Ownership | Access | Sharing
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This document discusses concepts of ownership, access, and sharing as they relate to consumption models. It defines these concepts and outlines several principles for designing sustainable consumption and usage forms. Specifically, it examines trends driving "access-based consumption" and parameters of access like temporality, anonymity, and type of accessed object. The document also compares use value and sign value, different reciprocity relationships, and considerations for designing collaborative service systems.
![Besitz | Zugang | Teilen
[ownership] | [access] | [sharing]
Definitionen, Elemente, Prinzipien für die
Gestaltung zukunftsfähiger Konsum- und
Nutzungsformen
Michael Hohenwarter |www.zukunftsraum.at
Diese(s) Werk bzw. Inhalt von Michael Hohenwarter steht unter
einer Creative Commons Namensnennung 3.0 Unported Lizenz.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/access-121029043818-phpapp02/85/Ownership-Access-Sharing-1-320.jpg)
![Besitz [ownership]
• ...consumers identify with their possessions,
which can become a part of their extended
self....
• ...enables freedom & responsibility towards the
object with clear boundaries between self and
others...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/access-121029043818-phpapp02/85/Ownership-Access-Sharing-2-320.jpg)
![Zugang [access] & Teilen [sharing]
• ...access my differ from sharing in that access is
not necessarily altruistic or prosocial, as sharing
is...
• ...there is no joint ownership with access, with
sharing there is one](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/access-121029043818-phpapp02/85/Ownership-Access-Sharing-3-320.jpg)
![Parameter des Zugangs [Access]
• Temporality duration of access (renting a car / Zipcar) & length of
use (hourly usage/leasing a car)
• Anonymity – towards other consumers | exclusiv (Hotel) / social
(couch surfing)
• Market mediation – profit/not for profit | level of market mediation
could shape the consumer/object relationships as well as the
exchange norms that guide them (AirBNB vs. Share some sugar)
• Consumer Involvment (Level of co-creation)
• Type of accessed object experimental/functional & digital/material
• Political Consumerism – access as counterpart to ownership as a
political statement](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/access-121029043818-phpapp02/85/Ownership-Access-Sharing-5-320.jpg)
![Austauschverhältnis [reciprocity]
• generalized reciprocity ...no expectation of
receiving anything in return... (family, high level
of trust)
• Tit-for-tat reciprocity ...expectation of an equal
return... (open market place)
• Negative reciprocity ...only one side benefits...
(tragedy of the commons)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/access-121029043818-phpapp02/85/Ownership-Access-Sharing-7-320.jpg)
![Voraussetzung für
gemeinschaftliche Servicesysteme
• Vertrauen in die Commons [trust in commons]
• Kritische Masse (social proof)
• Ausreichend „Leerlauf“ bei den gemeinschaftlich
genutzten Gütern [idle]
• Vertrauen zwischen Fremden [trust]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/access-121029043818-phpapp02/85/Ownership-Access-Sharing-9-320.jpg)
![How to design collaborativ service
systems
• Nutzungs- und Eintrittsbarrieren entfernen
[fluidity of use]
• Unterschiedliche Zugangsmöglichkeiten
schaffen [diversified access]
• Kopierbarkeit des Systems [replication]
• Ausgefeilte Kommunikationssysteme [enhanced
communication support]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/access-121029043818-phpapp02/85/Ownership-Access-Sharing-10-320.jpg)
Ownership | Access | Sharing
- 1. Besitz | Zugang | Teilen [ownership] | [access] | [sharing] Definitionen, Elemente, Prinzipien für die Gestaltung zukunftsfähiger Konsum- und Nutzungsformen Michael Hohenwarter |www.zukunftsraum.at Diese(s) Werk bzw. Inhalt von Michael Hohenwarter steht unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung 3.0 Unported Lizenz.
- 2. Besitz [ownership] • ...consumers identify with their possessions, which can become a part of their extended self.... • ...enables freedom & responsibility towards the object with clear boundaries between self and others...
- 3. Zugang [access] & Teilen [sharing] • ...access my differ from sharing in that access is not necessarily altruistic or prosocial, as sharing is... • ...there is no joint ownership with access, with sharing there is one
- 4. Trends die „access-based consumption“ begünstigen • Transaktionskosten (Kosten der Koordination & Kooperation) sinken • Liquid Society – alles ist flexibel und unsicher • Urbanisierung • Wirtschaftskrise • Steigende Anschaffungs- und Erhaltungskosten für Sachgüter und teilweise Konsumgüter
- 5. Parameter des Zugangs [Access] • Temporality duration of access (renting a car / Zipcar) & length of use (hourly usage/leasing a car) • Anonymity – towards other consumers | exclusiv (Hotel) / social (couch surfing) • Market mediation – profit/not for profit | level of market mediation could shape the consumer/object relationships as well as the exchange norms that guide them (AirBNB vs. Share some sugar) • Consumer Involvment (Level of co-creation) • Type of accessed object experimental/functional & digital/material • Political Consumerism – access as counterpart to ownership as a political statement
- 6. Vom Use- zum Sign-Value • Use Value: Nutzung von Access-Systemen (carsharing) aufgrund von Kostenersparnis, Flexibilität udgl. • Sign Value: Use Value wird Sign Value – durch die Nutzung von Access-Systemen zeigt man, dass man schlau ist (Kostenersparnis, Flexibilität)
- 7. Austauschverhältnis [reciprocity] • generalized reciprocity ...no expectation of receiving anything in return... (family, high level of trust) • Tit-for-tat reciprocity ...expectation of an equal return... (open market place) • Negative reciprocity ...only one side benefits... (tragedy of the commons)
- 8. Reality Check • ...consumers escape to market-mediated access to avoid the possibility of opportunism and social obligations... benefits of the market trump the realiance on community... • ...while access has gained popularity, ownership remains the ideal normative mode of consumption in contemporary American society...
- 9. Voraussetzung für gemeinschaftliche Servicesysteme • Vertrauen in die Commons [trust in commons] • Kritische Masse (social proof) • Ausreichend „Leerlauf“ bei den gemeinschaftlich genutzten Gütern [idle] • Vertrauen zwischen Fremden [trust]
- 10. How to design collaborativ service systems • Nutzungs- und Eintrittsbarrieren entfernen [fluidity of use] • Unterschiedliche Zugangsmöglichkeiten schaffen [diversified access] • Kopierbarkeit des Systems [replication] • Ausgefeilte Kommunikationssysteme [enhanced communication support]
- 11. Literatur & Grafik • R. Botsman and R. Rogers | What`s mine ist Yours | 2010 • F. Bardhi & G. Eckhardt | Access-Based Consumption: The Case of Car Sharing, 2012 • P2P foundation | Synthetic Overview of the Collaborative Economy, 2012 (CC) by Flickr-User „SHAREconference“
- 12. Follow me zukunftsraum50 Zukunftsraum www.zukunftsraum.at/blog Spuren der Zukunft