Paragraph writing sentence fragment.pptx
- 1. Cell Phone Use: The use of cell phones in any capacity (cells, texting, internet, email……)is not allowed in this class .You are required to turn off your phones or put them on silent mode. leaving class to make or answer calls is not permitted. Classroom Instructions
- 2. Polydisciplinary Faculty Errachidia WRITING PARAGRAPH Prof. LALLA ZHOUR RZYEK 2024 - 2025
- 3. Idetifying Fragments From Sentences A sentence fragment is a group of words that looks like a sentence, but actually is not a complete sentence. Sentence fragments are usually missing a subject or verb, or they do not express a complete thought. While it may be punctuated to look like a complete sentence,a fragment cannot stand on its own.
- 4. Here are the distinguished features of a sentence fragment: It is missing a subject Example: Ran to the store faster than a rabbit (Who ran ?) It is missing a verb or has the wrong verb form Example: My favorite history teacher (What did the teacher do or say ?) It is a leftover phrase Example:For better or worse.(What is better or worse? What is it modifying?) It is an abanded clause Example:When my mother married my father.(What happened when my mother married my father ?) It is a misuse of ‘such as,for example,especially,’etc. Example:Such as my brother was practicing material arts.(It is unclear;did something happen when my brother was practicing material arts?)
- 5. Making sentences from Fragments Fragments express incomplete thoughts. There are diferent fragments into sentences: Adding the missing elements Ex: Loves to lie around in the sun all day.(A subject is missing. Who loves to lie around?) Correct:My roommate’s dog loves to lie around in the sun all day Attaching the fragment to a complete sentence Because she was late .she missed the bus. She missed the bus because she was late. Complete the thought Although he studied hard /He did not pass the exam; although he studied hard.
- 6. Recognizing Degrees of Specifity A paragraph moves from a general statement to mre specific ones; the sentences within a paragraph are (or should be ) interrelated according to different levels of generality. The topic sentence is the most’general ‘statement in the paragraph,as it introduces the topic without going into detail Supporting sentences are moderately specific as they provide more information about the general statement.They often include explanations ,descriptions, or reasons that support the main idea.
- 7. The Sentence When a group of words consists of a subject and aa predicate nd stands for a complete idea or thought and ends up with a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark,it may be called a simple sentence. Example: Doha works hard.
- 8. Complex Sentences Uses a subordinating conjunction to create a dependent clause Clauses are groups of words with subjects and verbs in them. The dependent clause joins with an independent clause to create the complex sentence. Since Meryem cooks couscous, she uses a lot of vegetables .
- 9. Choppy Sentences Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short .They should be combined to make longer sentences. For example, I like dogs. Dogs make good pets. Dogs are friendly and loyal.
- 10. Stringy Sentences They are long sentences which consist of too many independent clauses which are concerned with and and but or because These sentences are many times the result of writing the same way as we speek.These types of sentences can also be difficult to comprehend and are tiresome to read.
- 11. Run –on Sentences They are consisted of two or more independent clauses with no punctution and more difficult to understand
- 12. Compound Sentence This type of sentence uses coordinating conjuction to join two complete sentences. Example: Adam loves football;he catches as many games as possible at the stadium in the summer. Use a semicolon to join two complete sentences
- 13. Compound Complex Sentences These join the coordination of a compound sentence and the subordination of the complex sentence to connect ideas in a more sophisticated fashion. These are types of sentences that set your writing off in terms academic sophistication. Example: While Jimmy watched television, he ate a lot of snacks,so he was too full to eat dinner later on.
- 14. The phrase A phrase could bedefined as a group of related words that lacks a subject and a verb.Not any combination of words is properly said a phrase unless the chunk make sense as a group. The words have to be semantically related to be meaningful. Aphrase may be used instead of many parts of speech such as noun or a pronoun .It is then called a noun or nominal phrase. Example 1:I talked to theperson living next door. Instead of’ I talked to the neighbor’. Example 2:John and I are friends .Instead of ‘We’are friends. A phrase can also be verbal,adjectival or adverbial replacing a verb or an adverb .
- 15. The clause Unlike The phrase, the clause is a group of related words that has a subject and a verb That is called the predicate.The clause is usually used as part of a sentence.In this case we usually distinguish between two types of clauses: The main or independent clause./can stand by its own. As in simple sentence: He failed his exams. The subodinate or dependent clause ,on the contrary cannot stand on its own and is marked by the presence of a conjunctionor some other kind of connector that is consideredpart of it . Example: Although he workedhard ,he failed his exams. The use of a main clause or its combinations with another main and /or subordinate clauses result into different types of sentences called simple,compound,complex,or compound complex .
- 16. QUALITIES AND STRUCTURE OF THE STANDARD PARAGRAPH • A standard paragraph includes a topic sentence, which states the main idea of the paragraph. The topic sentence must be a complete independent clause (containing at least a subject, verb, and often an object). • A standard paragraph has several supporting sentences. • Supporting sentences give information that explains the main idea. • A supporting sentence must explain, describe, give reasons, facts, comparisons, details, or examples. • A standard paragraph is unified. All of its sentences work together as a whole. Each supporting sentence helps readers understand the idea stated in the topic sentence. • A standard paragraph should include only relevant ideas to the topic idea. • The first line of each paragraph should be indented, that to say the writer should leave a small free space at the beginning of each new paragraph. • A standard paragraph should have a concluding sentence that brings the paragraph to a logical ending.
- 18. QUALITIES AND STRUCTURE OF THE STANDARD PARAGRAPH Because I did not know for many years that I needed eyeglasses, my first few years in school were miserable (Topic Sentence). I could not see the blackboard clearly, so I often copied homework assignments incorrectly. Even worse, when tests were written on the blackboard, I often had low scores. Worst of all, some of my teachers thought I was not very bright, while others thought I was lazy (Supporting Sentences). Now that I have eyeglasses, I am no longer miserable in school (Concluding Sentences). Outline of the standard paragraph Topic idea/sentence: Not having eyeglasses made my first few years in school miserable. Supporting idea/sentence 1: I often copied homework assignments incorrectly. Supporting idea/sentence2:I did not do well on tests which were written on the blackboard. Supporting idea/sentence 3: Some teachers thought I was either not bright or lazy. Concluding idea/sentence: I now have eyeglasses, so I am no longer miserable in school.
- 19. QUALITIES AND STRUCTURE OF THE STANDARD PARAGRAPH Successful students have learned three important techniques: organizing, planning, and preparing. Organized students have the necessary tools for their classes. They usually carry an assignment notebook and calendar, a highlighting marker, folders to keep papers in order, and a pocket dictionary. In addition, successful students plan their time well. They keep lists of assignments and due dates and allow enough time to do the work. Finally, successful students prepare well for tests. They take good class notes and anticipate test questions. Students with these techniques are the most likely to succeed in the classroom. Outline of the standard paragraph Topic idea: Successful students have learned to organize, plan and prepare Supporting idea 1: Successful students are organized Details: they have many tools, such as assignment notebook and calendar, a highlighting marker, folders, and a pocket dictionary. (in which way they are organized) Supporting idea 2: successful students plan well. Details: They keep lists of assignments and the dates and allow enough time to do the work. (How they plan for the tests) Supporting idea 3: Successful students prepare well for the tests. Details: They take good class notes and anticipate test questions. (How they prepare for the tests) Concluding idea: Students with these techniques are the most likely to succeed in the classroom.
- 25. What is a Paragraph A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. Learning to write good paragraphs will help you as writers stay ontrack during your drafting and revision stages .you can have fantastic ideas , but if those ideas aren’t presented in an organized fashion , you will lose your readers and fail to achieve your goals in writing.
- 26. Definition of the Topic Sentence The topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph.It introduces the main idea. All subsequent points made in the paragraphs should support the topic sentence The topic sentence indicates what the paragraph is about.what it will describe or discuss.
- 27. A good Topic Sentence How to identify a good topic sentence? A topic sentence should narrow down or limit the paragraph to an exact point.A strong topic sentence guides the paragraph by establishing clear and specific boundaries for the subject. Some examples of topic sentences : Camping can be inexpensive vocation Eating a blanced diet is essential for maintaining good health Playing sports teaches valuable teamwork and leadership skills
- 28. The Topic Sentence and Title A topic sentence is a sentence within a paragraph.It is not set off from or above a paragrph as a title (topic).It is from the main body of a paragraph. Meanwhile the title is written separately and provides the overall subject or theme of paragraph or piece of writing.The title is often brief and gives a general sense of what the entire paragraph essay will be about. Atitle introduces the whole piece of writing .while a topic sentence introduces and controls the cotent of single paragraph
- 29. The Topic and Controlling Idea Topicsentences contain both a main idea (the subject,or topic that the writer is discussing) and a controlling idea(the writer’s specific stance on that subject). A topic sentence consists of a conrolling idea to direct the paragraph. Different writers may use the same main idea but can guide their paragraph in a number of different directions according to their stance on the subject.
- 30. The topic tells the reader what the paragraph will dscuss The controlling idea narrows the focus and indicates how or why the topic will be discussed . It controlls the paragraph by limiting what will be covered. Example: topic sentences:Regular exercise improves mental and physical health. Regular exerciceis the topic Improving mental and physical and physical health is the controlling idea
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- 33. Recognizing Broad and Narrow Statements
- 34. The Place of the Topic Sentence
- 35. Tips to Writing a Good Topic Sentence
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- 37. Practice