![4
LITERATURE REVIEW
Name of The Journal Name of The
Authors
Experimental
Procedure
Results
Paper fiber-reinforced
polypropylene
composites from
nonwoven preforms: A
study on compression
molding optimization
from a manufacturing
perspective(2024)
Christopher
D. Webb et
al. [1]
This work optimizes compression
molding manufacturing for wet-formed
nonwoven paper and polypropylene
fiber mats. A central composite
designed experiment investigated the
effects of fiber reinforcement
concentration, compression molding
temperature, pressure, and time on
composite laminate performance. We
assess the composites’ density, panel
thickness, water uptake, flexural
behavior, and Izod impact strength.
In this study, paper fiber-
based composite
laminates were
manufactured under a
variety of compression
molding conditions to
better understand the
effects of fiber
reinforcement
concentration.
28/.3/2025](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/major-250426092929-4a6897dc/85/Paper-based-composite-with-reinforced-material-4-320.jpg)
![5
`
Name of The Journal Name of The
Authors
Experimental
Procedure
Results
Loading rate effect on the
tensile properties of glass
fiber reinforced castor oil
polyurethane and epoxy
resins (2015).
André F. C.
Vieira et al.[2]
The study evaluated the tensile
strength of glass fiber reinforced
castor oil polyurethane and epoxy
resin composites under different
displacement rates, finding that
elasticity modulus and ultimate
tensile strength increase with
displacement rate.
Glass fiber reinforced
polyurethane and epoxy
exhibit strain rate-
dependent mechanical
responses, with the latter
being independent of
strain rate due to the
different time-dependent
behavior of the polymeric
matrixes.
28/.3/2025](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/major-250426092929-4a6897dc/85/Paper-based-composite-with-reinforced-material-5-320.jpg)
![6
Name of The Journal Name of The Authors Experimental
Procedure
Results
Wood Engineering
Handbook, Second
edition; Forest Products
Laboratory; Prentice Hall,
Englewood
Cliffs, NJ (1990)
Robert H. Falk et al. [3] A chapter has been added
that highlights the
importance of wood as an
environmentally
responsible, sustainable
material.
Low-magnification
micrographs of cross
sections of commercial
wood species have been
added.
An extensive discussion
on the microscopic
structure of wood and its
foundational elements are
presented.
The Wood Handbook
originally focused on
construction practices that
utilized solid-sawn wood.
Since its first printing, the
state-of-the-art in wood
construction practices and
the range of wood-based
products available to the
consumer have changed
considerably.
28/.3/2025](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/major-250426092929-4a6897dc/85/Paper-based-composite-with-reinforced-material-6-320.jpg)
![7
Name of The Journal Name of The
Authors
Experimental
Procedure
Results
Hardness of surface-
densified wood. Part 1:
material or product
property (2022)
Alexander
Scharf, Benedikt
Neyses and
Dick Sandberg
[4]
The study evaluated the tensile
strength of glass fiber reinforced
castor oil polyurethane and epoxy
resin composites under different
displacement rates, finding that
elasticity modulus and ultimate
tensile strength increase with
displacement rate.
Glass fiber reinforced
polyurethane and epoxy
exhibit strain rate-
dependent mechanical
responses, with the latter
being independent of
strain rate due to the
different time-dependent
behavior of the polymeric
matrixes.
28/.3/2025](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/major-250426092929-4a6897dc/85/Paper-based-composite-with-reinforced-material-7-320.jpg)
![8
28/.3/2025
Name of The Journal Name of The
Authors
Experimental
Procedure
Results
Paper fiber-reinforced
polypropylene
composites from
nonwoven preforms: A
study on compression
molding optimization
from a manufacturing
perspective(2024)
Christopher D.
Webb, Marton
Kardos,
Hendrik Mainka
[5]
This study optimized compression
molding for paper-polypropylene fiber
mats using a designed experiment to
assess fiber concentration, temperature,
pressure, and time. Models predicted
performance, balancing short
processing times and high fiber
content. Characterization of laminates
guided sustainable composite
development, emphasizing density,
strength, and water uptake for
automotive applications.
• Conducted central
composite design
experiments to examine
the effects of fiber
concentration, molding
temperature, pressure, and
time on composite
laminates.
• Assists in cleaning up
biodegradable waste,
addressing health and
environmental issues.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/major-250426092929-4a6897dc/85/Paper-based-composite-with-reinforced-material-8-320.jpg)
![9
Name of the Journal Name of The
Authors
Experimental Procedure Results
Physico-Mechanical
Properties of Plaster of
Paris (Gypsum Plaster)
Reinforced with Paper
Pulp. (2021)
Ngwe Nnoko
Ngaaje [6]
The experiment was conducted by
preparing test samples using a
standard 2 kg of POP, with varying
proportions of paper pulp paste
added in increments of 10%, 20%,
40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. These
mixtures were thoroughly mixed
with water and then subjected to a
series of tests to analyze their
physical and mechanical
properties.
The apparent density of
the material also showed a
significant decrease as
paper pulp content
increased, ranging from
1035.6 kg/m³ to 621.2
kg/m³, making the
material much lighter.
28/.3/2025](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/major-250426092929-4a6897dc/85/Paper-based-composite-with-reinforced-material-9-320.jpg)
![26
28/.3/2025
REFERENCES:
[1] Paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites from nonwoven preforms: A study on compression molding optimization
from a manufacturing perspective. Grubb, David J. Keffer, Christopher D. Webb, Marton Kardos, Hendrik Mainka, David
P. Harper (2024)
[2] Loading rate effect on the tensile properties of glass fiber reinforced castor oil polyurethane and epoxy resins André F. C.
Vieiraa , Romeu R. Cavalcanteb , Marcelo L. Ribeiroc , Volnei Titac (2015)
[3] Wood Engineering Handbook, Second edition; Forest Products Laboratory; Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1990)
[4] Hardness of surface-densified wood. Part 1: material or product property Alexander Scharf*, Benedikt Neyses and Dick
Sandberg (2022)
[5] Paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites from nonwoven preforms: A study on compression molding optimization
from a manufacturing perspective Christopher D. Webb, Marton Kardos, Hendrik Mainka (2024)
[6] Physico-Mechanical Properties of Plaster of Paris (Gypsum Plaster) Reinforced with Paper Pulp Ngwe Nnoko Ngaaje.
(2021)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/major-250426092929-4a6897dc/85/Paper-based-composite-with-reinforced-material-26-320.jpg)
Paper based composite with reinforced material
- 1. 1 Major Project On DEVELOPMENT OF FIBRE-REINFORCED PAPER TILES: A SUSTAINABLE AND DURABLE INNOVATION Department of Mechanical Engineering 28/.3/2025 Prepared By:- (Group – 3) Asmit Kumar Dey (2101109390) Bedanta Biswal (2101109396) Sandeep Kumar Sahoo (2101109430) Swadhin Panda (2101109444) PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR Under The Guidance of Dr. Balaji Kumar Choudhury Assistant Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
- 2. 2 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Objective 4. Material Testing 5. Product 6. Comparison Between Available Alternatives 7. Timeline 8. Conclusions 9. References 28/.3/2025
- 3. 3 28/.3/2025 INTRODUCTION : As the modern approach to recycling paper is mostly turning it again into paper sheets, this process introduces more chemical treatment and other complex pre-treatments of paper pulp and leaves higher chemical trail and results in more landfill. This project focuses on specifically the production of recycled paper-based composites with longer lifetime. In this composite we are using recycled paper as it’s base material to produce highly sustainable tiles.
- 4. 4 LITERATURE REVIEW Name of The Journal Name of The Authors Experimental Procedure Results Paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites from nonwoven preforms: A study on compression molding optimization from a manufacturing perspective(2024) Christopher D. Webb et al. [1] This work optimizes compression molding manufacturing for wet-formed nonwoven paper and polypropylene fiber mats. A central composite designed experiment investigated the effects of fiber reinforcement concentration, compression molding temperature, pressure, and time on composite laminate performance. We assess the composites’ density, panel thickness, water uptake, flexural behavior, and Izod impact strength. In this study, paper fiber- based composite laminates were manufactured under a variety of compression molding conditions to better understand the effects of fiber reinforcement concentration. 28/.3/2025
- 5. 5 ` Name of The Journal Name of The Authors Experimental Procedure Results Loading rate effect on the tensile properties of glass fiber reinforced castor oil polyurethane and epoxy resins (2015). André F. C. Vieira et al.[2] The study evaluated the tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced castor oil polyurethane and epoxy resin composites under different displacement rates, finding that elasticity modulus and ultimate tensile strength increase with displacement rate. Glass fiber reinforced polyurethane and epoxy exhibit strain rate- dependent mechanical responses, with the latter being independent of strain rate due to the different time-dependent behavior of the polymeric matrixes. 28/.3/2025
- 6. 6 Name of The Journal Name of The Authors Experimental Procedure Results Wood Engineering Handbook, Second edition; Forest Products Laboratory; Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1990) Robert H. Falk et al. [3] A chapter has been added that highlights the importance of wood as an environmentally responsible, sustainable material. Low-magnification micrographs of cross sections of commercial wood species have been added. An extensive discussion on the microscopic structure of wood and its foundational elements are presented. The Wood Handbook originally focused on construction practices that utilized solid-sawn wood. Since its first printing, the state-of-the-art in wood construction practices and the range of wood-based products available to the consumer have changed considerably. 28/.3/2025
- 7. 7 Name of The Journal Name of The Authors Experimental Procedure Results Hardness of surface- densified wood. Part 1: material or product property (2022) Alexander Scharf, Benedikt Neyses and Dick Sandberg [4] The study evaluated the tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced castor oil polyurethane and epoxy resin composites under different displacement rates, finding that elasticity modulus and ultimate tensile strength increase with displacement rate. Glass fiber reinforced polyurethane and epoxy exhibit strain rate- dependent mechanical responses, with the latter being independent of strain rate due to the different time-dependent behavior of the polymeric matrixes. 28/.3/2025
- 8. 8 28/.3/2025 Name of The Journal Name of The Authors Experimental Procedure Results Paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites from nonwoven preforms: A study on compression molding optimization from a manufacturing perspective(2024) Christopher D. Webb, Marton Kardos, Hendrik Mainka [5] This study optimized compression molding for paper-polypropylene fiber mats using a designed experiment to assess fiber concentration, temperature, pressure, and time. Models predicted performance, balancing short processing times and high fiber content. Characterization of laminates guided sustainable composite development, emphasizing density, strength, and water uptake for automotive applications. • Conducted central composite design experiments to examine the effects of fiber concentration, molding temperature, pressure, and time on composite laminates. • Assists in cleaning up biodegradable waste, addressing health and environmental issues.
- 9. 9 Name of the Journal Name of The Authors Experimental Procedure Results Physico-Mechanical Properties of Plaster of Paris (Gypsum Plaster) Reinforced with Paper Pulp. (2021) Ngwe Nnoko Ngaaje [6] The experiment was conducted by preparing test samples using a standard 2 kg of POP, with varying proportions of paper pulp paste added in increments of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. These mixtures were thoroughly mixed with water and then subjected to a series of tests to analyze their physical and mechanical properties. The apparent density of the material also showed a significant decrease as paper pulp content increased, ranging from 1035.6 kg/m³ to 621.2 kg/m³, making the material much lighter. 28/.3/2025
- 10. 10 OBJECTIVES 28/.3/2025 • To achieve durable, machinable, sustainable & tactile fibre-reinforced paper tile.
- 11. 11 28/.3/2025 • The paper and resin mixture was subjected to drying in the screw press for a duration of 14 to 20 hours. • The resin used for the process was in a 3:1 ratio of casting resin to coating resin. • The final product is completely waterproof on all surfaces. • Size of the product 250 x 250 mm • Thickness 10- 15mm. PRODUCT
- 12. 12 MATERIAL TEST PERFOMED • Flexural Test • Tensile Test • Impact Test • Water Absorption Test 28/.3/2025
- 14. 14 28/.3/2025
- 15. 15 28/.3/2025
- 17. 17 28/.3/2025 BEFORE ABSORPTION TEST (gm) TIME TAKEN (Hour) WEIGHT AFTER ABSORPTION (gm) WEIGHT DIFFERENCE (gm) 420 24 464 44 420 24 469 49 420 24 459 39 420 24 467 47 420 24 461 41 Avg wt : 44 gm
- 18. 18 28/.3/2025 Plaster of Paris Reinforced with Paper Pulp • Standard POP used as base and Paper Pulp is gradually substituted 0% – 100%. • Cost Consideration 1. Cost-effective solution since paper pulp is a waste product and readily available. 2. Cost of POP is reduced in construction. • Properties 1. Lightweight 2. Crack resistance • Applications 1. Ceiling panels 2. Wall partitions 3. Lightweight furniture & more.
- 19. 19 28/.3/2025 Laminates are composite materials made by bonding multiple layers of different materials to achieve desired mechanical, thermal, and aesthetic properties. They are widely used in construction, furniture, automotive, and aerospace industries. High-Pressure Laminates (HPL) Low-Pressure Laminates (LPL) Metal Laminates LAMINATES
- 20. 20 28/.3/2025 High-Pressure Laminates (HPL) Made by compressing layers of kraft paper soaked in phenolic resin with a decorative layer on top. Commonly used for countertops, cabinets, and furniture. Mechanical Properties: • Tensile Strength: 60-80 Mpa • Flexural Strength: 90-120 Mpa • Impact Strength: 5-10 kJ/m² • Density: 1.3-1.5 g/cm³ Low-Pressure Laminates (LPL) Made by bonding a decorative paper to a substrate (like MDF or particleboard) using melamine resin. Used for furniture and interior applications. Mechanical Properties: •Tensile Strength: 30-50 Mpa •Flexural Strength: 50-70 Mpa •Impact Strength: 3-6 kJ/m² •Density: 1.1-1.3 g/cm³ Metal Laminates Combines metal layers (aluminium, stainless steel) with core materials for a sleek, durable finish. Used in modern interiors and exteriors. •Mechanical Properties: •Tensile Strength: 100-200 Mpa •Flexural Strength: 150-250 Mpa •Impact Strength: 10-20 kJ/m² •Density: 1.8-2.5 g/cm³
- 21. 21 28/.3/2025 Melamine is a type of laminate made by combining melamine resin with decorative paper and bonding it to a substrate like MDF (Medium-Density Fiberboard) or particleboard. Textured Melamine Laminate Standard Melamine Laminate High-Gloss Melamine Laminate Fire-Retardant Melamine Laminate MELAMINE
- 22. 22 28/.3/2025
- 23. 23 28/.3/2025 SI NO DATE FROM DATE TO WORK 1 31st July 2024 14th August 2024 Topic Selection 2 15th August 2024 24th August 2024 Literature Review 3 25th August 2024 10th October 2024 Design and material selection 4 11th October 2024 25th October 2024 Development Of Machine 5 20th October 2024 5th November 2024 Tile Preparation 6 6th November 2024 14th November 2024 Result & Discussion TIME LINE TASKS COMPLETED
- 24. 24 28/.3/2025 TASKS TO BE DONE SL. NO DATE FROM DATE TO WORK 1. 15th January 2025 22nd January 2025 Objective 2. 23rd January 2025 01st March 2025 Material Testing 3. 02nd March 2025 05th April 2025 Final Result
- 25. 25 28/.3/2025 CONCLUSIONS : By testing the mechanical properties of the tile, we can correctly draw parallel comparison between the developed fibre-reinforced paper tile and already available alternatives. Developing fibre-reinforced paper tiles, we not only enhance sustainability but also expand the potential applications of paper materials, introducing the way for innovation and eco-friendly alternatives in various industries. Plaster of Paris (POP) reinforced with paper pulp. The goal is to create a lighter plaster material that improves its flexural strength and reduces crack propagation
- 26. 26 28/.3/2025 REFERENCES: [1] Paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites from nonwoven preforms: A study on compression molding optimization from a manufacturing perspective. Grubb, David J. Keffer, Christopher D. Webb, Marton Kardos, Hendrik Mainka, David P. Harper (2024) [2] Loading rate effect on the tensile properties of glass fiber reinforced castor oil polyurethane and epoxy resins André F. C. Vieiraa , Romeu R. Cavalcanteb , Marcelo L. Ribeiroc , Volnei Titac (2015) [3] Wood Engineering Handbook, Second edition; Forest Products Laboratory; Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1990) [4] Hardness of surface-densified wood. Part 1: material or product property Alexander Scharf*, Benedikt Neyses and Dick Sandberg (2022) [5] Paper fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites from nonwoven preforms: A study on compression molding optimization from a manufacturing perspective Christopher D. Webb, Marton Kardos, Hendrik Mainka (2024) [6] Physico-Mechanical Properties of Plaster of Paris (Gypsum Plaster) Reinforced with Paper Pulp Ngwe Nnoko Ngaaje. (2021)