Pdcs 1
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This document provides an overview of English grammar, including parts of speech, types of nouns and pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, articles, and sentences. It discusses the different types of sentences and includes examples. It also covers punctuation, tenses, mistakes in spoken and written English, and aids to correct usage. Various class activities are included to identify parts of speech, punctuate sentences, fill in blanks with correct verb forms, and identify and rectify common errors.
Pdcs 1
- 1. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT & COMMUNICATION SKILLS-I Unit 1
- 3. ENGLISH GRAMMAR The system of rules underlying the use of language Parts of Speech • Noun • Verb • Adverb • Adjective • Pronoun • Preposition • Conjunction • Interjection • Articles
- 4. The Noun • A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. KINDS OF NOUNS • Proper Noun • Common Noun • Collective Noun • Abstract Noun
- 5. KINDS OF NOUNS • Proper Noun: Name of a particular person or thing. ( Ram, Sun, Rose etc) • Abstract Noun: Something you can not perceive through any of your five senses. ( kindness, brevity etc) • Collective nouns: Name a group of people or thing. This class of nouns denotes a group of people, animals, objects, or concepts or ideas as a single entity. • Common Noun :The mane shared in common by everyone of the same class or group is a common noun. (books, birds etc)
- 6. Singular and Plural Nouns • Singular Nouns: a boy, Ram, a flower • Plural Nouns: boys, stars, flowers
- 7. Class Activity - 1 • Identify the nouns in the following sentences and state what kinds of nouns they are: • Radha has a laptop. • I am an Indian. • You study English. • Lime water is a very refreshing drink.
- 8. The Pronoun • The word used in place of a noun is a pronoun. • Example: • He is going to market. • Shyam is the student who got the highest marks. • This car is mine. • Who broke this glass? • None of them has passed. • Each of you have got first division.
- 9. The Adjectives • The word which adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun is called an adjective • Example: she is beautiful. • Example: the cow is black.
- 10. Class Activity - 2 • Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives: • Do you have a _____ pen? • She has invited _____ friends to her birthday. • All the sentences are ______. • She is ____ &____.
- 11. Class Activity - 2 • Identify the adjectives in the following sentences : • The teacher gave him two books. • Radha is a clever girl. • Ashoka was a great king of India. • Mohan got first position in the university. • Several trees were uprooted in the strom.
- 12. Class Activity - 2 • Meena has no sense. • Which car do you want to buy? • The dog did not eat any bread. • Every word of your essay is wrong.
- 13. The Verb • Verbs express, action, occurrence, state of being • Verbs tell what action a subject is performing • Verbs have number, which means they are singular (one) or plural (more than one). • The number of a verb depends on the number of its subject • Example: she is doing her work.
- 14. AUXILIARY VERBS • These verbs help to form some of the tenses and voice of the main verb. • Common helping verbs: shall will could would did should must can may have had has is are was were am been
- 15. Transitive Verbs • Verbs transfer their action to an object. An object must receive the action of a transitive verb for the meaning of the verb to be complete. • Example : • Mohan writes a report. • Sohan plays football.
- 16. Intransitive Verb • Intransitive verbs complete the action without an object. • Example: • Mohan writes. • Sohan plays. • Rani loves.
- 17. The Adverb • A word which adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb is called an adverb. • Example: • Ram speaks English fluently. • She is very beautiful.
- 18. The Preposition • A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. • indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. • Example: • The cat is sitting on the table. • He is in the room.
- 19. The Conjunction • Can be used to LINK words, phrases, or clauses • Example: • She is beautiful but arrogant. • Sita is rich and wise.
- 20. The Interjection • The word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion is called an interjection. • Example: • Hurray! I got a new car. • Hello! How are you? • Alas! We lost the match.
- 21. The Articles • A: used to refer to the singularity of a common noun. Example: a book, a boy. • An: used to refer to the singularity of a common noun starting with a vowel. Example: an elephant, an apple. • The : used to refer to a specific subject or a specific object. Example: the boy I was talking about, the elephants in that jungle etc
- 22. Class Activity- 3 • Name the parts of speech of each bold word in the following sentences : • Villagers are drawing water from the well. • “Midnight Children” is a well written book. • Blood welled out from her wounds. • Well! It can be ratified. • Strike the iron when it is hot. • I sat beside the bridegroom
- 23. Class Activity- 3 • The wrong done to the employee was righted. • Sohan is the right person for this job. • Everybody has the right to speak in the meeting. • Always travel light. • Please make room for the aged. • This shop sells iron chairs. • She ironed the clothes..
- 24. Class Activity- 4 • Fill in the blanks and name the part of the speech used: • I am going to London to see _____ sister. • You are the laziest worker _____ I have ever seen. • The computer ______ we purchased last year has become obsolete. • The child ate ____ the chocolates.
- 25. Class Activity- 4 • I was _____ delighted to see my friend. (very, much) • Indira Gandhi was killed twenty years _____. (ago, before) • She is not fit ____ this job. • Esha came to the class _____ of all. (early) • Our library has ______ books for all. (much, enough)
- 26. Class Activity- 4 • The village was destroyed _____ tsunami. • He stayed _____ Vienna while going ____ Washington. • The students have been studying ______ morning. • It has been raining _____ two days now. • She lived in India _____ 1991 ____ 1993.
- 27. Class Activity- 4 • _____ Sham ____ ram failed. • _____ he is poor, he has bought a scooter. • Always lock your room ____ you leave. • It is meaningless to read a book ____ you cant understand it. • The rat is hiding ____ the table. • Sohan writes correctly _____ makes mistakes _____ he speaks.
- 28. Class Activity- 4 • The third one day match ____ on Monday. • Intelligent people always avail themselves ____ the opportunity. • The post man came ____ gave me a letter. • Shyam is ill ____ ram is well. • The huner killed two birds ____ one shot. • A person _______ Britain is called a Britisher.
- 29. Class Activity- 4 • There is no dispute _______ India and Britain. • Mrs. Radha ______ my son English. • _____ you help the needy? • Prem lives _____ Vasant Vihar _____ New Delhi.
- 30. The Sentence • A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense. • It has a Subject (about which something is said) and object (which says something about the subject). • India (subject) is a big country (object). • She (subject) is dancing (object).
- 31. Types of Sentences • Affirmative sentences • Negative sentences • Interrogative sentences • Imperative sentences • Exclamatory sentences • Optative sentences
- 32. Affirmative sentences • Common statements • Example: • She is dancing. • He can read.
- 33. NEGATIVE SENTENCES • Common statement with no, not, never etc. • Examples: • She is not dancing. • He can’t read.
- 34. Interrogative sentences • Such sentences are used to ask questions. • Example: • Is she dancing? • Can he read?
- 35. Imperative sentences • This kind of sentences contain order, advice or request. • Example: • Get out of the class. • Please close the door.
- 36. Exclamatory sentences • These convey a feeling of joy, sorrow or surprise. • Example: • Hurray! I got a new car. • Hello! How are you? • Alas! We lost the match.
- 37. Class Activity - 5 • Change the following sentences as directed: • He was present today. (negative sentence) • Anyone can do it. (negative sentence) • Sohan abused Mohan. (negative sentence) • You can’t help me. (affirmative sentence) • He wanted to become a doctor. (interrogative sentence) • She sings well. (interrogative sentence)
- 38. Punctuation • A System composed of conventional signs (punctuation marks) and spaces is employed to organize written and printed language in order to make it as readable, clear, and logical as possible. • Using punctuation marks correctly can greatly enhance both the clarity and the power of written English.
- 39. Types of Punctuation Marks • Full stop (.) • Comma (,) • Semi colon (;) • Colon(:) • Question mark(?) • Exclamation mark (!) • Apostrophie (‘) • Inverted commas (“”) • Hyphen (-) • Capital letters
- 40. Class Activity - 6 • Punctuate the following sentences : • He is handsome wise and rich • Alas we lost the match • It is difficult but one should never give up • The hindustan times is an excellent newspaper • two states is a well written book
- 41. Class Activity - 6 • monday saturday the college is closed • She said I am busy • May I come in madam • Meera shantanus sister isnt fat. • The teacher asked him why was he sitting idle
- 42. The tenses • Past tense : past indefinite, past continuous, past perfect and past perfect continuous. • Present tense : present indefinite, present continuous, present perfect and present perfect continuous. • Future tense : future indefinite, future continuous, future perfect and future perfect continuous.
- 43. Past Indefinite Tense The simple past is used to describe an action, an event, or condition that occurred in the past. For Example— I played. He / She played. Subject + IIrd form of verb
- 44. Past Continuous Tense The past continuous tense is used to described actions ongoing in the past. For Example— I was playing. He / She was playing. You were playing. Subject + was/were + Ist form of verb+ ing
- 45. Past Perfect Tense The past perfect tense is used to refer to actions that took place and were completed in the past. For Example— I had played. He / She had played. Subject + had + IIIrd form of verb
- 46. Past Perfect Continuous Tense • The past perfect continuous is used to indicate that a continuing action in the past began before another past action began or interrupted the first action. For Example— I had been playing. He / She had been playing. • Subject + had been + Ist form of verb + ing
- 47. Present Indefinite Tense • This is used to state the routine activities or the universal truth. • Example: • Sun rises in the east. • I play. • He / She plays. • Subject + Ist form of the verb + s / es
- 48. Present Continuous Tense • This is used to state something that is going on at the time of giving the statement. • Example: • I am playing. • She is playing. • Subject + am/is/are + Ist form of verb + ing
- 49. Present Perfect Tense • This is used to state an action that has just ended. • Example: • I have played. • He / she has played. • Subject +have/has + IIIrd form of verb
- 50. Present Perfect Continuous Tense • This is used to state an action which started in the past and is still going on. • Example: • I have been playing. • He / she has been playing. • Subject + have/has + been + Ist form of verb + ing
- 51. Future Indefinite Tense The simple future is used to refer to actions that will take place after the act of speaking or writing. For Example— I shall play. He / She will play. Subject + will/shall + Ist form of verb
- 52. Future Continuous Tense The future continuous tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the future. The future progressive is used to refer to continuing action that will occur in the future. For Example— I shall be playing. He / She will be playing. • Subject +will be + Ist form of verb + ing
- 53. Future Perfect Tense The future perfect is used to refer to an action that will be completed sometime in the future before another action takes place. For Example— I shall have played. He / She will have played. Subject + will have + IIIrd form of verb
- 54. Future Perfect Continuous Tense The future perfect continuous tense is used to indicate a continuing action that will be completed at some specified time in the future. For Example— I shall have been playing. He / She will have been playing Subject + will/ shall have been + Ist form of verb + ing
- 55. Class Activity - 7 • Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb: • By this year end, I _______ in Delhi for five years. (live) • The earth _____ around the sun. (revolve) • She _____ French for two months. (learn) • The flight _______ before we reach the airport. (arrive)
- 56. Class Activity - 7 • We _____ the president yesterday. (meet) • The Principal ______ to speak to you. (want) • We ____ a lot of work today. ( do) • I ______ my lunch when she came. (have) • If she ______ early, she will miss the train. (leave) • He _____ (not join) his duty so far.
- 57. Class Activity - 7 • It ______ (rain) since last night. • _______ you _____ to China before? • When ______ you _______ manners? • Unless you _____ now you can’t be on time. (start) • The next session ______ on 15th August. (begin) • This book is not long, I _______ it by dinner time. (read)
- 58. Mistakes in Spoken & Written English • Jargons : technical terms used in inappropriate context. • Verbosity : use of too many words • Tautology : repeating the same thing • Pomposity : using difficult, longer and unfamiliar words • Slang : words or phrases used in common but are outside standard English language. • Colloquialisms : word or phrases used in informal speech.
- 59. Aids to correct Spoken English • Stress on correct words. • Pronunciation • Rhythm • Intonation : pitch and volume of voice • Pause and internal juncture • Courtesy • Knowledge • Read a lot and learn
- 60. Aids to correct Written English • Use of familiar words. • Use single word in place of many. • Use concrete words. • Use short words in place of long expressions. • Use strong words. • Avoid double entry. • Use verbs in place of nouns. • Use active over passive verbs.
- 61. Aids to correct Written English • Avoid overuse of long verbs. • Read a lot and learn. • Use technical words with caution • Write correct spelling • Avoid the words derived from masculine words • Avoid the words which demean the status of women. • Use appropriate synonyms and idioms
- 62. Class Activity- 8 • The following sentences contain some common errors in communication. Identify and rectify them: • She is not a good singer as him. • You, can’t pass this exam. Isn’t it? • I, he and you are right. • I and he live together. • He is more stronger then Ravi.
- 63. Class Activity- 8 • They divided the chocolates between themselves. • Ram and Shyam divided the chocolates among themselves. • I am senior than you. • My all employees are good. • Anyone cannot solve this problem. • Shilpa is my older daughter. • Only few students are present.
- 64. Class Activity- 8 • Two and two makes four. • She is one of the students who has failed. • The class room and lab is in a bad condition. • She says to him, “you lost the contest”. • She talks as if she is mad. • Geeta is suffering from viral fever from Monday. • She does not know driving.
- 65. Class Activity- 8 • The picture is much interesting. • The quite meeting was successful. • He went to Shimla five years before. • You must have excellent command over English. • The meeting will commence from 10th March. • The culture in Delhi is very different than that in Mumbai.
- 66. Class Activity- 8 • She neither cooks lunch nor dinner. • He is Sachin Tendulkar of our class. • She has never and will never dance. • The Principal asked Suresh will he like to teach? • She did not know what she wants.
- 67. Class Activity - 8 • He is richer and wiser. • Taj Mahal is a worth seeing monument. • Old plant and machinery have been removed. • We ordered for two cups of coffee. • You have taken the loan last year. • She prefers coffee than tea.
- 68. Class Activity - 8 • I congratulate you for the new job. • Don’t insist me for that. • He failed due to lack of hard work. • The play was hilarious like we expected. • She not only teaches English but Economics also. • This is the best of the two.
- 69. Class Activity- 8 • She had come here yesterday. • He works hardly and answers quick. • Deepak is our mutual friend. • Tell me the fresh news. • She is the latest candidate.
- 70. Thank you