partial diffrentialequations
- 1. MATHEMATICAL METHODS PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I YEAR B.Tech By Mr. Y. Prabhaker Reddy Asst. Professor of Mathematics Guru Nanak Engineering College Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad.
- 2. SYLLABUS OF MATHEMATICAL METHODS (as per JNTU Hyderabad) Name of the Unit Name of the Topic Matrices and Linear system of equations: Elementary row transformations – Rank Unit-I – Echelon form, Normal form – Solution of Linear Systems – Direct Methods – LU Solution of Linear Decomposition from Gauss Elimination – Solution of Tridiagonal systems – Solution systems of Linear Systems. Eigen values, Eigen vectors – properties – Condition number of Matrix, Cayley – Unit-II Hamilton Theorem (without proof) – Inverse and powers of a matrix by Cayley – Eigen values and Hamilton theorem – Diagonalization of matrix – Calculation of powers of matrix – Eigen vectors Model and spectral matrices. Real Matrices, Symmetric, skew symmetric, Orthogonal, Linear Transformation - Orthogonal Transformation. Complex Matrices, Hermition and skew Hermition Unit-III matrices, Unitary Matrices - Eigen values and Eigen vectors of complex matrices and Linear their properties. Quadratic forms - Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form, Transformations Rank, Positive, negative and semi definite, Index, signature, Sylvester law, Singular value decomposition. Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations- Introduction: The Bisection Method – The Method of False Position – The Iteration Method - Newton –Raphson Method Interpolation:Introduction-Errors in Polynomial Interpolation - Finite Unit-IV differences- Forward difference, Backward differences, Central differences, Symbolic Solution of Non- relations and separation of symbols-Difference equations – Differences of a linear Systems polynomial - Newton’s Formulae for interpolation - Central difference interpolation formulae - Gauss Central Difference Formulae - Lagrange’s Interpolation formulae- B. Spline interpolation, Cubic spline. Unit-V Curve Fitting: Fitting a straight line - Second degree curve - Exponential curve - Curve fitting & Power curve by method of least squares. Numerical Numerical Integration: Numerical Differentiation-Simpson’s 3/8 Rule, Gaussian Integration Integration, Evaluation of Principal value integrals, Generalized Quadrature. Unit-VI Solution by Taylor’s series - Picard’s Method of successive approximation - Euler’s Numerical Method -Runge kutta Methods, Predictor Corrector Methods, Adams- Bashforth solution of ODE Method. Determination of Fourier coefficients - Fourier series-even and odd functions - Unit-VII Fourier series in an arbitrary interval - Even and odd periodic continuation - Half- Fourier Series range Fourier sine and cosine expansions. Unit-VIII Introduction and formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary constants and Partial arbitrary functions - Solutions of first order linear equation - Non linear equations - Differential Method of separation of variables for second order equations - Two dimensional Equations wave equation.
- 3. CONTENTS UNIT-VIII PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Introduction to PDE Formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary constants Formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary Functions Solutions of First order Linear equations Non Linear equations (Types) Method of Seperation of Variables
- 4. PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS The Partial Differential Equation (PDE) corresponding to a physical system can be formed, either by eliminating the arbitrary constants or by eliminating the arbitrary functions from the given relation. The Physical system contains arbitrary constants or arbitrary functions or both. Equations which contain one or more partial derivatives are called Partial Differential Equations. Therefore, there must be atleast two independent variables and one dependent variable. Let us take to be two independent variables and to be dependent variable. Order: The Order of a partial differential equation is the order of the highest partial derivative in the equation. Degree: The degree of the highest partial derivative in the equation is the Degree of the PDE Notations , , , , Formation of Partial Differential Equation Formation of PDE by elimination of Arbitrary Constants Formation of PDE by elimination of Arbitrary Functions Solution of a Partial Differential Equation Let us consider a Partial Differential Equation of the form 1 If it is Linear in and , it is called a Linear Partial Differential Equation (i.e. Order and Degree of and is one) If it is Not Linear in and , it is called as nonlinear Partial Differential Equation (i.e. Order and Degree of and is other than one) Consider a relation of the type By eliminating the arbitrary constants and from this equation, we get , which is called a complete integral or complete solution of the PDE. A solution of obtained by giving particular values to and in the complete Integral is called a particular Integral.
- 5. LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER A Differential Equation which involves partial derivatives and only and no higher order derivatives is called a first order equation. If and have the degree one, it is called a linear partial differential equation of first order; otherwise it is called a non-linear partial equation of first order. Ex: 1) is a linear Partial Differential Equation. 2) is a non-linear Partial Differential Equation. LAGRANGE’S LINEAR EQUATION A linear Partial Differential Equation of order one, involving a dependent variable and two independent variables and , and is of the form , where are functions of is called Lagrange’s Linear Equation. Solution of the Linear Equation Consider Now, Case 1: If it is possible to separate variables then, consider any two equations, solve them by integrating. Let the solutions of these equations are is the required solution of given equation. Case 2: If it is not possible to separate variables then To solve above type of problems we have following methods Method of grouping: In some problems, it is possible to solve any two of the equations (or) (or) In such cases, solve the differential equation, get the solution and then substitute in the other differential equation Method of Multiplier: consider In this, we have to choose so that denominator=0. That will give us solution by integrating .
- 6. NON-LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER A partial differential equation which involves first order partial derivatives and with degree higher than one and the products of and is called a non-linear partial differential equation. There are six types of non-linear partial differential equations of first order as given below. Type I: Type II: Type III: (variable separable method) Type IV: Clairaut’s Form Equation reducible to standard forms and and and CHARPIT’S METHOD Let us see in detail about these types. Type I: Equations of the type i.e. equations containing and only Let the required solution be and Substituting these values in , we get From this, we can obtain in terms of (or) in terms of Let , then the required solution is Note: Since, the given equation contains two first order partial derivatives , the final solution should contain only two constants. Type II: Let us consider the Equations of the type 1 Let is a function of and i.e. and Now, .1 .a a 1 is the 1st order differential equation in terms of dependent variable and independent variable . Solve this differential equation and finally substitute gives the required solution.
- 7. Type III: (variable separable method) Let us consider the differential equation is of the form Let (say) Now (I.e. writing in terms of ) (I.e. writing in terms of ) Now, By Integrating this, we get the required solution. Note: This method is used only when it is possible to separate variables. i.e. on one side and on other side. Type IV: Clairaut’s Form Equations of the form Let the required solution be , then and Required solution is i.e. Directly substitute in place of and in place of in the given equation. Equations Reducible to Standard Forms Equations of the type , where and are constants. Now, let us transform above equation to the form (Type-I) Case-I: If and Put and , then ( and ) ( and ) Substituting these values in the given equation, we get which is in the form of (Type-I) Solve this, get the result which will be in terms of and and the substitute and , which is the required solution.
- 8. Case-II: If and Put and , then ( and ) ( and ) Substituting these values in the given equation, we get (Type-I) Solve this, get the result which will be in terms of and and the substitute and , which is the required solution. Equations of the type , where and are constants This equation can be reduced in to (Type-II) by taking above substitutions. Equations of the type , where is a constant In order to convert into the form , we have to take the following substitutions Put Equations of the type where is a constant. These type of equations can be reduced to the form (Type-I) (or) by taking above substitutions given for the equation CHARPIT’S METHOD This is a general method to find the complete integral of the non-linear PDE of the form Now Auxillary Equations are given by Here we have to take the terms whose integrals are easily calculated, so that it may be easier to solve and . Finally substitute in the equation Integrate it, we get the required solution. Note that all the above (TYPES) problems can be solved in this method.
- 9. Method of Separation of variables This method involves a solution which breaks up into product of functions, each of which contains only one of the independent variables. Procedure: For the given PDE, let us consider the solution to be Substitute these values in the given equation, from which we can separate variables. Write the equation such that and terms are on one side and similarly and terms are on the other side. Let it be and Solve these equations; finally substitute in which gives the required solution.