
“M‘Crae,” she said. “That was the name.”
“But what happened to him? I don’t remember. I’m sorry I didn’t
see him. Where did he go?”
“He went away next day,” she said.
“I hope you made him comfortable. It’s the least one can do.
Where did he go when he left us?”
“He went to Mr. Godovius’s house,” she said. It amazed her to find
that it was easy to speak the truth. M‘Crae would have approved of
that, she thought.
“I would have done anything to prevent him going to that house,”
said James.
“Yes,” she said. “It was a pity, but it couldn’t be helped. I shouldn’t
think any more about it. You were so very ill. And you couldn’t help
him going there.”
“I wonder if he is staying there still,” said James.
The irony of this conversation troubled her. She felt that if she
spoke another word about M‘Crae she must either go mad or tell

James outright the whole story of the fugitive. “But if I did,” she
thought, “he wouldn’t understand. He can’t do anything. It would
only be a waste of breath.” She felt that she would like to cry.
She was so lonely and bewildered. It seemed in these days as if she
couldn’t take things in. The imprisonment of M‘Crae meant so much
more to her than its cause, the European War which Godovius had
so impressively announced. She knew that England was at war with
Germany: that she and her brother, still happily ignorant of the
whole trouble, were in reality prisoners on parole: but for all that it
didn’t seem to her possible that this state could alter their position in
any way. Already, ever since they had been at Luguru they had
been prisoners serving an indefinite term of solitary confinement.
She could not realise what war meant to the rest of the world any
more than to themselves. Eventually, and bitterly, she knew.
Nothing could be very much more terrible to a woman than the
prisons of Taborah; but at this time the war didn’t seem to her a
thing of pressing importance: it was no more than a minor
complication which might upset James if he knew of it and make his
recovery slower, and the excuse—that was the way in which she
regarded it—for M‘Crae’s imprisonment.
Yet, all the time, in the back of her brain, another indefinite plan was
maturing. If the liberty of M‘Crae might not be purchased by the
offer of a bribe which she could never bring herself to pay, there
remained at least a chance—how near or how remote she was quite
unable to guess—of rescuing him herself. If once she could manage
to seek out the place in which he was confined, it might be possible
for her to help him to escape. She remembered a few stories of this
kind which she had read. Women had done such things before.
They might be done again. A knife, a rifle and food, that was all
that he would need. A knife was an easy thing to find; and on the
very day of his capture she had taken M‘Crae’s Mannlicher from the
banda and hidden it beneath her bed.
As the days passed, and the sinister figure of Godovius failed to
reappear, this plan began to take a more definite shape. She

determined to make the most careful preparations for M‘Crae’s
provision, and then, when everything was ready, to go herself in
search of the captive’s prison. And now it seemed less necessary for
her to be secret in her planning; for James was still in his bedroom,
while Hamisi and Onyango, who had disappeared together with their
subordinate Waluguru on the day of M‘Crae’s arrest, had never since
returned. Indeed she had been happy to find that they stayed away,
for now there was no doubt in her mind but that they were in the
hands of Sakharani as much as the forest people. At length, having
planned the matter in detail, she decided upon a day for her
adventure. It surprised her to find how little she found herself
dreading the event: it seemed as if, in this particular, she had almost
outgrown the possibility of fear. Her violent memory of the House of
the Moon no longer disturbed her. She was even prepared to meet
Godovius. Nothing mattered if only she might free M‘Crae.
The day which she chose for her attempt was the fourth after
M‘Crae’s arrest. During the interval she had never left the mission
compound. Now, leaving James in what seemed like a natural sleep,
she left the garden in the first cool of the evening at the back of the
sisal hedge by Mr. Bullace’s banda. The bush was very quiet in this
hour. The silence seemed to argue well for her success. She herself
would be as quiet as the evening.
She had chosen this unusual way of leaving the mission so that she
might not be seen by any lurking natives on the forest road. The
smooth peak of Kilima ja Mweze still served her for a guide, and
feeling that she could rely a little on her sense of direction, she had
expected to enter the forest at an unusual angle and make straight
for the hill itself and the house of Godovius without ever touching
the zigzag path which climbed the terraces. She stepped very
quietly into the bush, and soon struck one of those tenuous paths
which the goats of the Waluguru make on the hillsides where they
are pastured. A matter of great luck this seemed to her: for she
knew that it must surely lead directly to some village in the forest.
She began to hurry, so that she might advance some way into the

forest before the light failed. She ran till she lost her breath, and
when she stopped and heard the beating of her own heart, she was
thrilled with a delicious anticipation of success. It was all very
adventurous, and her progress, so far, had seemed so secret that
she couldn’t help feeling that luck was with her.
It was not long before she was disillusioned. Emerging from the
path in the bush into a wider sandy lacuna, she found herself
suddenly faced by Hamisi, a transfigured Hamisi, clothed in the
German colonial uniform, and armed with a Mauser rifle. With him
stood a second askari, one of the Waluguru whom she did not
know. Both of them smiled as though they had been expecting her,
showing the gap in the lower incisor teeth which the Waluguru
knock out in imitation of the Masai. Hamisi saluted her, and she
began to talk to him, much as a woman who talks in an ingratiating
way to a dog of which she is afraid. But from the first she realised
that it was no good talking. She guessed that these two men were
only part of a cordon of sentries drawn about the mission, and that
Godovius was relying on other things than the parole which she had
broken so lightly. It hadn’t struck her until that moment that she
had actually broken it. In a flash she began to wonder if M‘Crae
would approve. It was strange how this dour new morality of his
impressed her even in this emergency.
From the first she realised that her game was up. She saw how
simple she had been in underrating the carefulness of her enemy.
“How he would laugh at me,” she thought. “He” was M‘Crae. She
knew very well that Hamisi, for all his smiles, had orders not to let
her pass. Indeed she was rather frightened of this new and militant
Hamisi. She made the best of a bad job, and rated him soundly in
kitchen Swahili for having left her in the lurch when the bwana was
ill. . . . Hamisi scratched his back under the new jersey and smiled.
He was evidently very proud of his cartridge belt and rifle and the
big aluminium water-bottle which he wore slung over his shoulder.
In the failing light Eva made her way back to the mission. Rather a
pathetic return after her plans and hopes. In the dim kitchen at the

mission she saw the packet of food which she had prepared for
M‘Crae. She had put the strips of biltong and the biscuits with a tin
of sardines and a single cake of chocolate into a little linen bag. In
spite of her disappointment she could almost have smiled at her own
simplicity.
For all that, the failure of this enterprise opened her eyes to a great
many things which she had stupidly missed. Hamisi in a burst of
confidence and pride in his equipment had told her that he was no
longer a house-boy but a soldier, a soldier of Sakharani; that
Sakharani was going to give him not five rupees a month but
twenty; that he, being a soldier, could have as many women as he
liked wherever he went, with more tembo than he could drink, and
minge nyama . . . plenty of meat. It became clear to Eva that
Godovius was busy raising an armed levy of the Waluguru. That
was the meaning of many strange sounds which she had heard in
the forest but hardly noticed before: the blowing of a bugle, and the
angry stutter of rifle fire. She began remotely to appreciate what
war meant: how this wretched, down-trodden people had suddenly
begun to enjoy the privileges and licence of useful cannon-fodder.
After that evening she was conscious all the time of this warlike
activity. All day Godovius was drilling them hard, and at night she
heard the rolling of the drums, and sometimes saw reflected in the
sky the lights of great fires which they lighted in their camps. In the
presence of this armed force she wondered however she could have
been so foolish as to think that it was possible to rescue M‘Crae.
She knew once and for all that the idea of succeeding in this was
ridiculous. The knowledge that she and James were really prisoners
began to get on her nerves. She could not imagine what would be
the end of all this. She almost wished, whatever it might be, that
the end would come soon. It came, indeed, sooner than she had
expected.

CHAPTER XIII
I
For two days the forest below Luguru echoed the German bugle calls
and the sound of rifle fire. At night the throbbing of drums never
ceased, and the reflection of great fires lit along the edge of the
bush reddened the sky. During this time the prisoners at Luguru
heard nothing of Godovius. James, who was still keeping to his
room, had not been able to notice the absence of the mission boys.
Now he was quickly regaining strength and confidence. It was
strange how brightly the flame of enthusiasm burned in his poor
body. As soon as the cuts on his hands were healed he began to
consort once more with his friends the prophets, and Eva was almost
thankful for this, for it kept him employed as no other recreation
could have done. Indeed, beneath this shadow of which she alone
was conscious, their solitary life became extraordinarily tranquil.
The atmosphere impressed Eva in its deceptiveness. All the time
she was waiting for the next move of Godovius, almost wishing that
the period of suspense might end, and something, however
desperate, happen. One supposes that Godovius was busy with the
training of his levies, instructing them in the science of slaughter,
flattering them in their new vocation of askaris with the utmost
licence in the way of food and drink and lust, as became good
soldiers of Germany. That was the meaning of those constant
marchings and counter-marchings by day, and the fires which lit the
sky at night above their camps upon the edge of the forest.

The failure of her feeble attempt at an escape had shown Eva that it
was impossible for her to help M‘Crae in the way which she had
planned. Again and again the idea of bargaining with Godovius
returned to her. It came into her head so often, and was so often
rejected beneath the imagined censure of the prisoner that, in the
end, her sense of bewilderment and hopelessness was too much for
her. She could not sleep at night, even when the drums, at last,
were quiet. The strain was too acute for any woman to have borne.
In the end even James, who never noticed anything, became aware
of her pale face and haggard eyes. Anybody but James would have
seen them long before. He said:
“You’re not looking well, Eva. . . . You don’t look at all well. I hope
you’re not going to be ill. You’ve taken your quinine? What’s the
matter with you?”
Rather wearily she laughed him off; but James was a persistent
creature. He wouldn’t let her excuses stand: and since it didn’t
seem to her worth while sticking to them, she thought she might as
well tell him everything and be done with it. Not quite everything. .
. . She didn’t tell him about M‘Crae, for she felt that his clumsiness
would be certain to irritate her. She told him, as simply as she
could, that they were both prisoners; that England was at war with
Germany, and how she had promised Godovius that they wouldn’t
try to escape. “I don’t suppose it will make any difference to us out
here, so far away from everywhere,” she said. “That’s why I didn’t
tell you before. And of course you were too ill to be bothered.”
At first he was only annoyed that she had kept him in the dark.
Then his imagination began to play with the idea. He began to walk
up and down the room, rather unsteadily, and talk to her as his
thoughts formed themselves. Eva was too miserable to listen.
“This is terrible,” he said. “A monstrous thing. Here it may be
nothing, but in Europe it will be terrible beyond description. This is
the awful result of the world’s sin. Europe is like the cities of the

plain. All the evil of her cities will be washed out in blood. It is an
awful awakening for those places of pleasure. London and Berlin.
Sodom and Gomorrah. This is the vengeance of God. It has been
foretold. No war will ever be like this war. If the peoples had
hearkened to the word of God. . . . For He is slow to anger.”
Eva had never imagined that he would take it so hardly. She hadn’t
for a moment envisaged the awfulness of the catastrophe. All the
time she had been thinking not of the agony of Europe nor of the
possible consequences to themselves, but only of M‘Crae, whom the
accident had thrown into Godovius’s hands. Even when she had
listened to James’ very eloquent oration she found herself thinking
of the helpless figure which the Waluguru askaris had carried into
the bush, of the knotted veins on his arm beneath the bonds.
That evening the fires in the askaris camp shone brighter than ever,
the throbbing of the drums more passionate. James, realising now
the meaning of all that distant noise and light, became restless and
excited. He would not be content to go to bed early, as Eva had
intended. He said that he would be happier sitting out on the stoep
in a long chair, listening to all that was going on below. After their
evening meal they sat out there together, and while Eva nearly fell
asleep from sheer tiredness, he talked as much to himself as to her.
It was a night of the most exquisite calm. Beneath them the thorn
bush lay soft and silvered in the light of the moon. The upper sky
was so bright that they could even see beyond the forest the
outlines of the hills. In all that vast expanse of quiet land only one
spot of violent colour appeared, in a single patch of red sky above
the German camps.
“You see it burning there,” said James. “That is War. That is what
War means. A harsh and brutal thing in the middle of the quietness
of life. A fierce, unholy, unnatural thing.”
She said “Yes,” but that was because she did not want him to ask
her any questions.

A strange night. From time to time the lightened circle of sky would
glow more brightly, the drums throb as wildly as if all the drummers
had gone mad together. Sometimes the unheeding distance muffled
their sound, so that only a puff of wind brought it to their ears,
waxing and waning like the pulsations of a savage heart. Once, in
the nearer bush, they heard the voice of a man crying out like an
animal. Eva begged James to go to bed. The nearness of the sound
frightened her.
“You can’t stay here all night,” she said. “Soon you will be cold, and
that means fever.”
He was almost rough with her. “Leave me alone . . . please leave
me alone. I want to think. I couldn’t think indoors.”
Suddenly they were startled by the sound of rifle fire. All over the
bush people were firing guns. They couldn’t understand it. At first
it came from very near, but gradually the firing died away in the
direction of the forest.
“It must sound like that,” said James, “in a moving battle: a running
fight that is passing out of hearing.”
At nine o’clock the drums and the firing ceased. Even the fires in
the camp must have been allowed to die down, for the silver of the
moon washed all the sky. The bush stretched as grey and silent as if
no living creature moved in it; and with the silence returned a sense
of the definite vastness of that moonlit land, the immemorial
impassivity of the great continent. It was a beautiful and
melancholy sight.
“In Europe millions of men are slaughtering each other,” James
whispered.
“Now you will go to bed?” she pleaded.
He took her arm, as though he were really unconscious of it, and
allowed her to help him to his feet. They stood there still for a
moment, and while they watched, both of them became suddenly

aware of the small figure of a man running towards the bungalow
from the edge of the bush. His clothes and his face were of the pale
colour of the moonlight, so that he might have been a ghost, and
when he caught sight of their two figures on the stoep he waved his
hand. It was his right hand that he waved. The other arm was
missing. While James stood wondering what had happened, Eva
was running down the garden path to meet him. Half-way they
met. M‘Crae could see the tears Eva’s eyes shining in the
moonlight. He had never seen her face so pale and beautiful.
II
M‘Crae came to the point quickly, too quickly, indeed, for James,
whom the sight of this passionate meeting had bewildered.
“We have no time to lose,” he said. “My rifle is in the banda. I
suppose Mr. Warburton has a rifle of some sort?” Of course James
hadn’t.
“And food. . . . It may take us nearly a week. Three of us. But we
mustn’t be overburdened.”
James waved his arms. One can imagine the gesture of this lanky
figure in the long black coat with his head in a bandage.
“I don’t understand you, Mr. M‘Crae. . . . I hope I have the name
right. . . . I don’t understand the meaning of this. Will you be good
enough to explain?”
“There’s no time for explanation,” said M‘Crae. “I’m saying that we
have to leave here, all three of us, as quickly as we can. It’ll be a
hard journey in front of us, but I’m thinking it’s better to be driven
than to be dead. That’s what it comes to. . . . There’s no time for
talking.”
He told them swiftly and dryly what had happened to him after his
arrest. How the askaris had dragged him to the House of the Moon

and left him, with hands and feet bound, in a shanty at the back of
the long white building; how the old woman whose tongue had been
cut out had brought him porridge of mealie meal in a bowl, and how
he had been forced to lap it like a dog. Once Godovius had been to
see him, bringing the pleasant announcement that he was soon to
be shot: soon, but not yet; that England was already paying for her
infamy in the sack of London and the destruction of her fleet. “In a
year’s time,” he had said, “no swine of an Englishman will be able to
show his face in Africa. The black men will laugh at you. You have
already lost South Africa. The German flag is flying in Pretoria and
Capetown. It is probable that you will live to hear worse things than
this, even though you do not see the end.”
M‘Crae did not tell them what Godovius had said of Eva, nor of the
anger which had nearly driven him mad in his bonds.
“And then,” he said, “he came again to-night. I never saw a man so
changed. He was pretty near the colour of his uniform. ‘If I cut the
ropes,’ he said, ‘will you promise that you will not attack me?’ A
ludicrous question to a one-armed man, cramped with captivity and
weaponless!”
M‘Crae had given his word, and Godovius had released him. “Now
listen,” he said. “You are an Englishman and I am a German. That
is one thing. For others we have good cause to hate each other.
War is war, and it is our duty to hate. But besides this we are both
white men. At Luguru there is a white woman. I will be frank with
you. For the moment our hatred must go, for we are all in the same
danger. Where the danger has come from I cannot tell you.
Probably it is part of your damned English scheming. The English
have always paid other races to fight their battles. You know that
this colony is now one armed camp. In every tribe we have raised
levies and armed them. My black swine, the Waluguru, are getting
out of hand. To-day I have shot seven of them; but things are still
dangerous. It may spread. All the armed natives of Africa may rise
against us, German and English alike. They hate us . . . we know
that . . . and in an isolated place like this we shall stand no chance.

To-night, on my way home, I have been fired at by my own people.
They may try to burn the house over me. That will not be so easy,
for I have a machine gun. But the mission they will strip and burn
without trouble. You can think of the fate of your two English. And
I cannot save them; perhaps I cannot save myself. Somehow they
must get to M’papwa, where there are plenty of white men to
protect them. I am a German soldier. My post is here; and in any
case I must stay and teach these black devils what the German rule
means in their own blood. You are an enemy and a prisoner. See, I
give you your liberty, and in exchange you give me your word that
you will return here when you have saved them. I am taking the
risk of letting you go. If we meet again I shall know that you too
are a soldier and worthy of my nobility. Miss Eva is in your hands.
You had better go quickly.”
He had asked for arms, and Godovius, after a moment of hesitation
and distrust, had given him a Mauser pistol. “You will put it in your
belt,” he said. “I shall watch you go. You will hold your hand above
your head. Remember, I have a rifle, and you will be covered until
you are out of range.”
M‘Crae had laughed. “I hate all you damned Englanders,” said
Godovius. “You have no sense of seriousness. I do not do this of
my own will. But I love that woman. I would rather she were killed
by my hand than given to the Waluguru. And I wish her to live. You
understand?”
M‘Crae understood. His journey to the mission had not been easy:
for his body was still cramped by his long confinement and the
woods were full of watching Waluguru whom it had been difficult to
evade. “At the present moment,” he said, “they are all about the
bush round the house. As I said, there’ll be no time. Miss Eva will
put together some food, and I will slip out again to see where the
way is open.”
In Eva’s mind there was no questioning. In whatever other way she
may have regarded M‘Crae, she trusted him without reservation.

She had reason to trust him. As soon as he gave the word she was
ready to obey. She remembered the parcel of food which she had
made ready for M‘Crae on the evening of her hopeless expedition,
and turned to go. The voice of James recalled her.
“Eva . . . where are you going? You had better stay here for a
moment.”
“There is no time for waiting,” said M‘Crae. “I’ve told you . . .”
James waved his arms. “That is for me to decide,” he said. “The
matter must be considered. It is possible, sir, that your story is true
. . .”
“James!” she cried.
“Eva, I must ask you to hear me. . . . I say that this man’s story
may be true. But how can we know? We have no particular reason
to believe him. Think a moment. How do we know that this is not
some new deviltry of that dreadful man? After all, it is not
unreasonable to suspect a messenger who comes from that house.
We know nothing of him . . . nothing at all.”
“Oh, but we do . . .” she said.
“Nothing. This isn’t a matter in which a woman is competent to
judge. It’s a matter for a man. I’m your brother. There’s no one
else to stand between you and the world. You know nothing of the
world’s wickedness. No doubt, in your inexperience, you would trust
the first man you met with your honour. Thank God I am here, and
ready to do my duty.”
“It’s your duty that I am showing to you,” said M‘Crae. “Evidently
you haven’t taken in what I’ve been telling you. Godovius’s natives
have got out of hand. They’re armed. If you stay here we shall all
be butchered, all three of us. Of course I should stay with you. And
I should rather kill your sister with my own hands than let her be
taken by the Waluguru. We have to try and get away in five minutes
at the most, and make for the Central Railway, where we shall be

taken prisoners by the Germans. Perhaps we will not get there.
That is in God’s hands. But we must have a try. ‘God helps them
that help themselves’ may not be Scripture, but it’s common-sense.
You’ll admit that I’m reasonable.”
“You may be reasonable, sir,” said James, “but I’m not going to be
ordered about in my own house.”
“The alternative is being killed in it. For God’s sake, man, don’t
trifle.”
James passed his hand over his forehead.
“Perhaps I am wrong . . . I don’t know. My head’s in a muddle after
the other night. I can’t think.”
“Miss Eva,” said M‘Crae, “get everything ready quickly. Five minutes
. . .”
She said “Yes.”
M‘Crae turned to James. “Man,” he said, “do you realise the awful
responsibility that you’re taking upon yourself in the sin of your
pride? Would you see what you saw the other night, and your sister
in it?”
For the moment he was very Scotch, and the actual intensity of his
words made them impressive. . . . Some peculiar quality in this
appeal made James crumple up.
“God forgive me,” he sobbed. “God forgive me. . . . You had better
take her. If it is to be, the sooner the better . . .”
“Very well then,” said M‘Crae. “Hurry up and get some clothes on.
You can’t set out in pyjama legs and a black coat. Let me help you
if you are weak.”
By this time the pitiful figure had got over his sobs. Once more he
was formal and precise. He spoke very much as if he were
conducting a Pleasant Sunday Afternoon at home.

“You have mistaken me, Mr. M‘Crae,” he said. “I have given you my
authority to take my sister. You realise, no doubt, the trust which
that implies, and that we are quite in your hands. But my own
position is quite different. Perhaps you do not know what religion
means to a man, or how a man in my position regards his mission. I
was sent to Africa to devote myself to these unfortunate people. I
have a responsibility. If the devil has entered into their hearts this is
the occasion in which they need me most. You spoke just now a
little contemptuously of Scripture . . . I am a minister, and perhaps
it means more to me. At any rate these words, if you’ll have the
patience to hear me, mean a great deal: ‘He that is an hireling, and
not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf
coming and leaveth the sheep and fleeth.’ You know who spoke
those words. Mine must be the part of the good shepherd. If I
behaved as a hireling I could not bear to live.”
“There is such a thing as reason,” said M‘Crae; “I beseech you to
listen to it. A dead shepherd is of very little use to his flock.”
James glowed. It was extraordinary to see the pale creature
expand.
“Ah,” he cried, “Mr. M‘Crae, that is where you make the greatest of
mistakes. It was a dead Shepherd who redeemed the world. If you
are a Christian you cannot suggest that that sacrifice was of no use.”
“It is not a matter for argument,” said M‘Crae. “I recognise your
point of view. Against my will I respect it. I think you are an honest
man and that’s the best title I can give you.” They shook hands. It
is an amazing commentary on the naturalness of theatrical
conventions that common men, in moments of the greatest stress,
tend to the most obvious gestures. M‘Crae, gripping the hand of
James, noticed that it was as cold as if the man were already dead.
They spoke no more, for Eva entered the room, carrying the linen
satchel full of food and a couple of water-bottles. She saw the two

men standing in silence. “You are ready?” she said. “You’ve settled
everything?”
“Yes, we’ve settled it,” said M‘Crae. “But your brother will not come.
He says that his duty lies here.”
“Oh, James, but you can’t!” she cried. “You poor dear, of course you
can’t!”
James shook his head. “We can’t argue,” he said. “Mr. M‘Crae says
there’s no time.”
“Then we will all stay together,” she said.
She laid her hands on James’ shoulders and looked up at him. He
smiled.
“No, Eva. . . . It is as much your duty to go as mine to stay. You . .
. you must fall in with my wishes . . . you must be reasonable . . .
you must be a good girl . . .” He stroked her cheek, and the
unfamiliar tenderness of the action made her burst into tears. She
sobbed quietly on the breast of his black coat. Quite gently he
disengaged her hands.
“Now you must go, dear. I am trusting you to Mr. M‘Crae. God keep
you.”
They kissed. They had never kissed each other since they were
children.
“Oh, James . . .” she said.
“I am very happy . . . I am perfectly happy . . .”
“Come along,” said M‘Crae in a peculiarly harsh voice which he did
not know himself.
She slipped the band of the Mannlicher over his shoulder and they
left the house. Left alone, James sighed and straightened his hair.
He went on to the stoep and looked out over the silent lands. The

growing moon now sailed so splendidly up the sky that he became
conscious of the earth’s impetuous spin; he saw the outstretched
continent as part of its vast convexity and himself, in this moment of
extreme exaltation, an infinitesimal speck in the midst of it. Even in
the face of this appalling lesson in proportion his soul was confident
and deliciously thrilled with expectation of some imminent miracle.
His lips moved:
“And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the
soul; but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body
in hell. Are not five sparrows . . .” He moistened his lips “. . . five
sparrows sold for a farthing? and not one of them is forgotten before
God.”
III
M‘Crae and Eva moved quietly through the garden. The shadow of
the avenue of flamboyant trees shielded them from the moonlight,
their steps could scarcely be heard upon the sandy floor, and she
could only see M‘Crae, moving swiftly in front of her, where the
blotches of silver falling from the interstices of woven boughs flaked
his ghostly figure, the hump of the knapsack slung across his
shoulders, or sometimes the blue barrel of the Mannlicher which he
trailed. She followed without question, pausing when he halted,
creeping forward when he moved: and, deeply though she trusted
him, she found herself wondering at the strangeness of the whole
proceeding, at its fantastic unreality, at the incredible perversity of a
chance which had sent them out into the darkness together on this
debatable quest. Her reason told her that the two of them were in
stark reality running for their lives: that in all probability she had said
good-bye to James for the last time: that there was nothing else to
be done. She couldn’t believe this. It was no good, she told herself,
trying to believe it. It was simply a monstrous fact which must be
accepted without questioning. It was no good trying to think about

the business which must simply be accepted. She sighed to herself
and followed M‘Crae.
At the corner of the banda he halted. “Wait here till I come back,”
he whispered. “Stand in the shadow and wait.”
He disappeared. He seemed to her to be making a great deal of
noise. She couldn’t understand it, for it seemed to her that he ought
really to be making no noise at all. She wanted to tell him to go
more quietly. She felt inclined to follow him and explain this to him.
For quite a long time she heard his movements, and then, in a little
interval of silence, the sound of another body which had lain
concealed behind the banda, following him. Then she wanted to cry
out and warn him, or even to run after him. She wished that
wherever he was going he would have taken her with him. She
remembered his last whisper, “Wait here till I come back,” and
waited . . . endlessly waited. It was not easy. It would have been
easier, she thought, if she had not been left so near home. There, in
the shadow of the acacias, she had not yet taken the final,
irrevocable step. There still remained for her an avenue of retreat.
Here, only a few feet away from her, was the opening of Mr.
Bullace’s banda. The moonlight showed her, through the doorway,
the table on which her work-basket lay and beside it an open book,
which she had been reading only a few hours . . . or was it
centuries? . . . before. At the other end of her dark tunnel she could
see the angle of the house, with its festoons of bougainvillea; and all
this looked so homely and safe, so utterly removed from the
nightmare atmosphere of danger and flight. These things, it seemed
to her, were solid and permanent, the others no more than a mad,
confusing dream. And there, in his little room, was James. The
whole business could be nothing but a dream which had ridiculously
invaded her consciousness. She felt that if she were to go back to
the silent house and find James, and slip once more into the
pleasant order which she had created, she might wake and find
herself happy again. And yet, all the while, she was remembering
the whisper of M‘Crae, “Stand here in the shadow. . . . Wait till I

come back again,” and found herself obeying. Not without revolt. It
was too bad of him, she thought, to try her in this way, to leave her
there in the threatening shadow. Too bad of him. . .
In the darkness she heard a shot fired. Again silence. Perhaps that
was the end of it. But though the idea tortured her, the sound of
that report did actually bring her to herself again. It showed her
that the danger was real after all. She pulled herself together. “I
must wait here until he comes,” she thought. “Even if it’s for hours
and hours I must wait here . . .”
It was not for very long. Suddenly she became conscious of a
shadow behind her, and before she had time to cry out she saw that
it was M‘Crae, who beckoned her from the end of the avenue
nearest to the house. . . . He stood waiting for her, and though no
word passed between them, she followed.
Their way led at right angles to the one which he had taken at first,
close under the shadow of the house. On the edge of the
compound he dropped down and wriggled between two clusters of
spiked sisal leaves. She bent down and did the same. In a little
while they were threading their way between the twisted thorns of
the bush. A branch, back-springing, tore Eva’s cheek. They must
have moved more quickly than she had imagined, for her heart was
fluttering violently, but M‘Crae never hesitated, and still she followed
after.
She wondered often how in the world he knew which way he was
taking her, for all the trees in this wilderness seemed to her alike,
and she had no knowledge of the stars. Somewhere on the right of
them she heard shots, and when the firing started he stopped to
listen. A ridiculous thing, that any man who was running for his life
should waste time in that way. The first shots sounded a long way
from them, in the direction which he had taken when he first left
her; but while they stood listening a group of four followed, and
these were of a terrifying loudness, beating on their ears as if,
indeed, the rifles were levelled at their heads. Eva had often heard

the echoes of Godovius’s rifle in the bush; but it was quite a
different thing to feel that she was being fired at. She shivered and
touched M‘Crae’s arm.
“Where are they?” she whispered. “Can you see them?”
“No. . . . You mustn’t be frightened,” he said. “The bush magnifies
the sound. They are quite a long way away.”
But with the next shot something droned with the flight of a beetle
above them, and a severed twig dropped on Eva’s hair.
“It’s all right,” said M‘Crae; “they’re firing on chance, and they’re
firing high. They always fire high. Are you rested now? Come
along.”
Strangely enough, she found herself no longer tired. Her heart
ceased its feeble flutterings. She had reached her “second wind.”
Now they moved faster than ever. Even though the bush never
thinned, M‘Crae seemed able to find a twisting way between the
thorns; almost as if he had planned the route exactly, yard for yard,
and were following it exactly, never changing pace nor breaking
stride.
Suddenly, in front of them, the bush grew thinner, and Eva was
thankful, for it seemed to her that now they were no longer shut in a
cage of thorns. A moment later they emerged upon the edge of a
wide slade of grasses, very beautiful and silvery in the moon. For a
full mile or more it stretched before them, unmoved by any breath of
wind, and the night so softened the contours of the black bush
which lay about it that a strange magic might have transported them
without warning to some homely English meadow, set about with
hedges of hawthorn and dreaming beneath the moon. No scene
could have been further removed from her idea of Africa and its
violence.
“We must keep to the thorn,” whispered M‘Crae.

She obeyed. But here, on the edge of the bush, where the lower
branches of the thorn-trees had pushed out into sunlight and more
luxuriantly thriven, it was not easy going. They moved slowly, and
in a little while Eva’s dress was torn in many places. Thorns from
the low branches tore at her back and remained embedded in her
flesh. She was very miserable, but never, never tired. In the bush
on their left they heard a melancholy, drooping note. It was the cry
of a bird with which Eva had grown very familiar at Luguru, and she
scarcely noticed it until M‘Crae stopped dead.
“It was a hornbill,” she said.
“Yes. . . . But a hornbill never calls at night.”
While he spoke the call was echoed from the woody edge beyond
their slade of grasses. Again on their left: and this time very near.
“An escort,” said M‘Crae. “We must get closer in.”
“Towards the sound?”
“Yes . . . Come along.”
He led the way into a denser thicket of thorn. “We can never force
our way through this,” she thought. Upright they could not have
penetrated this spinous screen. Crouching low, they managed to
pass beneath its lower branches where they drooped to the level of
many fleshy spears of the wild sisal. At last Eva found that they had
reached a little clear space about the root of a gigantic acacia.
“Now lie down,” said M‘Crae. She lay down in the dark and the shed
spines of other years drove into her limbs till she could have cried.
In this secret lair they waited silently for a long while. They heard
no longer the mocking hornbill call, nor any sound at all until their
silence was suddenly shattered by a burst of firing over the grass-
land on their right. “They think that they have seen something,”
said M‘Crae. “Don’t be frightened. You are quite safe here. Quite
safe.”

And so this firing ceased, or rather bore away to the south-east
across the line which they were following, and then again to the full
south, in distant bush, where it muttered and died away. All this
time Eva was lying with her arms between the thorny ground and
her head, gazing up at the flat, horizontal tapestries of the acacia
and beyond to a clear sky in which the moon sailed lightly as though
it were rejoicing in the freedom of the heaven from any wisp of
cloud to mar its brightness; for all the cloudy content of the sky lay
piled upon the hills beyond which she had risen, in monstrous
gleaming billows that dwarfed the dark hill-chains, but stood up so
far away that Eva had no notion of their presence. A little wind
passed in the night, and she grew aware of many dead or dry leaves
shivering all around.
“Come along,” said M‘Crae, helping her gently to her feet. She was
horribly stiff, but still not in the least tired.
Now it was not easy to escape from their hiding-place, so thick-set
were the trees and so tangled about their roots with an undergrowth
as wiry in the stem as heather but fledged with softer leaves. Eva’s
hands clutched at these as they passed, and she became aware of a
pungent and aromatic odour.
“Don’t do that, please,” said M‘Crae. “On a windless night that will
smell for hours.”
She felt like a naughty child at this reproof. She found herself
rubbing her hands on her skirt, almost expected to be scolded again
for ruining her clothes. That skirt, at any rate, was past ruination.
She felt inclined to laugh at her own feeling of guilt as much as at
his seriousness; for she couldn’t get over the idea that even if they
were going to die it would be just as well to make a little joke about
it. M‘Crae’s intense monosyllables worried her and, thinking of this,
she came to see that in reality it was the man, and not she, who
was childish. “If I laugh,” she thought, “he will think I am mad. But
if I don’t laugh soon I shall simply have to cry or something.” She
learnt a great deal about M‘Crae in those early hours of their flight,

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