Эндокрин.pdf
- 1. OGAREV MORDOVIA STATE UNIVERSITY ESSAY ---- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SUBMITTED BY- DEENANATH GROUP-127A SUBMITTED TO—KADYROV ALISHER SHAVKATOVICH SARANSK 2020
- 3. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • System of ductless glands • Regulates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream.
- 4. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Major Endocrine Glands: • Hypothalamus • Pituitary Gland • Thyroid Gland • Parathyroid Gland • Thymus • Adrenal Gland
- 5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Other organs containing endocrine tissue: • Pancreas • Kidneys • Heart • Digestive Tract • Placenta • Testes • Ovaries • Pineal Gland
- 6. HYPOTHALAMUS • ‘Master Gland’ • Function : Control centre • Attached to roof of third ventricle, near thalamus • Continuously receive information on status of body systems via nerve impulses • Monitors composition & temperature of blood • Messages interpreted, evaluated : outgoing messages dispatched via nerves / hormones • Plays role in feedback systems that govern secretions of endocrine system
- 8. 2. PITUITARY GLAND • Pea sized mass of glandular tissue • Lies in sella turcica • Slender stalk: Infundibulum connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus • 2 parts : Neurohypophysis Adenohypophysis Indirectly controls : • Growth • Metabolism • Sexual reproduction • Lactation
- 10. 2. PITUITARY GLAND: PARTS Neurohypophysis Adenohypophysis Small posterior lobe Large anterior lobe Stores hormones Releases hormones Oxytocin Growth hormone (GH) Anti Diuretic hormone (ADH) Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Lutenizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Prolactin (PRL)
- 11. 2. PITUITARY GLAND: HORMONES Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary HORMONES EFFECTS Oxytocin (OC) Stimulates contraction of uterus & contractile cells of breast ADH Prevents excess urine production GH General body growth ACTH Stimulate adrenal cortex to release hormone TSH Controls thyroid gland LH Stimulates sexual & reproductive function FSH Stimulate production of sperm & egg in ovaries & testis MSH Related to skin pigmentation PRL Initiates milk production in breast
- 12. 3. THYROID GLAND • Located in middle anterior part of neck: below larynx, in front of trachea • “Butterfly” shape • 2 lobes connected by isthmus • ↑ in size : puberty & pregnancy • Rich blood supply: able to deliver high levels of hormones in short period of time • Produces Thyroxin (T4) & Tri-iodothyronine (T3) • Calcitonin : involved in calcium & phosphate homeostasis
- 13. THYROID GLAND
- 14. THYROID GLAND
- 15. 4. PARATHYROID GLAND • Small rounded mass • Attached to posterior surface of thyroid gland • Produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Controls homeostasis of calcium & phosphate in blood by activating Vitamin D
- 17. 5. THYMUS •Plays a role in the immune system •Produces thymosin, thymic humaral factor & thymic factor •Responsible for maturation of T-lymphocytes
- 18. Thymus Gland
- 19. HARMONES OF THYROID, PARATHYROID & THYMUS ↑ (Follicular cells) ORGAN HORMONE EFFECT Thyroid gland T3 & T4 energy utilization oxygen consumption growth & development Thyroid gland Calcitonin ↓ Calcium ion concentration (C cells) Parathyroid PTH in body fluids ↑ Calcium ion concentration in body fluids Thymus Thymosin Maturation & functional competence of immune system
- 20. 6. ADRENAL GLAND • Located superior to the kidney • Divided into: (i) outer cortex (ii) inner medulla
- 21. 6. ADRENAL GLAND ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA Secretes steroid hormones Secretes hormones controlled by ANS Glucocorticoids (metabolism) eg. cortisol Mineralocorticoids (homeostasis of ions) eg. Aldosterone Gonadocorticoids (oestrogens & androgens) Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
- 22. Adrenal gland
- 23. ADRENAL HORMONES HARMONES REGION Cortex 1. Zona glomerulos 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona Reticularis Medulla Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone Glucocorticoid: cortisol Androgens Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) EFFECT ↑Renal reabsorption of sodium ions & water. ↑renal potassium ion loss Releases amino acids from skeletal muscle & lipids from adipose. Promotes liver glycogen & glucose formation Anti inflammatory effect ↑cardiac activity ↑blood pressure ↑glycogen breakdown ↑blood glucose
- 24. 7. PANCREAS • Flattened organ • Lies retroperitoneally & transversly across posterior abdominal wall • Posterior to stomach, between doudenum on right & spleen on left • Classified as exocrine & endocrine Hormones: • Islets of Langerhans secrete: Glucagon, α cells : ↑ blood glucose Insulin, β cells: ↓ blood glucose • Growth harmone inhibiting hormone (GHIH), δ cells : inhibits glucagon & insulin
- 25. PANCREAS
- 26. HORMONES OF PANCREAS CELLS HARMONE EFFECT Alpha (α) cells Glucagon Glucose synthesis & glycogen breakdown in liver ↑ Blood glucose concentration Beta (β) cells Insulin Stimulation of lipids & glycogen storage & formation ↓ Blood glucose concentration Delta (δ) cells Somatostatin Inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon
- 27. 12 & 13. TESTES & OVARIES TESTES: • Located within scrotum • Produce testosterone • Stimulates development of male sexual characteristics OVARIES: • Located in pelvic cavity • Produce oestrogen & progesterone • Responsible for development & maintenance of female characteristics & menstrual cycle
- 28. HORMONES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CELLS HORMONES EFFECT Testes Interstitial cells Ovaries Follicle cells 1. Testosterone 2. Inhibin 1. Oestrogen 2. Inhibin 1. Maturation of sperm Male secondary sex characteristics 2. Inhibits secretion of FSH 1. Follicle maturation Female secondary sex characteristic 2. Inhibits secretion of FSH Corpus Luteum Progesterone Prepare uterus for implantation Prepare breast for secretory function
- 29. Pineal Gland
- 30. Pineal Gland Pineal gland, also called conarium, epiphysis cerebri, pineal organ, or pineal body, endocrine gland found in vertebrates that is the source of melatonin, a hormone derived from tryptophan that plays a central role in the regulation of circadian rhythm (the roughly 24-hour cycle of biological activities associated with natural periods of light and darkness).
- 31. OTHER ENDOCRINE TISSUES KIDNEYS: • Renal Erythropoietic factor: erythropoietin HEART: • Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF) GIT: • Stomach gastrin, enteric gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, enterocinin, gastric inhibiting hormone PLACENTA: • Human chorionic gonadotropin, oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin
- 32. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS 2 Categories: • Abnormal hormone production • Abnormal cellular sensitivity ACROMEGALY: • Over production of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have fused • Bone shape changes • Cartilaginous areas of skeleton enlarge • Broad facial features • Enlarged lower jaw
- 33. 2 ENDOCRINE DISORDERS CRETINISM • Results from thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy
- 34. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS GOITER • Enlarged thyroid gland • Results from thyroid hormone hyposecretion • Due to iodine insufficiency
- 35. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS CUSHING’S SYNDROME • Results from hypersecretion of glucocorticoids • Lipid reserves are mobilized • Adipose tissue accumulates in cheeks & base of neck
- 36. PROSTAGLANDINS • Regulators of cell metabolism Important in normal physiology of: • Smooth muscle • Blood flow • Platelet function • Nerve transmission • Immune response • Secretion • Reproduction • Respiration • Fat Metabolism • Inflammation Pathology: • Induce Inflammation • Promote fever • Intensify pain
- 37. FEEDBACK CONTROL OF HORMONE RELEASE • Regulation Eg. Production of releasing substance / inhibiting substance → Release of hormone from pituitary gland → stimulates hormone release by target gland → hormone exert normal effect & influence further release of a releasing or inhibiting substance → inhibit release of hormone from pituitary gland
- 38. THANK YOU IMAGE COLLECTION WEBSITES https://i0.wp.com/www.aplustopper.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/endocrine-glands-1.jpg?resize=2374%2C1448&ssl=1 https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/KG7AnVhohU0GpwKo_ChjI73Ao8glNraBJ9_H8XRti76_uT0Xgn9t9UbQB0U- lD1o0n9hpbbnQ9tEW4rttqr4xBE1JCq9eiqxz47L8HtuDsxg0PeapbMmiOqHiDQStE1lxBMadwl7ylJF https://www.innerbody.com/assets/pancreas.png https://www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2010/2010_Exam_Reviews/Exam_5_Final_Review/adrenal_gland_gross.jpg https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQxEr-lpr- SS0V_aMKfetvNABIQrwVgMwprzgWccSzOearhdUhd&usqp=CAU