![INTRODUCATION
•It is a total root parasite.
•Serious phanerogamous parasite of tobacco
•It also attacks other crops than tobacco.
•A single plant carries 10 – 100 flower and hence may produce 1,00,000
or more seeds.
•There are more than 150 species.
•In spite of continuous and extensive research by the plant breeders,
weed scientists and plant protectionists, parasitic weeds are still causing
serious problems in large number of crops worldwide. Globally, root
parasitism of Orobanche or broomrape (Orobanche spp.) to numerous
important broadleaf crops including common vetch(Vicia sativa L.),
crucifers such as oilseed rape(Brassica spp.), broad bean (Vicia faba) and
other crops belonging to Apiaceae, Asteraceae, and Solanaceae families
is well known (Goldwasser et al., 1997; Hodosy, 1981; Ismael and Obeid,
1976;Sauer born, 1991), especially in Mediterranean region, southern,
northern and eastern Europe, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, north,
central and south America. In India, Orobanche is a majorbiotic
production constraint to Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern &
Coss.] cultivation in major mustard growing regions of Haryana(Fig. 1),
Punjab, northern Rajasthan, western UP,and north-east Madhya
Pradesh.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalpresentation-230322205209-ed5d7adb/85/OROBANCHE-in-mustard-2-320.jpg)
OROBANCHE in mustard
- 1. PACIFIC COLLAGE OF AGRICULTURE Affilated To Pacific Academy Of Higher Education And Research University Debari Udaipur Rajasthan 313003 STUDENT Yogesh Dadhich COURSE TEACHER Dr. G.L. Sharma Prof. & Head (Agronomy) ORABANCHE IN MUSTURD
- 2. INTRODUCATION •It is a total root parasite. •Serious phanerogamous parasite of tobacco •It also attacks other crops than tobacco. •A single plant carries 10 – 100 flower and hence may produce 1,00,000 or more seeds. •There are more than 150 species. •In spite of continuous and extensive research by the plant breeders, weed scientists and plant protectionists, parasitic weeds are still causing serious problems in large number of crops worldwide. Globally, root parasitism of Orobanche or broomrape (Orobanche spp.) to numerous important broadleaf crops including common vetch(Vicia sativa L.), crucifers such as oilseed rape(Brassica spp.), broad bean (Vicia faba) and other crops belonging to Apiaceae, Asteraceae, and Solanaceae families is well known (Goldwasser et al., 1997; Hodosy, 1981; Ismael and Obeid, 1976;Sauer born, 1991), especially in Mediterranean region, southern, northern and eastern Europe, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, north, central and south America. In India, Orobanche is a majorbiotic production constraint to Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] cultivation in major mustard growing regions of Haryana(Fig. 1), Punjab, northern Rajasthan, western UP,and north-east Madhya Pradesh.
- 3. IMPORTANT SPECIES OF ORABANCHE • Orabanche aegyptiaca ( Egyptian broomrape) • O. ramosa (Branched broomrape) • O. crenata (Bean broomrape) • O. cernua (Nodding broomrape) • O. cumana (Sunflower broomrape) • O. minor (Common broomrape)
- 5. PRIMARY HOSTS Tobacco, Tomato, Potato, Pepper, Mustard, Groundnut, Cowpea, Sunflower, Safflower, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broad bean, Sunhemp, etc.
- 6. SIGNIFICANCE Orabanche is popularly known as broomrape in English speaking countries, Tokra in North India, Vakumba in Gujart,Bambaku in Maharashtra, Pokayilaikalan in Tamil Nadu, Bodu or Malle in Andhra pardesh. It is a flowering parasite on tobacco roots in all tabacco tracts in india Its is a holoparasite and draws its nourishment from tobacco by means of haustoria attached to the roots of tobacco.
- 7. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION WORLD • Mediterranean region • Southern, Northern and Eastern Europe • Africa • New Zealand • Australia • North, Central and South America
- 8. INDIA • Haryana • Punjab • Madhya Pradesh • Andhra Pradesh • Tamil Nadu • Karnataka • Maharashtra • Rajasthan
- 9. SYMPTOMS In the early stages of infection symptoms of Wilting drooping and ribbing of leaves are observed. These symptoms are the indication of underground infection of tobacco roots by the parasite. Five to six weeks after planting young orabanche sprouts emerge from the soil from the base of tobacco plants. Presence of numerous orabanche shoots around the plants in the field is the most important visible symptom. Plants attacked in the early season are generally stunted shoeing typical wilting of leaves Plants attacked late in the season do not show visible symptoms of infection but the yield and quality of leaves are reduced.
- 11. • Systematic position • Kingdom : Plantae • Division : Tracheophyta • Subdivision : Spermatophytina • Class : Magnoliopsida • Superorder : Asteranae • Order : Lamiales • Family : Orabanchaceae • Genus : Orabanche L. • Species : O. cernua Loefl.
- 12. CHARACTERS • It is an annual fleshy flower plant, growing up to a height of about 30 cm with cylindrical stem pale in colour, thickness at base, and covered with scaly leaves that end in spikes • It carries many seeds • The seeds are minute, ovoid and reticulate • They germination in the presence of the roots of any host.
- 14. • Weed management and practices: • Field studies were carried out for four consecutive rabi seasons (2007-08 to 2010-11) in mustard growing belt of Bhiwani district in Haryana state using farmers’ participatory approach. • The experimental site in the study domain represents coarse-textured soils with high pH, low in nitrogen, and with poor water holding capacity where the crop cultivation is either rainfed or dependent on sprinkler irrigation systems. Each year, the crop was sown in the month of October, and different locations in the respective year of study were considered as treatment replicates. • An area of about 500 m2 was individually demarcated for superimposing each treatment. Glyphosate 41% SL, a mean of herbicide formulation was used at different concentrations viz., (i) 50 g/ha at 30 days after sowing (DAS); one spray, (ii) 25 g/ha at 30 and55-60 DAS; two sprays, (iii) 50 g/ha at 30 DAS followed by 25 g/ha at 55-60 DAS; two sprays, and(iv) 25 g/ha at 30 DAS followed by 50 g/ha at 55-60DAS; two sprays, following standard application techniques using 375 liters/ha of water as a carrier. In addition, there was another treatment involving farmers’ practice (one hoeing at 25-30 DAS).
- 15. • The observations on weed infestation were taken twiceat each location; 70-75 and 120-125 days aftersowing at five different places measuring 5m x 5marea and the per cent reduction in weed intensitydue to different treatments was recorded incomparison to untreated control/farmers’ practice. • The remaining crop management practices fromsowing to harvest were followed in consultation withthe selected farmers as per the package ofpractices for rabi crops.
- 16. DISEASE CYCLE • The seeds of orabanche remain dormant in the soil for several years, and when tobacco is planted they are stimulated to gvermination by the roots. • On germination the plant attaches itself to the roots establishing a parasitic relationship and then growing rapidly to produce the shoots and flowers. • When the seeds are set, they are shed to the ground to become mixed with the soil or at harvest the shoots are left in the field after which the seeds are mixed in the soil and the cycle is completed.
- 17. Life cycle of Orabanche
- 18. • MOOD OF SURVIVAL • PRIMARY SPREAD • Seeds remain dormant in soil for many years upto 10 –13 years. • SECONDARY SPREAD • Agriculture tools used in infested fields.
- 19. • FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS • Optimum temp. for germination is 15o – 20oc for at least 18 days. • It can get fail to parasitize if the soil temp. is too hight. • Seed germination in presence of roots of host plant (Roots exudates contain growth regulators like IAA, GA3 and kinetin stimulates germination).
- 20. MANAGEMENT PREVENTIVE METHODS • Use healthy and certified planting materials of improved varieties free from weed seed contamination. • Clean farm machinery and equipments to prevent the movement of infested soil to newer areas. • Practice deep tillage during summer months . • Collect the parasitic weeds prior to flowering and burn. • Use well-rotten decomposed green manure, if needed.
- 21. CULTURAL METHOD • Crop roation with non-host crops like Wheat, barley, Chickpea, rice etc. • Trap and catch crops found effective and may help to reduce seed bank of Orabanche spp. • Trap crops – Pepper, Cowpea, Sorghum, Sunhemp, Mungbean, Alfalfa, Soyabean and Chickpea. • Delaying sowing dates – Two weeks after the optimal date of sowing. • Increased cropping density may reduce competition.
- 22. • PHYSICAL METHOD • Hand pulling before flowering followed by burning. • • Tillage – deep tillage during summer months. • • Deep inversion plowing and fire – Placement of seeds at 20 cm depth cause little emergence of orabanche and the buried seeds could be brought up by subsequent tillage. • • Soil solarization – covering moist soil with white or black polythene sheet for a month can increase the soil temp. by almost 10oc results in killing orabanche seeds.
- 23. • BIOLOGICAL METHODS • Management of orabanche throught biological perpetuation of a fly. Phytomyza orabanchia. • Inoculation of fungus fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Orthoceras in the field results in 90% control.
- 24. • CHEMICAL METHODS • Soil fumigants like Metham sodium or dazomet is very effective. • Residual soil applied herbicides belonging to dinitroanilines and sulfonyl ureas used for better contral. • Seed treatment with imidazolinones is found effective.
- 25. • Table 1: Effect of glyphosate application on Orobanche management and seed yield of mustard
- 26. • . Effect of weed control measures on Orobanche population, weed intensity, seed yield and phytotoxicity of mustard
- 27. • Table : 3 Comparative performance of glyphosate application vis-à-vis farmers’ practice for Orobanche management and its subsequent effect on seed yield of mustard in large scale multilocational trials.
- 28. • CONCLUSION • Compared with the non-parasitic weeds, the control of Orobanche has been proved to be exceptionally difficult due to its underground location, lack of photosynthesis, late appearance of parasitic shoots, closer association with host plant roots and complex mechanisms of seed dispersal, germination, and longevity.
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