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PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED
COMPUTING
LECTURE 02
OUTLINE
Flynn’sTaxonomy
TAXONOMY
Taxonomy is method of division , arrangement,
classification, categorization of things based on
predetermined system.
FLYNNTAXONOMY
Micheal J. Flynn professor at Stanford University
He proposed the Flynn’sTaxonomy, a method of classifying
digital computers in 1966
He defined four categories of digital computer
Since the rise of multiprocessing CPU this classification
system has been used as a tool in design of modern
processors.
FLYNNTAXONOMY
FLYNNTAXONOMY
This classification based upon the number of concurrent
Instructions/streams and data streams available in the
architecture.
1. SISD: Single instruction stream, singe data stream
2. SIMD: Single instruction stream, multiple data stream
3. MISD: Multiple instruction stream, singe data stream
4. MIMD: Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream
FLYNNTAXONOMY
Instruction Stream: the sequence of instructions from
memory to control unit
Data Stream:The sequence of data from memory to
control unit.
SISD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
Exploits no parallelism in either
instructions or data streams
Single control unit, fetches single
instruction
i.e. one operation at a time.
SISD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
Requires less power
Cheap
No issue of complex communication
protocol
Limited speed due to single core
Not suitable for larger applications
Single instruction operates on
different data streams
Instructions can be executed
sequentially (pipelining) or parallel
SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, MULTIPLE DATA STREAM
Throughput can be increased by increasing
cores of processor
Processing speed is higher than SISD
Efficient where you need to perform same
instructions on large amount of data
Complex communication protocol is
required
Cost is higher than SISD
Limited to specific application
Uses: GPUs/Scientific Processing
SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, MULTIPLE DATA STREAM
Multiple instructions operates on
only one data stream
Processing units performing different
operations by executing different
instructions on same data set
MISD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
Uncommon architecture which is
generally used for fault tolerance.
Operate on same data stream
MISD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
Useful where real time fault
detection is critical
Limited applications, not available
commercially
MISD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
MIMD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM
Multiple instructions operates on
only multiple data stream
Processing units performing different
operations by executing different
instructions on different data set
MIMD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM
Great for situations where
multitasking is required.
Much more complicated architecture
Uses: Smart PCs, Laptop, smart
phones.
MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM
Categorized into two types:
1. Share memory MIMD
2. Distributed memory MIMD
MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM
Share memory MIMD:
Tightly coupled multiprocessor systems, all processors are
connected to single global memory and they have access to
it.
Modification by one processors is accessible to all other
processors.
MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM
Distributed memory MIMD:
Loosely coupled multiprocessor systems, all processors
have local memory
Communication is done through interconnection network
MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM
Share memory MIMD:
Easier to program
Less tolerant to failures
Harder to extend
Failure affect entire system
Less likely to be scale
Distributed memory MIMD:
Complex architecture
Easy to extend
Failure doesn’t effect entire
system
Easily saleable

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Parallel and Distributed Computing Chapter 2

  • 3. TAXONOMY Taxonomy is method of division , arrangement, classification, categorization of things based on predetermined system.
  • 4. FLYNNTAXONOMY Micheal J. Flynn professor at Stanford University He proposed the Flynn’sTaxonomy, a method of classifying digital computers in 1966 He defined four categories of digital computer Since the rise of multiprocessing CPU this classification system has been used as a tool in design of modern processors.
  • 6. FLYNNTAXONOMY This classification based upon the number of concurrent Instructions/streams and data streams available in the architecture. 1. SISD: Single instruction stream, singe data stream 2. SIMD: Single instruction stream, multiple data stream 3. MISD: Multiple instruction stream, singe data stream 4. MIMD: Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream
  • 7. FLYNNTAXONOMY Instruction Stream: the sequence of instructions from memory to control unit Data Stream:The sequence of data from memory to control unit.
  • 8. SISD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM Exploits no parallelism in either instructions or data streams Single control unit, fetches single instruction i.e. one operation at a time.
  • 9. SISD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM Requires less power Cheap No issue of complex communication protocol Limited speed due to single core Not suitable for larger applications
  • 10. Single instruction operates on different data streams Instructions can be executed sequentially (pipelining) or parallel SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, MULTIPLE DATA STREAM
  • 11. Throughput can be increased by increasing cores of processor Processing speed is higher than SISD Efficient where you need to perform same instructions on large amount of data Complex communication protocol is required Cost is higher than SISD Limited to specific application Uses: GPUs/Scientific Processing SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, MULTIPLE DATA STREAM
  • 12. Multiple instructions operates on only one data stream Processing units performing different operations by executing different instructions on same data set MISD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
  • 13. Uncommon architecture which is generally used for fault tolerance. Operate on same data stream MISD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
  • 14. Useful where real time fault detection is critical Limited applications, not available commercially MISD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM, SINGLE DATA STREAM
  • 15. MIMD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM Multiple instructions operates on only multiple data stream Processing units performing different operations by executing different instructions on different data set
  • 16. MIMD (MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM Great for situations where multitasking is required. Much more complicated architecture Uses: Smart PCs, Laptop, smart phones.
  • 17. MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM Categorized into two types: 1. Share memory MIMD 2. Distributed memory MIMD
  • 18. MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM Share memory MIMD: Tightly coupled multiprocessor systems, all processors are connected to single global memory and they have access to it. Modification by one processors is accessible to all other processors.
  • 19. MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM Distributed memory MIMD: Loosely coupled multiprocessor systems, all processors have local memory Communication is done through interconnection network
  • 20. MIMD(MULTIPLE INSTRUCTION STREAM,MULTIPLEDATA STREAM Share memory MIMD: Easier to program Less tolerant to failures Harder to extend Failure affect entire system Less likely to be scale Distributed memory MIMD: Complex architecture Easy to extend Failure doesn’t effect entire system Easily saleable