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OSPF On Router OS7

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GLC Networks

The document outlines a GLC webinar on OSPF on RouterOS 7 presented by Achmad Mardiansyah and M. Taufik Nurhuda, which includes an introduction, prerequisite knowledge, detailed OSPF concepts, and live practice. It emphasizes the significance of understanding IP addressing, routing protocols, and dynamic routing, and introduces OSPF as a widely used dynamic routing protocol. The presentation also offers information about GLC's training and consultation services, inviting attendees to participate and share their own experiences.

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www.glcnetworks.com OSPF on RouterOS 7 GLC Webinar, 11 Jan 2022 Achmad Mardiansyah M. Taufik nurhuda 1
www.glcnetworks.com Agenda ● Introduction ● Review prerequisite knowledge ● OSPF ● OSPF on ROS7 ● Live practice ● Q & A 2
www.glcnetworks.com introduction 3
www.glcnetworks.com What is GLC? ● Garda Lintas Cakrawala (www.glcnetworks.com) ● Based in Bandung, Indonesia ● Areas: Training, IT Consulting ● Certified partner for: Mikrotik, Ubiquity, Linux foundation ● Product: GLC radius manager ● Regular event 4
www.glcnetworks.com Trainer Introduction ● Name: Achmad Mardiansyah ● Base: bandung, Indonesia ● Linux user since 1999, mikrotik user since 2007, UBNT 2011 ● Mikrotik Certified Trainer (MTCNA/RE/WE/UME/INE/TCE/IPv6) ● Mikrotik/Linux Certified Consultant ● Website contributor: achmadjournal.com, mikrotik.tips, asysadmin.tips ● More info: http://au.linkedin.com/in/achmadmardiansyah 5
www.glcnetworks.com Past experience 6 ● 2021 (PNG, Malaysia): network support, radius/billing integration ● 2020 (Congo DRC, Malaysia): IOT integration, network automation ● 2019, Congo (DRC): build a wireless ISP from ground-up ● 2018, Malaysia: network revamp, develop billing solution and integration, setup dynamic routing ● 2017, Libya (north africa): remote wireless migration for a new Wireless ISP ● 2016, United Kingdom: workshop for wireless ISP, migrating a bridged to routed network
www.glcnetworks.com About GLC webinar? ● First webinar: january 1, 2010 (title: tahun baru bersama solaris - new year with solaris OS) ● As a sharing event with various topics: linux, networking, wireless, database, programming, etc ● Regular schedule ● Irregular schedule: as needed ● Checking schedule: http://www.glcnetworks.com/schedule ● You are invited to be a presenter ○ No need to be an expert ○ This is a forum for sharing: knowledge, experiences, information 7
www.glcnetworks.com Please introduce yourself ● Your name ● Your company/university? ● Your networking experience? ● Your mikrotik experience? ● Your expectation from this course? 8
www.glcnetworks.com Prerequisite ● This presentation requires some prerequisite knowledge ● We assume you already know: ○ Computer networking ○ Mikrotik administration 9
www.glcnetworks.com Review prerequisite knowledge 10
www.glcnetworks.com Layer 2 vs Layer 3 addressing 11 Layer 2 Layer 3 ● Burned-in address ● Adjacent communication ● Consist of 48 bit binary, written in HEX format. 1 HEX = 4 bit ● Unique for every physical port ● 6 first HEX digit -> represent the manufacturer ● Logical address ● End-to-end communication ● IPv4 32 bit long ● 2 versions: IPv4 (our focus) and IPv6 ● Consist of network part & host part ● Can be class based IP address (without subnet) ● Now it is classless IP address -> VLSM (variable length subnet mask) ● CIDR (classless inter domain routing)
www.glcnetworks.com IP spec (RFC 791) ● Defined long time ago (what 1981?) ● Defines how the IP header looks like ● Still used up to know ● New version -> IPv6 12
www.glcnetworks.com How the layer 3 address look like? ● IPv4 address is 32 bit long ● Written in binary -> always think in binary ● Displayed to human in decimal every 8 bit (octet). ● Has 2 parts: network part and host part ● Like a phone number 0812 XXXXXXXX -> hierarchical ● All devices in the network will have same network part ● First and last address cannot be used (for network id and broadcast id) 13 Network part host part
www.glcnetworks.com VLSM RFC ● Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) ● Can divide an IP address block into subnets of different sizes using / (slash) notation ● Solution the in efficient of classful IP address (fixed length). No more class A, B, C ● RFC: 1878 (1895) ● Basis for CIDR ● Example: 23.45.0.0/17 ○ 23.45.0.0/25 ○ 23.45.0.128/25 14
www.glcnetworks.com CIDR RFC ● CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing ● Provides a new and more flexible way to specify network addresses in routers (using slash as notation) ● allow flexible allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. ● CIDR lets a routing table entry represent an aggregation of networks that exist in the forward path ● Each IP address has a network prefix that identifies their network ● RFC: 1519 15
www.glcnetworks.com Router and Routing ● Router is a network device that is used to forward packets, based on layer 3 information (layer 3 header) ● Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network, or between or across multiple networks 16 Physical router Router icon
www.glcnetworks.com Typical connection (physical) 17 R2 R1 R3 ● Router connects layer 2 segments ● Router works on layer 3 ● Meaning, each layer 2 segment has network ID
www.glcnetworks.com Typical connection (logical) and routing table Routing table: ● A table at router that is used to forward packet ● Available on every devices (router and host) ● Entry is executed sequentially 18 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24 destination gateway 192.168.0.0/26 direct 192.168.1.0/24 direct 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3 192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 (default gw) 192.168.0.3
www.glcnetworks.com Forwarding packets using routing table ● It works like a firewall: match and action ● When a packet arrived, routing table is used to forward packets ● You should think in binary to understand how it works 19 destination gateway 192.168.16.3/32 11000000 10101000 00001000 00000011 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.0/26 11000000 10101000 00000000 00 direct 192.168.1.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000001 direct 192.168.2.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000010 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000011 192.168.0.3 0.0.0.0/0 (no match) 192.168.0.3
www.glcnetworks.com A packet arrived at R1… (example) Destination IP address of the packet is 192.168.2.6, which gateway do we use? A: 192.168.2.6 = (11000000 10101000 00000010 00000110) 20 destination gateway 192.168.16.3/32 11000000 10101000 00001000 00000011 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.0/26 11000000 10101000 00000000 00 direct 192.168.1.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000001 direct 192.168.2.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000010 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000011 192.168.0.3 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.3
www.glcnetworks.com Where routing table lookup happens? 21
www.glcnetworks.com Administrative distance (analogy) 22 22 CITY 1 100 km CITY 2 120 km CITY 2 90 km CITY 3 500 km CITY 4 250 km 10.10.10.0/24 192.168.0.1 10 10.10.20.0/24 192.168.0.2 12 10.10.20.0/24 192.168.0.3 9 10.10.30.0/24 192.168.0.3 50 10.10.40.0/24 192.168.0.4 25
www.glcnetworks.com Administrative distance ● Distance is considered when prefix length is same ● Lowest distance wins ● Administrative distance policy is depends on vendor ● Table on the right shows an example of administrative distance on cisco router 23
www.glcnetworks.com Static routing ● Entries on routing table is created manually ● Admin must manage routing table in all routers ● Admin have full control 24 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24 destination gateway 192.168.0.0/26 direct 192.168.1.0/24 direct 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3 192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.3
www.glcnetworks.com Dynamic routing ● Router will talk to each other with routing protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP) ● Entries on routing table is created automatically ● Admin must have a good knowledge about routing protocol 25 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24 destination gateway 192.168.0.0/26 direct 192.168.1.0/24 direct 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3 192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.3
www.glcnetworks.com Autonomous system (AS) ● Is a collection of routers and networks under one administration and apply single routing policy ● AS is identified by a number (ASN), given by RIR (Regional Internet Registry: APNIC, ARIN, RIPE, etc) 26 AS1 AS4 AS3 AS2
www.glcnetworks.com Addressing, IANA, RIR ● Internet is based on IP (internet protocol) addressing scheme -> RFC791 ● Addressing has to be unique. ● We need an international body that regulates IP addressing -> IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) ● IANA delegates (some of its authority) to RIR “Regional Internet Registry” ● RIR delegates to country’s ● Every organisation must have IP address block to join the internet and build a routing scheme among their equipment 27
www.glcnetworks.com ● Currently, routing is done one-way only ● Forwarding process on router is based on destination IP address ● There is no guarantee incoming path is similar to outgoing path ● We can only control outgoing forwarding Important to note 28 28 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24
www.glcnetworks.com Interior vs exterior routing 29
www.glcnetworks.com IGP and EGP ● IGP: Interior Gateway Protocols ○ Routing protocol that runs internally within AS ○ Connecting networks within AS ○ Example: RIP, OSPF ● EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol ○ Routing protocol that runs between AS ○ Connecting an AS to other ASes ○ Example: BGP 30
www.glcnetworks.com AS1 IGP vs EGP IGP ● intra-AS routing exchange ● Example: OSPF, RIP EGP ● inter-AS routing exchange ● Can be used also for intra-AS ● Example: BGP 31 31 AS4 AS3 AS2
www.glcnetworks.com ● Route scope and target scope attributes can be used to resolve nexthop router. ● Normally nexthops can be resolved only through routes that are on link. ● It is very useful when the gateway is not directly connected Multiple routing protocol: scope and target scope 32 AS1 R1 AS3 AS2 Indirect gateway R1
www.glcnetworks.com How OSPF works 33
www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com What is OSPF? • Dynamic routing protocol, link-state, with Dijkstra Algorithm • Hierarchical routing (using area) • IGP (interior gateway protocol), all router must have same AS number • use protocol number 89 • Used by millions organizations • Support load balancing Drawbacks: • CPU intensive • More complex (compared to RIP) 34
www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com Some OSPF terminology • Neighbor: adjacent router that is running OSPF • Adjacency: condition where no routing information exchanged • Link: refers to network / router interface • Router-ID: IP address that is used to identify router • Link-state: status of the link between router • Cost: the value of each link, depends on bandwidth of media 35
www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com Router type on OSPF network? • Area: collection of networks • ASBR: AS border router • ABR: Area border router • IR: internal router 36
www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com OSPF cost? OSPF uses cost to select the best routing entry CLI: /routing ospf route print 37
www.glcnetworks.com OSPF tips ● Be careful with DR election ● Stable OSPF ● Make sure parameter is matched on a link 38
www.glcnetworks.com LIVE practice 39
www.glcnetworks.com preparation ● SSH client ● SSH parameters ○ SSH address ○ SSH port ○ SSH username ○ SSH password 40
www.glcnetworks.com Q & A 41
www.glcnetworks.com Interested? Just come to our training... ● Topics are arranged in systematic and logical way ● You will learn from experienced teacher ● Not only learn the materials, but also sharing experiences, best-practices, and networking 42
www.glcnetworks.com End of slides ● Thank you for your attention ● Please submit your feedback: http://bit.ly/glcfeedback ● Find our further event on our website : https://www.glcnetworks.com/en/ ● Like our facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/glcnetworks ● Slide: https://www.slideshare.net/glcnetworks/ ● Discord (bahasa indonesia): (https://discord.gg/6MZ3KUHHBX) ● Recording (youtube): https://www.youtube.com/c/GLCNetworks ● Stay tune with our schedule ● Any questions? 43

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OSPF On Router OS7

  • 1. www.glcnetworks.com OSPF on RouterOS 7 GLC Webinar, 11 Jan 2022 Achmad Mardiansyah M. Taufik nurhuda 1
  • 2. www.glcnetworks.com Agenda ● Introduction ● Review prerequisite knowledge ● OSPF ● OSPF on ROS7 ● Live practice ● Q & A 2
  • 4. www.glcnetworks.com What is GLC? ● Garda Lintas Cakrawala (www.glcnetworks.com) ● Based in Bandung, Indonesia ● Areas: Training, IT Consulting ● Certified partner for: Mikrotik, Ubiquity, Linux foundation ● Product: GLC radius manager ● Regular event 4
  • 5. www.glcnetworks.com Trainer Introduction ● Name: Achmad Mardiansyah ● Base: bandung, Indonesia ● Linux user since 1999, mikrotik user since 2007, UBNT 2011 ● Mikrotik Certified Trainer (MTCNA/RE/WE/UME/INE/TCE/IPv6) ● Mikrotik/Linux Certified Consultant ● Website contributor: achmadjournal.com, mikrotik.tips, asysadmin.tips ● More info: http://au.linkedin.com/in/achmadmardiansyah 5
  • 6. www.glcnetworks.com Past experience 6 ● 2021 (PNG, Malaysia): network support, radius/billing integration ● 2020 (Congo DRC, Malaysia): IOT integration, network automation ● 2019, Congo (DRC): build a wireless ISP from ground-up ● 2018, Malaysia: network revamp, develop billing solution and integration, setup dynamic routing ● 2017, Libya (north africa): remote wireless migration for a new Wireless ISP ● 2016, United Kingdom: workshop for wireless ISP, migrating a bridged to routed network
  • 7. www.glcnetworks.com About GLC webinar? ● First webinar: january 1, 2010 (title: tahun baru bersama solaris - new year with solaris OS) ● As a sharing event with various topics: linux, networking, wireless, database, programming, etc ● Regular schedule ● Irregular schedule: as needed ● Checking schedule: http://www.glcnetworks.com/schedule ● You are invited to be a presenter ○ No need to be an expert ○ This is a forum for sharing: knowledge, experiences, information 7
  • 8. www.glcnetworks.com Please introduce yourself ● Your name ● Your company/university? ● Your networking experience? ● Your mikrotik experience? ● Your expectation from this course? 8
  • 9. www.glcnetworks.com Prerequisite ● This presentation requires some prerequisite knowledge ● We assume you already know: ○ Computer networking ○ Mikrotik administration 9
  • 11. www.glcnetworks.com Layer 2 vs Layer 3 addressing 11 Layer 2 Layer 3 ● Burned-in address ● Adjacent communication ● Consist of 48 bit binary, written in HEX format. 1 HEX = 4 bit ● Unique for every physical port ● 6 first HEX digit -> represent the manufacturer ● Logical address ● End-to-end communication ● IPv4 32 bit long ● 2 versions: IPv4 (our focus) and IPv6 ● Consist of network part & host part ● Can be class based IP address (without subnet) ● Now it is classless IP address -> VLSM (variable length subnet mask) ● CIDR (classless inter domain routing)
  • 12. www.glcnetworks.com IP spec (RFC 791) ● Defined long time ago (what 1981?) ● Defines how the IP header looks like ● Still used up to know ● New version -> IPv6 12
  • 13. www.glcnetworks.com How the layer 3 address look like? ● IPv4 address is 32 bit long ● Written in binary -> always think in binary ● Displayed to human in decimal every 8 bit (octet). ● Has 2 parts: network part and host part ● Like a phone number 0812 XXXXXXXX -> hierarchical ● All devices in the network will have same network part ● First and last address cannot be used (for network id and broadcast id) 13 Network part host part
  • 14. www.glcnetworks.com VLSM RFC ● Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) ● Can divide an IP address block into subnets of different sizes using / (slash) notation ● Solution the in efficient of classful IP address (fixed length). No more class A, B, C ● RFC: 1878 (1895) ● Basis for CIDR ● Example: 23.45.0.0/17 ○ 23.45.0.0/25 ○ 23.45.0.128/25 14
  • 15. www.glcnetworks.com CIDR RFC ● CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing ● Provides a new and more flexible way to specify network addresses in routers (using slash as notation) ● allow flexible allocation of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. ● CIDR lets a routing table entry represent an aggregation of networks that exist in the forward path ● Each IP address has a network prefix that identifies their network ● RFC: 1519 15
  • 16. www.glcnetworks.com Router and Routing ● Router is a network device that is used to forward packets, based on layer 3 information (layer 3 header) ● Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network, or between or across multiple networks 16 Physical router Router icon
  • 17. www.glcnetworks.com Typical connection (physical) 17 R2 R1 R3 ● Router connects layer 2 segments ● Router works on layer 3 ● Meaning, each layer 2 segment has network ID
  • 18. www.glcnetworks.com Typical connection (logical) and routing table Routing table: ● A table at router that is used to forward packet ● Available on every devices (router and host) ● Entry is executed sequentially 18 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24 destination gateway 192.168.0.0/26 direct 192.168.1.0/24 direct 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3 192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 (default gw) 192.168.0.3
  • 19. www.glcnetworks.com Forwarding packets using routing table ● It works like a firewall: match and action ● When a packet arrived, routing table is used to forward packets ● You should think in binary to understand how it works 19 destination gateway 192.168.16.3/32 11000000 10101000 00001000 00000011 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.0/26 11000000 10101000 00000000 00 direct 192.168.1.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000001 direct 192.168.2.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000010 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000011 192.168.0.3 0.0.0.0/0 (no match) 192.168.0.3
  • 20. www.glcnetworks.com A packet arrived at R1… (example) Destination IP address of the packet is 192.168.2.6, which gateway do we use? A: 192.168.2.6 = (11000000 10101000 00000010 00000110) 20 destination gateway 192.168.16.3/32 11000000 10101000 00001000 00000011 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.0/26 11000000 10101000 00000000 00 direct 192.168.1.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000001 direct 192.168.2.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000010 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 11000000 10101000 00000011 192.168.0.3 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.3
  • 22. www.glcnetworks.com Administrative distance (analogy) 22 22 CITY 1 100 km CITY 2 120 km CITY 2 90 km CITY 3 500 km CITY 4 250 km 10.10.10.0/24 192.168.0.1 10 10.10.20.0/24 192.168.0.2 12 10.10.20.0/24 192.168.0.3 9 10.10.30.0/24 192.168.0.3 50 10.10.40.0/24 192.168.0.4 25
  • 23. www.glcnetworks.com Administrative distance ● Distance is considered when prefix length is same ● Lowest distance wins ● Administrative distance policy is depends on vendor ● Table on the right shows an example of administrative distance on cisco router 23
  • 24. www.glcnetworks.com Static routing ● Entries on routing table is created manually ● Admin must manage routing table in all routers ● Admin have full control 24 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24 destination gateway 192.168.0.0/26 direct 192.168.1.0/24 direct 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3 192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.3
  • 25. www.glcnetworks.com Dynamic routing ● Router will talk to each other with routing protocol (RIP, OSPF, BGP) ● Entries on routing table is created automatically ● Admin must have a good knowledge about routing protocol 25 192.168.0.0/26 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 192.168.0.2/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24 destination gateway 192.168.0.0/26 direct 192.168.1.0/24 direct 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.0.2 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.0.3 192.168.16.3/32 192.168.0.2 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.3
  • 26. www.glcnetworks.com Autonomous system (AS) ● Is a collection of routers and networks under one administration and apply single routing policy ● AS is identified by a number (ASN), given by RIR (Regional Internet Registry: APNIC, ARIN, RIPE, etc) 26 AS1 AS4 AS3 AS2
  • 27. www.glcnetworks.com Addressing, IANA, RIR ● Internet is based on IP (internet protocol) addressing scheme -> RFC791 ● Addressing has to be unique. ● We need an international body that regulates IP addressing -> IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) ● IANA delegates (some of its authority) to RIR “Regional Internet Registry” ● RIR delegates to country’s ● Every organisation must have IP address block to join the internet and build a routing scheme among their equipment 27
  • 28. www.glcnetworks.com ● Currently, routing is done one-way only ● Forwarding process on router is based on destination IP address ● There is no guarantee incoming path is similar to outgoing path ● We can only control outgoing forwarding Important to note 28 28 R1 192.168.0.1/26 192.168.0.3/26 R3 R2 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.3.3/24 192.168.3.9/24 192.168.2.9/24 192.168.2.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.9/24
  • 30. www.glcnetworks.com IGP and EGP ● IGP: Interior Gateway Protocols ○ Routing protocol that runs internally within AS ○ Connecting networks within AS ○ Example: RIP, OSPF ● EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol ○ Routing protocol that runs between AS ○ Connecting an AS to other ASes ○ Example: BGP 30
  • 31. www.glcnetworks.com AS1 IGP vs EGP IGP ● intra-AS routing exchange ● Example: OSPF, RIP EGP ● inter-AS routing exchange ● Can be used also for intra-AS ● Example: BGP 31 31 AS4 AS3 AS2
  • 32. www.glcnetworks.com ● Route scope and target scope attributes can be used to resolve nexthop router. ● Normally nexthops can be resolved only through routes that are on link. ● It is very useful when the gateway is not directly connected Multiple routing protocol: scope and target scope 32 AS1 R1 AS3 AS2 Indirect gateway R1
  • 34. www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com What is OSPF? • Dynamic routing protocol, link-state, with Dijkstra Algorithm • Hierarchical routing (using area) • IGP (interior gateway protocol), all router must have same AS number • use protocol number 89 • Used by millions organizations • Support load balancing Drawbacks: • CPU intensive • More complex (compared to RIP) 34
  • 35. www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com Some OSPF terminology • Neighbor: adjacent router that is running OSPF • Adjacency: condition where no routing information exchanged • Link: refers to network / router interface • Router-ID: IP address that is used to identify router • Link-state: status of the link between router • Cost: the value of each link, depends on bandwidth of media 35
  • 36. www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com Router type on OSPF network? • Area: collection of networks • ASBR: AS border router • ABR: Area border router • IR: internal router 36
  • 37. www.glcnetworks.com www.glcnetworks.com OSPF cost? OSPF uses cost to select the best routing entry CLI: /routing ospf route print 37
  • 38. www.glcnetworks.com OSPF tips ● Be careful with DR election ● Stable OSPF ● Make sure parameter is matched on a link 38
  • 40. www.glcnetworks.com preparation ● SSH client ● SSH parameters ○ SSH address ○ SSH port ○ SSH username ○ SSH password 40
  • 42. www.glcnetworks.com Interested? Just come to our training... ● Topics are arranged in systematic and logical way ● You will learn from experienced teacher ● Not only learn the materials, but also sharing experiences, best-practices, and networking 42
  • 43. www.glcnetworks.com End of slides ● Thank you for your attention ● Please submit your feedback: http://bit.ly/glcfeedback ● Find our further event on our website : https://www.glcnetworks.com/en/ ● Like our facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/glcnetworks ● Slide: https://www.slideshare.net/glcnetworks/ ● Discord (bahasa indonesia): (https://discord.gg/6MZ3KUHHBX) ● Recording (youtube): https://www.youtube.com/c/GLCNetworks ● Stay tune with our schedule ● Any questions? 43