Oxygen toxicity and it’s mechanism
- 1. Oxygen toxicity and it’s mechanism Presented by : Intern Dr. Rajshree Singh Moderator : Maj. Dr. Puja Thapa Karki
- 2. Outline • Introduction • Definition • High risk groups and factors • Mechanisms of O2 toxicity • Protective mechanisms • Systemic effects of oxygen toxicity • Management • Prevention • Take home message
- 3. Introduction Oxygen therapy is the administration of O2 at a concentration greater than a room air(21%) with a goal of treating/preventing symptoms and manifestations of hypoxia. • aerobic metabolic system functions using the Krebs Cycle, a complex series of chemical reactions that use oxygen to convert nutrients to CO2 and ATP, an energy-rich compound. • A double edge sword ! • A friend or a foe ?
- 4. Indication • The main indication of O2 therapy is treatment/prevention of Hypoxia
- 5. Definition • Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O2) at increased partial pressure. • Effect of hyperoxia • Mostly associated with long term oxygen therapy or hyperbaric oxygen therapy • Like any other medication also has its side effects
- 6. High risk groups • Long term ventilation with high Fi02 • those on high concentrations of supplemental oxygen for long duration (100% oxygen for >8-12 hrs) • Infants and neonates getting 100% Oxygen for >2-3 hrs. • Premature babies • patients on mechanical ventilation with exposure to levels of > 50% • exposed to chemicals that increase risk for O2 toxicity like chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin • undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy. • underwater divers
- 7. Factors on which toxicity depends • Pressure – Normobaric hypoxia – Hyperbaric hypoxia • Time of exposure – Fio2 > 60% longer than 36 hrs – Fio2>80%longer than 24 hrs – Fio2>100%longer than 12hrs • Oxygen concentration
- 8. Mechanism • Partial reduction of oxygen by one or two electrons to form reactive oxygen species, • most commonly produced ROS are: -Superoxide anion (O2 -) -Hydroxyl radical (OH•) -Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) -Hypochlorous acid (HOCl )
- 10. Protective factors Under normal circumstances the body is able to handle the ROS produced using anti oxidants but can be overwhelmed incase of excessive production of ROS toxic effects of O2. Glutathione is most effective anti oxidants. Others : catalase,superoxide dismutase, vitamin C& E
- 11. Protective mechanisms of the body Antioxidant scavenging enzymes (red). Nonenzymatic antioxidants (free radical scavengers). Compartmentalization. Repair of damaged components. Metal sequestration. SOD = superoxide dismutase converts O2- to H2O2 GSH = glutathione Catalase=reduces H2O2 to H2O
- 12. Harmful effects of these radicals… Oxygen radicals react with cell components: • Lipid peroxidation of membranes. • Increased permeability → influx Ca2+ → mitochondrial damage. • Proteins oxidized and degraded. • DNA oxidized → breakage.
- 13. Systemic effects of oxygen toxicity
- 14. Complications of oxygen toxicity • carbon dioxide narcosis – in patients with lung ailments such as COPD, Status asthmaticus, weak respiratory muscles or with central respiratory depression – Raised intracranial tension; clinically manifesting by sweating, twitchings, drowsiness, convulsions, papilloedema and coma
- 15. CNS effects • Paul Bert effect • first described by Paul Bert in 1878 • showed that oxygen was toxic to insects, fungi, germinating seeds, birds & other animals • initially visual changes (tunnel vision), tinnitus, nausea, twitching (especially of the face), behavioral changes (irritability, anxiety, confusion), and dizziness. • Convulsions : tonic-clonic type • Unconsciousness
- 16. Respiratory effects • Lorrain Smith effect – first described by J. Lorrain Smith in 1899 – discovered in experiments in mice and birds that 0.43 bar (43 kPa) had no effect but 0.75 bar (75 kPa) of oxygen was a pulmonary irritant • Reduction in the vital capacity of the patient is an indicator to monitor pulmonary toxicity • Dyspnea • Absorption atelectasis – presence of significant partial pressures of inert gases, typically nitrogen, will prevent this effect
- 17. Pulmonary efects • ARDS : – diffuse alveolar damage – bubbling rales, fever, and hyperemia of the nasal mucosa – Pulmonary function measurements are reduced, X-ray changes • Tracheobronchitis : mild tickle on inhalation and progresses to frequent coughing • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates
- 18. Ocular effects • Myopia • Cataract • Retinal detachments • Retrolental fibroplasia/retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) – observed via an ophthalmoscope as a demarcation between the vascularised and non- vascularised regions of an infant's retina
- 19. Hyperbaric oxygen • Delivering Oxygen at above 1 atm. • In special hyperbaric chambers • In decompression sickness and severe carbon monoxide poisonings • Uncommon uses : Ischemia, cyanide poisonings, infections • CNS and pulmonary symptoms manifest above 2 atm • Pressure >2.8 atm with 100% O2 and >6atm with air is not advisable • One therapy should be <2 hours and total duration should not exceed >5 hrs.
- 20. Hyperbaric oxygen toxicity • Pulmonary : ARDS • CNS : seizures preceded by facial numbness, twitching, unpleasant olfactory and gustatory sensation • Eye : myopia, nuclear cataract, Retrolental fibroplasia • Abnormal RBC morphology • Avascular necrosis of bone/ dysbaric osteonecrosis • Ear : Serous Otitis media • Barotrauma
- 21. Differential diagnosis • If epilepsy or hypoglycemia is ruled out , a seizure occurring in the setting of breathing oxygen at partial pressures > 1.4 bar (140 kPa) suggests a diagnosis • If ECHO rules out CHD or PAH then in an infant who received O2 for long term whose breathing does not improve with time, blood tests and x-rays may be used to confirm BPD.
- 22. Differential diagnosis • Diagnosis of ROP in infants ia made by the clinical setting of Prematurity, LBW and a history of oxygen exposure
- 23. Management • Seizures – removing the mask from the patient – dropping the partial pressure of oxygen inspired below 0.6 bar – Manage in the line of status epilepticus • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or ARDS – lowering the fraction of oxygen administered – reduction in the periods of exposure – an increase in the break periods where normal air is supplied. – bronchodilators and pulmonary surfactants
- 24. Management • BPD CONTD… – Where supplemental oxygen is required for treatment of another disease (particularly in infants), a ventilator may be needed to ensure that the lung tissue remains inflated. • ROP – may regress spontaneously – cryosurgery and laser surgery have been shown to reduce the risk of blindness • Retinal detachment – scleral buckling and vitrectomy surgery
- 25. Prevention • FiO2 should be <60% in patients in mechanical ventilator • ROP – monitoring of blood oxygen levels in premature infants receiving oxygen to balance hypoxia and ROP – preventable by screening – Current guidelines require that all babies of less than 32 weeks gestational age or having a birth weight less than 1.5 kg should be screened for ROP at least every 2 weeks
- 26. Prevention • BPD – reversible in the early stages – break periods on lower pressures of oxygen • Exogenous antioxidants especially vitamin E and C may be used prophylactically in high risk infants • In divers – taught to calculate a maximum operating depth for oxygen-rich breathing gases • H/O fever or seizure : relative contraindication to hyperbaric oxygen treatment
- 27. Take home message • As the management of the toxicity is purely supportive, prevention and monitoring for early recognition is of great importance • O2 therapy should be used only if there are confirmed indications. • Causative problem of Hypoxia should be identified and intervened appropriately-giving O2 alone is not a solution. • Use of appropriate Pulse oximeter size to age. • Close monitoring of the pts on O2 therapy(i.e O2 saturation level)
- 28. References • British Thoracic Society Guidelines • British journal of Anaesthesia, Oxygen therapy in Anesthesia • "UK Retinopathy of Prematurity Guideline" (PDF). Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal College of Ophthalmologists & British Association of Perinatal Medicine. 2007 • "NIH MedlinePlus: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia". U.S. National Library of Medicine • The ICU Book,4th edition
- 29. THANK YOU