Information Processing: Cataloguing

SUNDAR B. N. Assistant Professor
Paper IV: Information Processing: Cataloguing
Karnataka State Open University
B.Lis.I.Sc June 2013 QP Solved
1) What is name Catalogue?
INNER FORMS OF A CATALOGUE
The inner form of a library catalogue refers to the arrangement of a catalogue entry in a logical and
systematic order to fall into a helpful sequence for storage and retrieval. The chart below depicts the
various inner forms of a catalogue.
There are three types of inner forms of a catalogue, viz. alphabetical, classified and alphabetico-classed.
Author, Name, Title, Subject and Dictionary catalogue fall in the category of an alphabetical catalogue. A
Classified Catalogue is so named because it is arranged in a classified order.
Author Catalogue – Author is the person who is chiefly responsible for the intellectual thought content
of a work. In simple words, author is the creator of a work. In an author catalogue, the entries of
documents are under author’s name and arranged alphabetically. It provides access to documents by the
names of their authors. In other words, the leading section of an author catalogue would comprise the
name of an author.
Advantages
1) It brings together the titles of books of the same author at one place in the catalogue
2) It helps a user to obtain at a glance what books are available in the library by a given author. This
function, can however be fulfilled by author entries in other inner forms of a library catalogue. In a
classified catalogue, this function is performed by the alphabetical index of dictionary part.
3) It ensures that there will be no scattering of works of the same author through the catalogue.
Disadvantages
1) Approaches of readers under subject, collaborators, distinctive titles etc. cannot be satisfied.
Name Catalogue - A name catalogue is a variation and extension of an author catalogue. It contains
entries for works of one author and also for books written on him. All entries are arranged alphabetically
by the name of the author. In other words, a name catalogue is a compound or mixed type of catalogue
which combines the author and subject entries (the subject entries representing the author as a subject)
into one alphabetical sequence.
Advantages
1) It is useful and valuable for collection of books of an author and books on her/him.
Disadvantages
1) Subject entries are limited to personal and corporate names only.
2) There is no title entry in this form of catalogue so also under collaborator and series.
Title Catalogue - In a title catalogue, the titles of documents occupy the leading section of entries, which
are arranged in an alphabetical order. Queries of readers who remember only the exact title can be

answered with the help of a title catalogue. However, it is noticed that many of the readers do not spell
out a title exactly the way it appears on the title page, particularly non-fiction titles.
Advantages
1) Satisfies the approaches of readers especially in cases for classical languages and for fiction, drama,
poetry and for the class literature.
Disadvantages
1) It cannot alone satisfy all approaches of the readers except the title approach
Alphabetical Subject Catalogue - It is a list of books in a collection, each entered under the name of the
specific subject as a heading, the entries being arranged alphabetically. Several books on the same subject
will be brought together in the catalogue. When there is more than one book on one subject, the author of
the book is taken to determine the alphabetical order. If the author’s name is common for several books,
then the title of the book is taken in to account for arrangement of entries.
Advantages
i) With the help of this catalogue, the specific subject approach of the readers is satisfied.
Disadvantages
i) The related subjects are scattered throughout the catalogue owing to their alphabetical
arrangement. e.g. Money and Banking, Electricity and Magnetism, Astronomy and Planet etc.
ii) The Standard List of Subject Headings fail to cope with the ever emergence of new subjects and the
new editions have to be brought out regularly; otherwise the cataloguer is unable to assign exact subject
headings for newly published books.
Dictionary Catalogue - It is a catalogue in which all the entries (authors, title, subject, series etc.) and
their related references are arranged together in one alphabetical reference. It resembles arrangement of
entries in a dictionary where the words are strictly arranged alphabetically. The various entries of this
catalogue are arranged just like a dictionary that is why it is called dictionary catalogue.
Advantages
i) It is the most popular form of catalogue used in public, school and college libraries, and even in
university libraries. Its popularity is due to its arrangement like a dictionary i.e. in alphabetical order.
ii) It can satisfy the different specific needs of the readers.
iii) The users need not be aware of class numbers to refer this catalogue.
iv) With the help of cross references and general references, readers are guided from one heading to
another heading.
Disadvantages
i) For readers who need information on a subject with all its ramifications, the dictionary catalogue
is most difficult to use. It is slower in yielding information and less satisfactory in its result than
the classified form.
ii) Extensive use of cross references to bring together the related subjects together results in the
catalogue becoming bulky. Its maintenance is more difficult. Moreover the cross references often
proves to be tire some.
iii) Dictionary catalogue suffers from all the consequences of excessive dependence on verbalization.

iv) Replacing the old subject terms by new subject terms is a tedious and time consuming process.
Classified Catalogue - Classified catalogue provides access to information by subject. It is different
from an alphabetical catalogue in that the arrangement is by class numbers. It brings in an artificiality as
the user is expected to be aware of the scheme of classification.
According to Encyclopaedia of Librarianship, it is “ a catalogue of subject entries arranged in the
systematic order according to a scheme of classification.” Dr. Rangnatham defines it as, “ a catalogue in
which some are numbered entries and some are word entries”. Consequently a classified catalogue
consists of two parts (i) the classified part and (ii) the alphabetical part.
Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue - The alphabetico-classed catalogue may be considered as a
combination or mixture of the best points associated with dictionary and classified catalogue. In other-
words, it represents an attempt to combine some of the advantages of a classified catalogue with the
directness and ease of consultation of the alphabetical catalogue.
Advantages
1) In this type of catalogue there is an attempt to incorporate the advantages of dictionary and
classified catalogue with the simplicity of an alphabetical arrangement broad subject headings
where again sub-divisions are arranged alphabetically.
Disadvantages
1) It is a complex type of catalogue and see references are made from the specific heading to the
complex heading.
2) Subject headings are complex creating confusion for the reader.
OUTER/PHYSICAL FORMS OF CATALOGUE
Bound Register Form - In this form, the entries of documents of a library are written in hand in a bound
register or ledger. The information about each document like author, edition, accession number, number
of copies and class number is provided and separate registers for author, title and subject can also be
prepared.
Advantages
i) The ease with which readers can use this catalogue is unquestionable
ii) Xerox copies of the catalogue can be placed at different locations in libraries facilitating the
readers to consult the catalogue in any corner of the library so that at a time more number of
readers can use it because it has the quality of portability.
iii) Several entries that can a reader see on a page at a time without the necessity of turning one card
after another is definitely an added advantage which saves precious time of the readers.
Sometimes a card may be skipped up while consulting hurriedly.
iv) It needs neither much space nor special equipment for its display due to its compactness.
v) Since the readers are in the habit of reading and consulting the books from childhood, they feel it
much more convenient to consult being like a book

Disadvantages
i) It does not possess the quality of flexibility hence when new books are added, entries cannot be
filed in their appropriate places as the left out space is filled soon. Hence such books will be
entered at the end of the register or a supplementary catalogue is prepared which is a delaying
process. Addition of books is an inherent feature of a library this catalogue is unable to keep
good company as one is fast, the other is slow.
ii) It cannot be kept up to date.
iii) The quality of paper is not thick as the card catalogue; hence its durability is less and cannot
with stand constant use by the readers.
iv) In case of stolen, damaged, tornout, mutilitated and outdated books are to be discarded, then
immediately the relevant entries are to be deleted from the catalogue which looks confusing and
indecent.
Printed Book Form - It is a catalogue of books and other reading materials available in a library bound in a
volume or volumes where entries are printed on pages. It is also known as printed page catalogue or bound
book catalogue. These are prepared in conformity with standard principles and rules of cataloguing.
Advantages
a) Since this catalogue resembles the printed reading materials, it creates less psychological barrier to the
readers for use as they are familiar with the conventional printed books.
b) Speed of search is fast as compared to other form of catalogues.
c) Multiple copies of this catalogue can be made on demand and can be sold so that readers can consult
the catalogue at home and hostels comfortably.
Disadvantages
i) Insertions and withdrawal of entries or deletion is not possible as it is not flexible.
ii) It is high expensive for its production, issue of supplements takes much time hence it cannot be kept
up to date.
iii) Printing of the catalogue consumes a lot of time and in the mean time new books are acquired by
the library whose entries cannot be included, as a result, the information about such books cannot
be brought to the notice of the readers. As such the catalogue cannot indicate the complete
collection.
Sheaf Form - Sheaf form of library catalogue is also known as loose-leaf form. A sheaf form of catalogue
is one in which slips of paper are put into a loose-leaf binder and bound by some mechanical device into a
volume. This is a loose-leaf binder format, which provides the convenience of handling a book. In the sheaf
form, each entry is made on a separate slip.
Advantages
i) It combines certain advantages of book form catalogue like portability, familiarity and certain good
features of card catalogue like up-to-dateness, infinite expending capacity and freedom of
manipulation of entries.
ii) It is possible to bring like entries together i.e. books by the same author and on a specific subject.
iii) Easy to consult and can be referred inside and outside the library.

Card Form - Library catalogue in the card form is by far the most popular physical form. It is widely
prevalent in libraries throughout the world including India. In this form the bibliographical elements of
every document are recorded on a single card. This method of representing every document on a single
card is known as the unit card principle. These cards stand in card-trays or cabinets with a punched hole of
about half a centimeter from the bottom for inserting a locking rod. This locking system keeps the cards
from falling out and also prevents unauthorised persons from removing any card from the tray.
Advantages
a) It is flexible in keeping it constantly updated with the quality of expansion and withdrawal of entries.
b) The users and the library staff can handle it with ease.
c) Possible to bring together entries with the same handing.
d) The cards are single, self-contained units. This feature permits additional approach points and cross
reference in the catalogue.
e) The entries for lost books can be withdrawn and like entries can be filed together.
f) The library using the card catalogue can participate in central and cooperative cataloguing scheme. This
reduces the burden of the staff.
Cataloguing-in-Publication(CIP) - Centralised cataloguing led to the logical step of publishing
bibliographic entries of documents in the publication itself, on the reverse side of the title page.
Ranganathan called it “prenatal cataloguing”. This facility enabled libraries to use the bibliographical data
available on the book for the preparation of their catalogues. The Library of Congress was the pioneer in
this enterprise. The British National Bibliography has also been participating in the CIP Programme from
January 1977. Such facilities are yet to develop in countries like India.
Computer-produced Book Form This type of book catalogue was produced with the help of a computer.
The structure, extent of information about the document, typography etc. varied with that of conventional
physical form of catalogues. The print out available used to be in the form of line printer output. Many
institutes of repute like Library of Congress used to provide services like abstracting and indexing services
including the production of catalogues by use of a computer.
Advantages
1) The cost of production of multiple copies was less because it is produced first by creating a master copy
from which additional copies can be reproduced.
2) The maintenance cost was low since the whole catalogue display is recreated at internals which facilities
the complete catalogue which can be reorganized as and when necessary.
3) At a time one entry could be referred in a card catalogue, where as this catalogue presents an entire page
displaying a number of entries.
4) The computer produced book catalogue representing both the bibliographic information of a catalogue
and organisation.
Microform Catalogue - In microform catalogue, entries were greatly reduced and printed upon a film or
fiche. The microform cannot be read by naked eyes. A suitable microform reader, magnifies the reduced
images on the film or fiche and projects them on to a screen is necessary consulting a microform catalogue.

MARC and Online Catalogue - There has been a sea change in cataloguing practice with the increasing
use of computers, information communication technology and network communications. Cataloguing
standards have been rationalised to suit the changing cataloging practice, which have been universally
accepted and adopted. In a machine-readable catalogue, entries are rendered in a format which permits
input and storage on magnetic tape or magnetic disc for manipulation in a computer.
MARC format, UNIMARC, Common Communication Format (CCF) are standard formats. There are
communication formats that are different from physical formats. Access to the catalogue entries may be
‘offline’ or ‘on-line’. ‘Off-line’ means that the computer can be used only at certain times. At the
available computer time search must be made for a collection or batch of enquires. On-line systems,
however, are linked directly to the computers which can be used immediately or at any time for processing
enquiries and searching.
There are three major computer produced physical forms of library catalogues which are relevant to off-
line access. These are: Printed form: Entries are printed in a conventional book format and are available
in multiple copies. Card form: Each entry is transferred to one or more cards of standard catalogue card
and are filed just as in a conventional card catalogue. Microform entries are transferred to microfiche and
are used with appropriate microform readers.
An online catalogue has the following characteristics:
 It is meant to be used by end-users with or without training in online searching.
 The database records are usually in the MARC format or derived from MARC format.
 The records are brief bibliographic descriptions enriched by a small number of controlled subject
descriptor from Sears list or LC Subject Headings and classification number either from DDC or
LC.
Advantages -The machine-readable catalogue performs, all the functions of a library catalogue with
greater efficiency and speed than any other form. We shall spell out these advantages:
A computer readable catalogue:
 can be kept updated with speed and efficiency;
 can search for any bibliographical element, such as author, subject, publisher, price;
 is user friendly and new access points and search capabilities can be added as and when
necessary;
 can easily be multiplied;
 union catalogue amongst several libraries by electronic communication is possible;
 easy to construct provided the cataloguer has expertise in the technique and the
 user feels very easy and has instant access to the pool of information and is well versed with
necessary instruction;
 facilitates extensive search facility and possesses all the best qualities of both DDC and CC;
CD-ROM Catalogue - It is a MARC-based compilation of bibliographic records distributed on CD-
ROMs supported with software. CD-ROMs are optical discs and with the help of laser beams it can be
written and recorded. It is an offline format like the microform that provides excellent search facilities.

The introduction of offline, computer produced book and Computer Output Microform (COM) catalogue
was a milestone in the history of library catalogue, in terms of production and maintenance.
2) What is CIP?
A Cataloging in Publication record (aka CIP data) is a bibliographic record prepared by
the Library of Congress for a book that has not yet been published. When the book is published, the
publisher includes the CIP data on the copyright page thereby facilitating book processing
for libraries and book dealers.
3) What is OPAC?
An online public access catalog, also known as OPAC, is an online database of all the
resources and materials held by a particular library. It is a card catalog, of sorts, that is accessed
via computer or other electronic device.
Online public access catalogs could potentially replace the old fashioned card catalog as a means
of helping library visitors locate the resources they seek. Users are able to search the database
electronically, which can provide them with a quicker and more thorough means of locating
necessary information, resources, books, literature, or other materials.
One of the unique aspects of an online public access catalog is that it is user-friendly and
accessible by all parties. That means that anybody, regardless of their age, status, or even their
level of knowledge about computers, is able to use the system.
If help is needed in a search, the system itself is designed to offer that assistance by use of
various prompts, suggestions, help topics, FAQs, and even error messages when needed. Search
results are displayed in a format that is easy to read and understand.
The History of OPACs
Online catalogs first became an item in the 1960s, but the first notable and large scale catalogs
were not developed until the 1970s (specifically at Ohio State University in 1975 and Dallas
Public Library in 1978).
In the 1980s, more and more online catalogs were developed with the introduction of the first
commercial systems. After that, however, interest waned, and popularity of the online public
access catalog all but disappeared during the 1990s.
Keep in mind that this was all prior to widespread use of the Internet and any of the search
engines we have available to us today. New systems and new technologies have put a recent
spotlight back on OPAC development with online catalogs now being offered at most libraries
across the country.
OPAC Use
To use an OPAC, a library patron or college/university student simply has to access the library
link online and then click into the OPAC. Most systems do require an account that will ask for
login and password information.

Once logged in, a wealth of information about the library and its contents are made available via
searches in many forms. Searches can be done by title, author, date, or even subject. Results
offer a link for quick electronic access or by make it clear where each item is physically located.
4) What is Canon? 2019 QP
The first used of “Canons of library classification” by W C B Sayers then many library science professionals tried to
development of Canons of library classification such as E C Richardson, H E Bliss etc. In the 1937 criticized the canons
of library classification by Dr. Ranganathan in his book “Prolegomena to library classification”.
5) Expand SLSH.
STRUCTURE OF SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS. The Sears List of Subject Headings
(popularly called Sears List) is an example of a vocabulary control tool. It is used for assigning standardised
subject headings to documents. Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is another example of a
vocabulary control tool. The difference between the two is that SLSH is used in public libraries and small
libraries having a collection up to 20,000 books whereas LCSH is useful for large libraries.
PRINCIPLES OF THE SEARS LIST
Specific Entry - It means a subject should be entered under its most specific heading, not under the class to
which it belongs. For example, Lily should be entered under “Lilies”, not under “Flowers”. Duck is entered
under “Ducks”, not under “Birds” or even “Water birds”. Similarly Lung canceris entered under “Lung
cancer” not “Cancer- lungs”. But specificity is a matter of relativity depending upon the strength of
collection, levels of the users, and on the policy of the library.
Direct Entry - It means that the specific heading chosen should be entered directly instead of a subdivision.
For example, “Ducks” entered as such instead of Water birds—Ducks. Similarly, use “Lung cancer” instead
of “Cancer—Lungs”.
Common Usage - The terms chosen as preferred headings should be from common usage. If a word has
more than one spelling, then the popular ones are chosen for this purpose. (It may be noted Sears uses
American spellings, but the Indian libraries should use British spellings).
Uniformity - Using a list of subject headings brings in uniformity. Once a heading is chosen for use it
should be used consistently and uniformly until a decision is taken to the contrary. It, however, does not
mean that old terms cannot be changed or deleted, or new terms cannot be added.
6) What is Parallel Title?
The first area gives information about the sub-titles and alternative title, if any, and the statement of
authorship of the work. This area also describes a parallel title if the document carries titles in two or more
languages.
7) What is Corporate Authorship? Answered
8) Expand CCC?

Classified Catalogue Code. The Classified Catalogue Code first published in 1934 is a unique contribution
of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan from India which can be claimed as universal code. It is the first code complete in
every respect for a classified catalogue. The subject approach has been recognized as the dominant one in
CCC. The arrangement of cards in the catalogue trays follow the order of the classification scheme. It also
provides facility for preparing another part i.e. alphabetical part. This part contains alphabetical arrangement
by authors, collaborators, series, editor of series and titles.
9) What is Entry Element?
What is an Entry? An entry is a record of information for a specific purpose. This information is entered into
a ' kind of a record. Suppose you have the habit of recording in a diary details of your daily study then as you
finish reading this Unit on a particular day you will make an entry in your diary about your completion of
the unit that day.
KINDS OF ENTRIES
Dictionary and Classified Catalogues –
Entries in a Dictionary Catalogue
Entries in a Classified Catalogue
Reference Entries
Analytical Entries
10) Expand AACR-II?
Anglo American Cataloguing Rule. AACR-II was prepared by ALA, The British Library, the Canadian
Committee on Cataloguing
11) Trace the historical development of Catalogue codes since 1876.
Definition - According to Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, “Library catalogue in an ancient library tool. But catalogue
code of a rigorous kind is of recent origin. It first attained rigour in stray local codes i.e. in individual
libraries.
The important modern catalogue codes are described as follows:-
British Museum Code (1841) - The trustees of the British Museum, finally approved the adoption of
Panizzi‟s code of rules for cataloguing and even today, it forms the basis on which the British Museum
catalogue is being complied. Till 1887, the original 91 rules were faithfully adopted in the cataloguing
processes of the British Museum. The latest 1936 edition contains only 41 rules. The objectives implicit in
British Museum rules for entry are two. The first objective is to enable the user of the catalogue to determine
readily whether or not the library has the book he wants. The catalogue is constantly searched by many
readers and members of the staff, and the quicker this information can be found the better is catalogue. The
second objective is to reveal to the user of the catalogue, under one form of the author‟s name, what works
the library has by a given author and what editions or translations of a given work. Esdaile says „Panizzi‟s
rules were the first thorough code ever drawn up‟.

Charles C. Jewett Code (1852) - At about 1850, the American libraries seriously considered the need to
bring out a code of cataloguing rules. Jewett, Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute prepared a code of 39
rules in 1852. These rules were modeled after Panizzi‟s rules and issued under the title „Smithsonian Report
on the construction of catalogues of libraries and their publications by means of separate stereotyped titles,
with rules and examples‟. These rules were again limited to the author entries, but included a model subject
index. Pette names Jewett not Cutter as Father of Modern Library Methods.
Cutter’s Rules (1876) - 1876 is an epoch-making year in the history of cataloguing, for in this year was
published Charles Ammi Cutter‟s Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue (RDC) containing 205 rules. The latest
4th edition was published in 1904 from Washington. This edition contains 369 rules. For the Dictionary
catalogue it is still the standard code of rules, and there is every reason to suppose that it will remain so.
Henry A. Sharp has evaluated this code as „the first code of complete cataloguing practice for every kind of
entry in a dictionary catalogue‟. Cutter‟s code of rules not only provides rules for subject entry and the
arrangement of entries, but also indicates methods that may be adopted for brief, moderately full and very
full cataloguing. As such, it is suited to the needs of all types of libraries. Dorothy M. Norris remarks that
Cutter‟s rules „are a sound exposition of the fundamentals of cataloguing and should be studied by all would
be cataloguers‟.
Cutter strengthened the concept that catalogues not only should point the ways to an individual publication,
but should also assemble and organize literary units. Dr. S R Ranganathan has remarked him as genius and
his work RDC as classic and immortal.
The Prussian Instructions-PIN Code (1899) The Prussian Instructions: Rules for the alphabetical
catalogues of the Prussian libraries translated from the second edition by Andrew Osborn (1938). A
significant contribution to cataloguing rules, after Cutter is found in Prussian Instructions. PIN may be taken
to be the second important code of a non local nature. It was designed originally for compiling a union
catalogue of the then German State Libraries. Although not very influential in English speaking countries,
PIN did influence cataloguing in Halland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Hungray, Switzerland etc.
Dziatzka Code (1886) - In 1886, Prof. K. Dziatzka, a German librarian published his code which was
translated into English by an American librarian K.A. Linderfelt and published in 1890.
Special features of the code are:- (a) It does not accept the principle of corporate authorship, entry being
made under title, and (b) The grammatical arrangement of title entries is preferred, as compared to
AngloAmerican practice of natural word order.
Andrew Osborn has praised the code due to 3 reasons: (a) It is not a theoretical utterance but consists of
carefully throughout rules, based on practical experience. (b) Wording throughout is clear, and all terms have
been defined. (c) The grasp of essentials displayed by its framers is truly noteworthy.
Anglo-American Code (1908) - Cataloguing rules: Author and title entries, Complied by Committees of the
Library Association and the ALA. Published as American Edition and British Edition. The American
Library Association (1876) and Library Association (1877) issued independent set of rules in 1878 and 1883
respectively. Both decided to issue a combined code to secure greater uniformity in cataloguing between

English speaking areas. It was issued in 1908. L.S. Jast and Henry Guppy, the two eminent British librarians,
and Melvil Dewey representing the American libraries, played a significant role in producing the joint code.
AA Code gives more importance to corporate author and commits first time the blunder of the distinguishing
institution from society. Its importance lies in the fact of its being the first international cataloguing code, in
the extent of its rapid and wide-spread adoption and use by all kinds of and size of libraries in the two
countries since its introduction, and in its continued use in Britain. Its definitions are more acceptable than
that of RDC.
Vatican Code (1931) – “Vatican Library: Rules for the Catalogue of Printed Books‟ Published in Italian in
1931, 2nd edition 1939. Translated from the 2nd Italian edition. Edited by Wyllis E. Wright. Chicago, ALA,
1948. The papal (related to Pope or Catholic Church) collections at the Vatican among the riches in Europe,
had a catalogue which was more of an inventory type. In 1927, the Vatican Library was offered aid by the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to compile a new catalogue for its collection and a team of
American Librarians consisting J.C.M Hanson and W.W. Bishop compiled a catalogue.
ALA Rules (1949) - ALA Cataloguing Rules for Author and Title Entries. Chicago, ALA, 1949. Rules for
Descriptive Cataloguing in the Library of Congress. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1949.
Between 1936 and 1939 both Library Associations (LA & ALA) cooperated in preparation for a new joint
code, as AA Code was not fulfilling the requirements. But due to outbreak of war, British participation was
discontinued. The ALA proceeded independently and produced their preliminary second edition of the code
in 1941 in two parts: Part 1 Entry and Headings and Part 2 Descriptions of books, in which 174 rules of the
AA Code had grown to 375.
Classified Catalogue Code (CCC) Ed 5 (1964) - The Classified Catalogue Code first published in 1934 is a
unique contribution of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan from India which can be claimed as universal code. It is the
first code complete in every respect for a classified catalogue. The subject approach has been recognized as
the dominant one in CCC. The arrangement of cards in the catalogue trays follow the order of the
classification scheme. It also provides facility for preparing another part i.e. alphabetical part. This part
contains alphabetical arrangement by authors, collaborators, series, editor of series and titles. It gives rules
for Main Entry, Class Index Entries, Book Index Entries, Cross Reference Index Entries, for single volume,
multi volume, composite books, periodicals, national bibliographies, union catalogue of books and
periodicals, indexing and abstracting periodicals.
AACR-1 (1967) - Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (North American Text), Chicago, ALA, 1967.
(British Text). London, Library Association, 1967. It was prepared by the ALA, The Library of Congress,
The Library Association (London) & The Canadian Library Association. It was edited by Semour Lubetzky
from 1956-62, but later on due to difference of opinion on rules for institution, he resigned and Mr. C
Sumner Spalding completed the work in 1962-65. AACR-1 in real sense represents the result of 35 years of
activity in the codification of cataloguing rules for British and American libraries. British text is having 216
rules while American text 226 rules. It can be called as multi-national code. AACR-1 is based on the
„Statement of Principles‟ adopted by the ICCP in 1961 with certain significant departures. Earlier codes

emphasized specific rules for various types of publications and various classes of persons and corporate
bodies. The present rules are based on a set of principles, followed as consistently as possible allowing for
the necessity of reaching common agreement.
AACR-2 (1978) - It is prepared by ALA, The British Library, the Canadian Committee on Cataloguing, The
Library Association, and the Library of Congress and is edited by Michael Gorman and Paul W. Winkler.
The increasing mechanization in cataloguing, the growth of centralized and cooperative bibliographic
services and networks, introduction of a number of new media, all these have necessitated a revised code of
AACR.
The objectives of AACR-2 are as follows:-
(a) To reconcile in a single text the North American and British texts of 1967.
(b) To incorporate in the single text all amendments and changes already agreed and implemented under the
previous mechanisms.
(c) To consider for inclusion in AACR all proposals for amendment currently under discussion between the
ALA, the Library Association; any new proposals put forward by these bodies and the British Library; and
proposals of national committees of other countries in which AACR is in use.
(d) To provide for international interest in AACR by facilitating its use in countries other than the United
States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Some of the important features of AACR-2 are:-
(a) Abandonment of entry under the name of a place of certain institutional bodies.
(b) Substitution of uniform titles for form headings.
(c) Title headings for marks produced under editorial direction.
(d) Provision of standardized framework for the systematic description of all library materials for machine
processing. It is based on ISBD‟s. Hence AACR-2 is an attempt towards international catalogue code.
(e) It has extended its coverage to new categories of library materials AACR-1 was generally inadequate in
its coverage of audiovisual materials. AACR-2 is an improvements over AACR-1.
(f) Provision of 3 level of description makes it useful for all types of libraries.
AACR-2R (1988 revision and 2002 revision) - Over the years, AACR-2 has been updated by occasional
amendments, and was significantly revised in 1988 and 2002. These revised editions are known as AACR-
2R (2nd edition, 1988 revision and 2nd edition, 2002 revision) respectively. The 2002 revision included
substantial changes to sections for non-book materials. Annual updates began in 2003 and ceased with 2005.
RDA (2003) - AACR-2R has been succeeded by Resource Description & Access (RDA) which is developed
by the Joint Steering Committee for Development of RDA with representatives from the American Library
Association, Australian Committee on Cataloguing, British Library, Canadian Committee on Cataloguing,
CILIP and Library of Congress. It is the new cataloguing standard that will replace AACR-2R. It provides
guidelines on cataloguing digital resources and a stronger emphasis on helping users to find, identify, select
and obtain the information they want. It is a flexible and suitable framework for use in a digital
environment..

12) What is Main Entry? Explain the components of Main Entry with examples.
Main Entry and Added Entries
Of the several entries we provide for a document in library catalogue, one entry is called the `Main Entry'
and the remaining are known as `Added Entries' or `Additional Entries'. Main Entry is the basic entry. It is
the entry in which all the essential information useful and relevant for the identification of a document is
provided. AACR-2 defines a Main Entry as "The complete catalogue record of an item, presented in the
form by which the entry is to be uniformly identified and cited". Ranganathan in his CCC says that Main
Entry is the entry, which gives maximum information about a document. All other entries relating to the
document are usually derived from the main entry. Added Entries are intended to help the user to find a
document when his approach to the document is different from the one that-the library has preferred for its
Main Entry. That is to say, the entries, which provide access points other than the main access point, are
added entries. An added entry is a supplementary entry. AACR-2 gives a simple definition. It says an added
entry is "An entry, additional to the main entry, by which an item is represented in a catalogue; a 'secondary
entry". Classified Catalogue Code simply states that an added entry is an "Entry other than main entry".
Parts of a Main Entry
In a usual catalogue entry, in addition to the elements of description covered by these areas
1) The CALL NUMBER which is a symbolic notation for the document used to achieve logical order for
the arrangement of the document in the total library collection and also to identify and locate the document
in the collection.
2) The HEADING is the access element under which it is likely that a user may search for the document in
the catalogue; namely, name of the author, title of the work, series, etc.
3) The TRACING which gives information about the additional entries that are provided for the document.
4) The ACCESSION NUMBER: The eight areas of description and these items - the Call Number, the
Heading, the Tracings and the Accession Number together can be grouped as parts or sections of a Main
Entry. In the illustrations provided for the main entries in Unit 5 and in this Unit it can be noticed that
structure, of a Main Entry more or less consists of these sections. The various parts are presented in different
paragraphs as detailed below. But, remember, every main entry need not necessarily carry all the paragraphs
and parts.
The structure of a Main Entry with the eight parts and the paragraphs and elements therein is described by
Wynar as under:
I HEADING
A) Author or other person or Corporate Body chosen as main entry.
B) Title, if (A) can not be ascribed.
II BODY OF THE ENTRY (first paragraph)
A) Title and statement of responsibility area
1)Title proper (including alternative title, if any).
2)General Material Designation (GMD).
3)Parallel title(s), other title information, if any.
3)Statement (s) of responsibility.
B) Edition area

1) Edition statement (named, numbered, or a combination of the two).
2) Statements of responsibility relating to the edition, but not to all editions.
C) Material (or type of publication) specific details area
1) For cartographic materials, statements of scale and projection.
2) For serial publications, numerical and/or alphabetical designation. (e.g., No.1-) and/or chronological
designation (e.g., 1967- ).
D) Publication, distribution etc., area
1) Place of publication, distribution, etc.
2) Name of publisher, distributor, etc.
3) Statement of function of publisher, distributor, etc., (e.g., production company) when necessary for
clarity.
4) Date of publication, distribution, etc., including copyright date, if necessary.
5) Place of manufacture, name of manufacturer, date of manufacture, if name of publishes is unknown.
III) PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AREA (second paragraph)
1) Extent of item (e.g., number of pages, volumes, discs, frames, etc.)
2) Other physical details (e.g. illustrative material, playing speed, material of which made).
3) Dimensions ((e.g., height, diameter).
4) Accompanying material (e.g., teacher's guide, separate maps).
IV) SERIES AREA, if any (following physical description area as continuation of second paragraph).
1) Title proper of series, parallel title(s), other title information.
2) Statement(s) of responsibility relating to series.
3) ISSN of series.
4) Numbering within series.
5) Sub-series.
6) Second and following series, each in its own set of parentheses.
V) NO'T'E AREA (each note is a separate paragraph). Necessary data that can not be incorporated in
the above parts of the record.
VI) STANDARD NUMBER AND TERMS OF AVAILABILITY AREA (paragraph following last
note).
1) Standard number (e.g., ISBN, ISSN)
2) Key-title of a serial
3) Terms of availability (e.g., price, or for whom available).
VII) TRACING (Separate paragraph)
1)Subject heading(s).
2)Added entries for joint authors, editors etc.
3)Tile added entry or entries.
4)Series added -entry or entries.

VIII) CALL NUMBER (formatted in upper left corner of entry or on line following tracing)
1) Classification number.
2) Cutter number and work mark, if any
13) Write a Detailed note of LCSH.
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is a list of
the headings for subject cataloguing and indexing established at the Library of Congress which has been
publishing since 1898. Library of Congress published a preliminary list of subject subdivisions for place
names and of subjects in 1906. LCSH is the best way to keep subject headings current--the key to accurate
cataloging and topical searching. The 34th edition of LCSH in 6 volumes published in 2012 is indispensable.
It contains approximately 329,000 total subject headings and references, including approximately 8000 new
headings.
Structure: Topical headings: A topical heading represents a discrete, identifiable concept. These can be
things, concepts, philosophies, disciplines, activities and processes, organisms and some types of events,
classes of people, ethnic groups, names of individual animals, legendary and fictitious characters, places, and
organizations.
Form / Genre: Form / Genre headings indicate what a work is, rather than what it is about. These headings
can identify a form and represent a style or mood
Name headings: If the work being catalogued is about a person or a place or a corporate entity, then a name
heading is appropriate .The rules for constructing these headings will depend on the type of name. Personal
names: A biography will have a subject heading for the biographer. Personal name headings are constructed
according to AACR2/LCRI practice.
Corporate names: Generally, a corporate body is an organization or a group of persons identified by a
particular name. Certain vessels and vehicles are considered to be corporate bodies. Corporate name
headings are constructed
Geographic names: Headings can be assigned for jurisdictional areas and geographic features. If a place
name used as a subject has uniform title or a subordinate body, it is considered a corporate name.
Titles: Works about other works may have subject headings that consist of the catalogue entry for the work
being discussed. name-title heading uniform title heading
Subdivisions
Subdivisions are used to combine various aspects of a topic into one heading, and as a device for arranging
entries that share the same main heading. Following subdivisions are used to combine various aspects of a
topic into one heading, and as a device for arranging entries that share the same main heading.

Topical subdivisions: They indicate a part, element, or aspect of a subject. They are used under main
headings of all types or under other topical subdivisions to limit the concept expressed by the heading to a
specific subtopic: Construction industry—Management. Each additional subdivision refines the concept
expressed by the heading and makes it more specific: Construction industry--Management-- Employee
participation. Many common topical subdivisions represent actions, processes, or attributes. In some cases,
particularly with headings for objects, subdivisions are used to designate parts of the whole for example,
Airplanes-- Cockpits. LCSH makes use of topical subdivisions as a standard way of expressing concepts,
methods, or techniques that are common to several fields, or that may be applied to numerous headings: Data
processing;--Library resources:--Psychological aspects:--Social aspects:-- Statistical methods
Geographical subdivisions: They indicate the geographic area to which treatment of a topic is limited.
They may indicate where something is located, where something is from, or either, depending upon the
topic. For instance: Income tax (May Subd. Geog). Headings with (May Subd Geog) may be subdivided by
authorized forms of names of countries or other political jurisdictions, or of regions or geographic features,
as appropriate: Income tax—Brazil; Water quality-- Amazon River. For a locality within a country, or a
territorial entity or geographic feature that falls wholly within a country, interpose the name of the relevant
country between the topic and the locality: Subways--Korea (South)--Seoul; Stone carving--Cambodia--
Angkor (Extinct city). For localities in Canada, Great Britain, and the United States, interpose the relevant
province, constituent country, or state. In some cases and with some topics, headings are established with
national qualifiers to indicate origin or derivation: Technical assistance, American (May Subd Geog).Such
headings may be divided by place to indicate recipients: Economic assistance, Scandinavian—Africa( For
Scandinavian development agreements with African).
Chronological subdivisions: Subdivisions for dates are used to indicate time periods covered in the
contents of a work with the interposition of the subdivision -- History. For instance: Japan--History--
Tokugawa period, 1600-1868; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865; Women--History--Modern
period, 1600- . Under topics, inherently historical, periods are established directly without the interposition
of the subdivision History: Argentina--Economic conditions--1945- 1983; World politics--1919-1932;
Russia--Social conditions--1801-1917;Japan-- Politics and government--1600-1868. Date subdivisions
established or used under artistic, literary, or music form/genre headings modify the main heading:
Engraving--18th century ; French poetry-- 19th century ; Sonatas (Piano)--20th century. Sometimes
chronology is indicated by a heading with an adjectival qualifier, for example, Medicine, Medieval
Form subdivisions; Indicate the format of the work: what the item is rather than what it is about. Generally,
form subdivisions may be used under all types of headings: topics, names of persons, corporate bodies,
places, etc., unless restrictions on the use of a particular subdivision are given in the Subject Cataloguing
Manual. Some frequently used form subdivisions are: Engineering--Indexes; Sociology-- Congresses;
Malaysia--Foreign relations--Bibliography; Vegetable gardening-- Handbooks,
manuals,etc.;Porcelain,Chinese--Catalogues; Singapore-- Guidebooks; Sports--Juvenile humor; Brewing--
Amateurs' manuals; Astronomy--Observers' manuals

14) Write an essay on ISBD.
International Standard Bibliographic Description. The first of the ISBDs was the International Standard
Bibliographic Description for Monographic Publications (ISBD(M)) that appeared in 1971. By 1973, this
text had been adopted by a number of national bibliographies and with translations of the original English
text into several other languages, had been taken into account by a number of cataloguing committees in
redrafting national rules for description.
Keeping in view the peculiarities of different forms of materials such as serials, cartographic materials, non-
book materials, printed music, antiquarian, audio visual materials, computer files, etc. ISBD(M) followed by
publication of series of specialised ISBDs, viz., ISBD (S), ISBD (CM), ISBD (NBM) ISBD (PM), ISBD
(A), ISBD (AVM) and ISBD (CF) [ S-Serials; CM- Cartographic Material; NBM- Non- Book Material; PM-
Printed Music; A- Antiquarian; AVM- Audio- visual Material; CFComputer files].
Purpose - The ISBDs seek to serve the following primary purpose: First, and of greatest importance, they
are intended to make it possible to interchange records from different sources. As subsidiary purposes, the
ISBDs, secondly, have assisted in the interpretation of records across language barriers, since bibliographic
items in each record can be easily identified through specialised punctuation and its place for the record so
that records produced for users of one language can be interpreted by users of other languages. Thirdly, they
have facilitated the conversion of bibliographic records to electronic form. Fourthly the ISBD was to provide
a standard form of bibliographic description that could be used to exchange records at international level.
This would support IFLA’s program of Universal Bibliographic Control.
Structure of an ISBD Record -The ISBD prescribes eight areas of description. Each area, except area 7, is
composed of multiple elements. For example, area 1 includes the title proper, general material designation
GMD, other title information, parallel title, and statements of responsibility. Elements and areas that don’t
apply to a particular resource are omitted from the description. Standardised punctuation (colons,
semicolons, slashes, dashes, commas, and periods) is used to identify and separate the elements and areas.
The order of elements and standardised punctuation make it easier to interpret bibliographic records when
one does not understand the language of the description.
These eight areas are:
1) title and statement of responsibility area;
2) edition area;
3) material or type of resource specific area (for example, the scale of a or the numbering of a periodical);
4) publication, production, distribution, etc., area;
5) physical description area (for example: number of pages in a book or number of CDs issued as a unit);
6) series area;
7) notes area; and
8) resource identifier (e.g. ISBN, ISSN) and terms of availability area.
Recent Developments ISBD and FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) In the
early 1990s, the IFLA Section on Cataloguing with the cooperation of the Section on Classification and
Indexing set up the IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR).

One immediate consequence of this development was the decision to suspend most revision work on the
ISBDs while the FRBR Study Group pursued its charge to “recommend a basic level of functionality and
basic data requirements for records created by national bibliographic agencies.” In 1998, the FRBR Study
Group published its Final Report after its recommendations that were approved by the IFLA Section on
Cataloguing Standing Committee. The objective of this “second general review project” was to ensure
conformity between the provisions of the ISBDs and FRBR’s data requirements for the “basic level national
bibliographic record.” It also involved a mapping between ISBD elements and FRBR attributes and
relationships, developed by Tom Delsey in 2004 and the publication of ISBD (ER) electronic resources and
later, the ISBD for ‘Continuing Resources’.
The ISBD Review Group has taken initiation to discuss and examine the following:
 to clarify the purpose of area 6 and its relation with area 1 in ISBD(CR) and ISSN: identification or
transcription;
 to verify the compatibility of sources of information recommended or prescribed in all ISBDs for area
6 and for area 1 in ISBD(CR) and ISSN, and
 to propose a common phrasing for area 6 in all ISBDs
15) Explain different methods of filling rules for choice and rendering of headings
PERSONAL AUTHOR
Books are identified with their authors or titles. Author is mainly responsible for the thought content of the
book. The author may be personal or corporate. In this Unit, we will be discussing about, personal author.
TheAACR-2R defines a personal author as the one who is "chiefly responsible tor the creation of the
intellectual or artistic content of a work". For example, "writers of books and composers of music are the
authors of the works they create; cartographers are the authors of their maps; and artists and photographers
are the authors of the works they create".
General rule for AACR-2R (Rule 21.1 A 2) states that "enter a work by one or more persons under the
heading for the personal author, the principal personal author or the probable personal author", Rule 2] AA 1
which concerns works of single personal authorship, states that "enter a work, a collection of work or a
selections from a work or works under the heading for that person.
Heading for Personal Author - Chapter no. 22 of AACR-2R deals with the choice of names of persons.
The rule states to choose the name "by which he or she is commonly known. This may be the person's real
name, pseudonym, title of nobility, nickname, initials or other appellation." This is a general rule. Problem
arises when we want to find the commonly-known name. Names vary from country to country. Cultural
background, language, tradition, etc., govern fhe patterns of names. Origins and history of names is
monumental and it is not possible to discuss them here.
Western Names - Western names have usually two or three parts. The last part is called the family name or
surname. In cataloguing, the surname is to be made the heading. It is called the entry element. Below are
given a few names and the part of the name that is underlined is the entry element.
The first three names are entered under the last part of the name, which is the surname. The fourth name
includes the British title of honour and in such cases, the honorific title has to be added to the name if the

term commonly appears along with the name. Fifth name is a compound surname, Compound surnames also
exist without a hyphen and the sixth name is such an example. Surnames also appear with an article or.
prepositions or combination of the two and in such cases, the entry element is to be made under the prefixes
as in examples seven and eight above.
Indian Names - The entry element for Indian authors is not uniform. It varies from region to region. The
AACR -2R prescribes some broad rules (Rule No. 22.25). The rules direct us to enter under the first word of
the personal name in cases -of authors born before the middle of the 19th century, like Panini, Aryabhatta,
Asvaghosa, Bhattoji Diksita, etc., and for the later Northern Indian authors under the surname e.g., Kapoor,
Raj; Khurana, Rakesh, etc. Southern Indian authors are usually entered under their forenames e.g.,
Jagannathan, VR., Rama Rao, C, etc. However, there are many exceptions in both the cases.
CATALOGUING PRACTICE
Single Personal Author - When a book is written by a single author the heading is to be made under the
name of the author in inverted form. example where a few other elements are present. Whenever we are
going to discuss an example, the title page ofthe book will be reproduced and other information will be
provided to complete the cataloguing.
Shared Responsibility - It is a common practice for two or more authors to get together and write books.
TheAACR calls such works as shared responsibility. The heading in the main entry in such cases depends
upon the number of authors and their share of contribution to the work. In the title page of the book the
names of the authors are normally printed alike but in some rare cases anyone of the authors may be given
prominence either by wording or by layout. The AACR calls such cases as shared responsibility not
indicated or shared responsibility indicated as the case may be and also provides different entry elements for
them.
Books Written by more than Three Authors - In cases of books written by more than three authors, the
rule given in AACR-2R is as stated below:
"If responsibility is shared between more than three persons or corporate bodies and principal responsibility
is not attributed to anyone, two, or three, enter under title and make an added entry under the heading for the
first person or corporate body named".
BOOKS UNDER EDITORIAL DIRECTION
Many persons write short articles and someone takes the responsibility of collecting, editing andj publishing
those articles in a book form giving a title for the book. AACR2R calls this as a collective title.
'A collective title is one in-which three or more works or parts of works by one author are published together
or it may be two or more works or part of works by more than one author published together'. For books
published under the editors (also sometimes called compilers) the main entry heading will be the title. Added
entry is to be made for the principal editor (or the compiler as the case may be) or the first named editor on
the title page.

"IN" Analyticals - Let us go back to our earlier example (Example 7). We have catalogued the book
Artificial Intelligence edited by Rainer Born. In the book there are eight contributions , and each contribution
has a separate title and author.
PSEUDONYMOUS AUTHORS
Sometimes authors hide their real name internationally and write under an assumed name. This is called a
'pseudonym'. A pseudonymous author is one who writes under a fictitious name. In some instances, two or
more authors join together and write under one pseudonym. Interesting part is that sometimes an author
writes under his/ her real name as well as on assumed name. These problems are to be solved in cataloguing
so that the books of one author are placed together. If two or more persons collaborate and use a single
pseudonym, use the pseudonym as the heading for the works produced by-their collaboration.
CORPORATEBODIES
As per AACR-2R a corporate body is "an organisation or group of persons that is identified by a particular
name and that acts, or may act, as an entity". Some ofthe best known examples of corporate bodies are
governments, different agencies of the governments, religious bodies, associations, institutions, conferences,
fairs and festivals and so on. We will try to give some illustrative examples so that they may help you to
make entries for corporate bodies.
We will take up some simple examples of corporate bodies under i) Government, ii) Committees and
Commissions, iii) Institutions, Associations and societies, and iv) Conferences, Seminars, Symposia. All the
basic rules, which you have studied so far, are also applicable to corporate bodies. There is no difference in
making different entries. Only change is in the heading.
Institutions, Associations and Societies
In this section we will discuss about institutions, associations and societies. These can be termed as
organisations. Organisations can be at the international or national or local level. Some of the examples of
the above stated organisations are given below: International bodies, like: United Nations. UNESCO, WHO,
FAO, ILO, etc.
16) Classified Catalogue.
Classified catalogue provides access to information by subject. It is different from an alphabetical catalogue in
that the arrangement is by class numbers. It brings in an artificiality as the user is expected to be aware of the
scheme of classification.
According to Encyclopaedia of Librarianship, it is “ a catalogue of subject entries arranged in the systematic
order according to a scheme of classification.” Dr. Rangnatham defines it as, “ a catalogue in which some are
numbered entries and some are word entries”. Consequently a classified catalogue consists of two parts (i) the
classified part and (ii) the alphabetical part.

17) Principles of Local Variations.
DEFINITION FOR LAW OF LOCAL VARIATION:
The principle that in any discipline and technique there should be provision for the users of them to secure,
for strictly local use, results alternative to those for general use.
Although the term ‘local interest’ if interpreted literally, means from national to village. But in accordance to
this law, geographical area of any size may be taken into consideration, keeping in view the special interests
of the users.
Examples:
1. In colon classification the digit 2 is used for mother country and digit 3 for favoured country. This not
only shortens the class number, but gives priority to shelf arrangement to the local collection and favoured
collection.
2. A language in which the majority of the library are written, may be treated as favoured language of the
library, in colon classification for such a language, there is no need to write the number of the language. All
books which are written in favoured language of the library would be arranged earlier the group of books
written in other languages.
18) MARC-21.
There has been a sea change in cataloguing practice with the increasing use of computers, information
communication technology and network communications. Cataloguing standards have been rationalised to
suit the changing cataloging practice, which have been universally accepted and adopted. In a machine-
readable catalogue, entries are rendered in a format which permits input and storage on magnetic tape or
magnetic disc for manipulation in a computer.
MARC format, UNIMARC, Common Communication Format (CCF) are standard formats. There are
communication formats that are different from physical formats. Access to the catalogue entries may be
‘offline’ or ‘on-line’. ‘Off-line’ means that the computer can be used only at certain times. At the
available computer time search must be made for a collection or batch of enquires. On-line systems,
however, are linked directly to the computers which can be used immediately or at any time for processing
enquiries and searching.
There are three major computer produced physical forms of library catalogues which are relevant to off-
line access. These are: Printed form: Entries are printed in a conventional book format and are available
in multiple copies. Card form: Each entry is transferred to one or more cards of standard catalogue card
and are filed just as in a conventional card catalogue. Microform entries are transferred to microfiche and
are used with appropriate microform readers.
An online catalogue has the following characteristics:
 It is meant to be used by end-users with or without training in online searching.
 The database records are usually in the MARC format or derived from MARC format.
 The records are brief bibliographic descriptions enriched by a small number of controlled subject
descriptor from Sears list or LC Subject Headings and classification number either from DDC or
LC.
Advantages -The machine-readable catalogue performs, all the functions of a library catalogue with
greater efficiency and speed than any other form. We shall spell out these advantages:

19) Objectives of Library Catalogue.
Charles Ami Cutter described the objectives of a library catalogue in 1876 when he published the first
edition of his book Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue. His views on the subject are often quoted and are
relevant even today. According to him, a catalogue should:
1) enable a person to find a book of which a) the author, b) or the title, c) or the subject is known
2) show what the library has a)by a given author b) on a given subject c) in a given kind of literature
3) assist in the choice of a book a)as to its edition (bibliographically) b)as to its character (literary or
topical).
All the above mentioned objectives are valid even today. As a library today acquires various types of reading
and reference materials, it may be necessary to replace the word `book' by. `document' representing paper-
print material as well as microforms and machine-readable forms. The first objective of a library catalogue is
to inform the availability/non availability of a particular reading material in the library. The readers may
approach the catalogue through the name of an author or title. The author or title entry should provide the
reader all the pertinent information. In case the entry is under some other name or word, a cross-reference
entry should be provided. The title entries in the catalogue cater to the title approach of the readers. The
name of a subject is another access point. In a great number of cases, the reader does not approach or search
the catalogue through the name of an author or title of a document. His interest is in a particular subject. In
such cases the subject entry in the catalogue furnishes him the requisite information. The concepts of a
subject may be described in varied terms. Only standardised terminology is used in preparing subject entries
in a library catalogue.
20) Centralized Cataloguing
By centralized cataloguing, we mean the provision of cataloguing service from a central point to several
clients. The service may range from a simple cataloguing of documents to complete and whole cataloguing
with the preparation of catalogue cards ready to be inserted into the clients catalogues. In simple terms
Needham defines centralized cataloguing as "the cataloguing of documents by some central organisation".
The main purpose of centralised cataloguing is to save duplication of effort in the cataloguing department of
several libraries.
Objectives
The objectives of centralised cataloguing are to:
 avoid duplication of work;
 achieve -uniform and standard cataloguing practices;
 minimize the cost of cataloguing; and
 help member libraries provide better and more effective library services
Advantages
 Duplication of work can be avoided.
 Cost of cataloguing can be minimised.
 Uniform and standard cataloguing` practices can be adopted.
 Cataloguing can be qualitatively improved.
 Some of the professional staff who are relieved of cataloguing work can be utilised for other useful
professional service:

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