Overview of computer
- 1. Overview of Computer Pavan Govada PGDM
- 2. Topics discussed • History • Hardware and Software • System and application software • Embedded software • Fundamentals of operating system • DBMS • World Wide Wed (www) • Internet application
- 3. History of computers • Abuscus • Slide rule • Charles babbage : Father of computer Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made drawings of gear- driven calculating machines but apparently never built any.
- 4. • IBM : started by Hollerith, developed punch card technology(read/write). • Mark 1: Harvard & IBM=> First programmable digital computer.
- 5. First Generation computers(1939-1942): Binary (0’s &1’s), vacuum tubes. Second Generation computers(1956-1963): Transistors
- 6. Third Generation computers(1964-1970): Transistors are replaced by Integrated cicuits Fourth Generation computers: Microprocessor
- 7. Hardware • Components of computer: 1. Power supply(SMPS) 2. Motherboard 3. Ports and Interfaces 4. Expansion cards 5. Ribbon cables 6. Memory chips 7. Storage devices 8. Processors
- 8. Memory CPU Input Devices Output Devices Input devices: 1. Keyboard 2. Pointing devices 3. Speech recognition 4. Digital camera 5. Web cam 6. Scanner 7. Bar code reader 8. Memory card reader Output devices: 1. Printers 2. Monitors 3. Projectors 4. Headphone
- 10. Computer Software Relationships User Interface Basic Input and Output Services (BIOS) • needed for a computer to boot up User Interface Operating System User Interface Application Programs Computer Hardware
- 11. What is a (programming) language? • A program needs to be written in a language • There are many programming languages – Low-level, understandable by a computer – High-level, needs a translator! • C++ is a high level programming language A sequence of instructions A program (in computer language) An algorthm (in human language)
- 12. Translation System • Set of programs used to develop software • Types of translators: Compiler Linker • Examples Microsoft Visual C++, Eclipse, g++
- 13. System & Application software • Application software: – Easy-to-use programs designed to perform specific tasks • System software: – Programs that support the execution and development of other programs
- 14. Application Software • Application software makes computer easy to use for completion of the task. • Common application software: Microsoft Word, WordPerfect PowerPoint Internet Explorer Photo Shop, Photo-Paint Quick Time Dreamweaver
- 15. System software • System control programs controls the execution of programs, manages the storage & processing resources of the computer and perform other management, monitoring function. • System support programs provides routine services function to the other computer programs and computer users Eg: Operating system, DOS,etc
- 17. Embedded system • An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often Including hardware and mechanical parts. • It controls the flow of the circuit according to the algorithm to achieve the desired output.
- 18. MICROPROCESSOR
- 19. MICROCONTROLLER • A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
- 20. EMBEDDED SOFTWARE • Embedded software is computer software, written to control machines or devices that are not typically thought of as computers. It is typically specialized for the particular hardware that it runs on and has time and memory constraints. • Code is typically written in C or C++ • Embedded software however is often less visible • Software that runs on anything except traditional computers
- 21. EXAMPLES • ROBOTICS SET TOP BOX REMOTES
- 22. CREATIVITY • We are the creators • We can control everything • For that we must have knowledge from Down to Bottom. • We write software at Kernel Level, Drive Level, etc. • Clear and consistent code must be written .
- 23. MICRO CONTROLLER BLOCK DIAGRAM AND INTERFACE
- 24. Fundamentals of operating system • Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work. • It is the software the enables all the programs we use. • The OS organizes and controls the hardware. • OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware. • Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,
- 25. What OS does? An operating system performs basic tasks such as, • controlling and allocating memory, • prioritizing system requests, • controlling input and output devices, • facilitating networking and • managing file systems.
- 26. Types of operating systems Single user system: • Provides a platform for only one user at a time. • They are popularly associated with Desk Top operating system which run on standalone systems where no user accounts are required. • Example: DOS
- 27. Multi-User Systems: • Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a database of known users. • Refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users. • Another term for multi-user is time sharing. • Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user systems. • Example: Unix
- 28. Functions of an operating system • Process management • Memory management • File management • Device management • Security management • User interface
- 29. Data base management system • Relationship between Entity and Attribute: 1. One-to-One relationship: 2. One-to-Many relationship: DEPARTMENT 1 DEPARTMENT HEAD 1 DEPARTMENT 2 DEPARTMENT HEAD 2 DEPARTMENT 3 DEPARTMENT HEAD 3 FATHER CHILD 1 CHILD 2
- 30. 3. MANY-TO-MANY relationship: TELEVISION VCD PLAYER CUSTOMER 1 CUSTOMER 2 CUSTOMER 3 CUSTOMER 4
- 31. Physical data concepts • Sequential Files: Data are stored and retrieved in a logical order or sequential order. • However sequential search takes very long time. • Direct files: It facilitates accessing any record directly or randomly without having to traverse the sequence of the records. • Indexed sequential files: It is a combination of both sequential and direct files.
- 32. DATA DATA FILE FILE EMPLOYEE ALLOWANCE EMPLOYEE APPLICATION PROGRAM ALLOWANCE APPLICATION PROGRAM
- 34. Advantages of DBMS • Reduction in data redundancy. • Sharing of data. • Enforcements of standards. • Improvement in data security. • Maintenance of data integrity. • Better interaction with the user. • Efficient system.
- 36. World wide web • 1989-1990 – Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web at CERN – Means for transferring text and graphics simultaneously – Client/Server data transfer protocol • Communication via application level protocol • System ran on top of standard networking infrastructure – Text mark up language • Not invented by Bernes-Lee • Simple and easy to use • Requires a client application to render text/graphics
- 37. • Hypertext Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts. The term was invented by Ted Nelson around 1965 • Hypermedia Hypermedia is a term used for hypertext which is not constrained to be text: it can include graphics, video and sound • WEB Browser A web browser displays a web document and enables users to access web documents. Major terms
- 38. • WEB Server This is a program that waits patiently for the browser to request a web page. The servers looks for the requested information, retrieves it and send it to the browser or sends an error message if the file is not found. • Uniform Resource Locator (URL) These are the web addresses. We type URL in Address bar of the browser then hit on enter then URL request a web page to the web server.
- 39. • WEBSITE A website is a set of related WebPages(linked through hypertext links) published by an organization or an individual. • HTTP Hyper text transfer protocol is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the world wide web • HTML Hyper text Markup language is a set of markup symbols or codes inserted in a file indented to display on a world wide web browser page. • XML Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that allows programmers to create customized tags.
- 40. Internet applications • E- MAIL • TELEPHONY INTERNETAND VIDEO CONFERENCING • COMMERENCE THROUGH INTERNET • NEWAGROUP • TELNET • MAILING SYSTEM • FILE TRANSFER PROTROCOL
- 41. FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL FIRST KIND FOR EDUCATIONAL AND GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS CLIENT-SERVER PROTOCOL RELIES ON TWO COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS BETWEEN CLIENT AND SERVER: A COMMAND CHANNEL + DATA CHANNEL A USER TYPICALLY NEEDS TO LOG ON TO THE FTP SERVER SOME SERVERS MAKE SOME OR ALL OF THEIR CONTENT AVAILABLE WITHOUT LOGIN- ANONYMOUS FTP.
- 42. COMMERCE THROUGH INTERNET • ELECTRONIC GLOBAL WORLDWIDE MARKET OPERATING 24 * 365 • EDI AND EFT • WHILE PURCHASING- SECURE FACILITIES – DIGITAL SIGNATURES AND ENCRYPTION • M-COMMERCE
- 43. THANK YOU