Paddy oneliner - Botany and production technologies.pdf
- 1. PADDY (Oryza sativa) ONELINER – BOTANY & PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES Dr. K. Vanangamudi Formerly Dean (Agriculture), TNAU, Coimbatore. Dean, Adhiparashakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai, Professor & Head, Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore. 1. BOTANY OF PADDY (Oryza sativa) 1.1. Taxonomy and Classification Botanical Name: Oryza sativa Family: Poaceae (Gramineae) Chromosome Number: 2n = 24 Genome Type: AA Origin: Southeast Asia / Indo-Burma Inflorescence: Panicle with six stamens Evolution: Oryza sativa evolved from Oryza nivara (2n = 48) Pollination: Self-pollinated, C3, short-day crop Climate Requirement: Hot and humid 1.2. Morphology Fruit Type: Caryopsis Stem Type: Haulm or Culm Hull Components: Lemma and Palea Nutritional Composition: o Carbohydrates: 70% o Protein: 6-7% o Rice Protein: Oryzenin o Protein in Rice Bran: 12-15% Aroma: Due to 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline
- 2. 1.3. Major Types of Oryza sativa Indica: Grown in India (Tropical rice) Japonica: Grown in Japan (Subtropical rice, resistant to lodging) Javanica: Grown in Indonesia (Wild rice) 1.4. Nutritional Contribution Calories: Provides 22% of the world’s calorie supply Protein: Contributes 17% of the global protein supply 2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF PADDY 2.1. Soil and Climatic Requirements Best Soil: Clay loam Optimal Soil pH: 5.5 - 6.5 Temperature Requirements: o Minimum/Base: 10-12°C o Optimum: 30-32°C o Maximum: 38-40°C o Blooming: 26.5-29.5°C o Ripening: 20-25°C o Panicle Initiation: 20-22°C 2.2. Land Preparation 1. Ploughing: Deep ploughing to destroy weeds and pests. 2. Puddling: The destruction of soil aggregates to reduce percolation loss. 3. Leveling: Ensures uniform water distribution. 2.3. Nursery Preparation Wet Method: 1:10 m² nursery area SRI Method: 1:100 m² nursery area Dapog Method: 1:250 m² nursery area (soil-less method from the Philippines) 2.4. Seed Rate and Spacing Seed Rate: o Broadcasting: 100 kg/ha o Drilling: 60 kg/ha o Dapog Method: 1.5-3.0 kg/m² o SRI/Madagascar Method: 6-7 kg/ha o Hybrid Rice: 15 kg/ha
- 3. Spacing: o Transplanting: 20 × 10 cm o Hybrid: 20 × 15 cm o SRI/Madagascar: 25 × 25 cm 2.5. Transplanting Time Kharif: 20-25 days after sowing Rabi: 30-35 days after sowing Dapog Method: 12-14 days after sowing SRI Method: 10-12 days after sowing 2.6. Water Management Water Requirement: o 1250 mm for overall growth o 3,000-5,000 liters for producing 1 kg of paddy o Rice field submerged in 5 cm deep water Critical Stages for Irrigation: Initial tillering and flowering IW/CPE Ratio: 1.20 Gap Filling: Done 7-10 days after transplanting 2.7. Nutrient Management NPK Ratio: 120:60:60 Nitrogen Uptake: In both ammonium and nitrate forms Nitrogen Use Efficiency: 30-40% Nitrogen Fixation by Blue-Green Algae: 20-25 kg/ha 2.8. Harvesting and Post-Harvest Processing Harvesting Index: 0.40 Processing Percentages: o Polishing: 2% o Hulling: 66% o Husk: 33% o Milling: 50-55% Parboiling: Hydrothermal process for conserving Vitamin B12 Milling: Polishing results in the loss of Vitamin B 2.9. Hybrid Rice and Super Rice Hybrid Rice Developed by: Y.L. Ping (1970, China) Introduced in India: 1994
- 4. Super Rice Developed by: G.S. Khush Lunishree: Known as Super Rice 2.10. Diseases and Deficiencies Khaira Disease (Zn Deficiency): First reported by Y.L. Nene (1966, Pantnagar) o Management: ZnSO4 0.5% o Alternative Name: Iron Rust Browning in Rice: Due to iron toxicity o Tolerant Variety: Phalguna White Eye Disease: Caused by iron deficiency 2.11. Research Institutes CRRI (India): Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack (Orissa), 23 April 1946 IRRI (International): International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines, 1960