5.5 synovial joints and contraindicated exercises
- 1. Secondary Two Topic: Bones and Joints Sub Topic: Synovial Joints
- 2. • Students will be able to: • identify that synovial joints are freely moveable joints; • understand the types of movements allowed by the various types of joints; • understand what is contraindicated exercises and why it is not recommended to perform.
- 3. • Ball and socket joints • Hinge joints • Pivot joints • Gliding joints • Flexion and extension • Rotation and Circumduction • Abduction and adduction • Flexibility • Contraindicated exercises
- 4. • One conversation • Ask if you do not understand • No sleeping
- 6. Synovial Joints Also known as freely moveable joints Allow a large degree of movement Exist 4 different types which allow different kind of movement ◦ Ball and socket ◦ Hinge ◦ Pivot ◦ Gliding Covering in next lesson
- 7. Synovial Joints Parts of the typical moveable joint include:
- 8. Synovial Joints The 5 examples:
- 9. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS Types of Synovial Joints
- 10. Ball and Socket Joints As the name goes, this joint consist of “a ball” and “a socket” (a cup-like depression) The joint allows a very large degree of freedom to rotate Two examples are located at the shoulder and hip
- 11. Ball and Socket Joints Shoulder: Humerus and Scapula Hip: Femur and Pelvis
- 12. Ball and Socket Joints As seen in the diagram, the femur is more deeply embedded into the pelvis than the pair at the shoulder This results in the hip joint to be a stronger joint as it need to carry the weight of the upper body But being more deeply embedded also results in a smaller degree of freedom to rotate a compared to the shoulder joint
- 13. HINGE JOINTS Types of Synovial Joints
- 14. Hinge Joints Works similar to the concept of a adoor hinge (thus the name) Moves in a single axis to bend or straighten
- 15. Hinge Joints Examples of hinge joints: ◦ Elbow (between ulna and humerus) ◦ Knee (between femur and tibia) ◦ Fingers / toes
- 16. PIVOT JOINTS Types of Synovial Joints
- 17. Pivot Joints Pivot joints allow the rotation of the bones without changing of angle
- 18. Pivot Joints Examples of pivot joints: ◦ Elbow (between radius and humerus) ◦ Neck (between atlas C1 and axis C2)
- 19. GLIDING JOINTS Types of Synovial Joints
- 20. Gliding Joints Also known as a planar joint Formed where 2 bones meet at flat or almost flat surfaces Allows sliding in almost any direction within the plane
- 21. Gliding Joints: Ankle and Wrist
- 23. Types of Movements Flexion vs Extension Rotation vs Circumduction Abduction vs Adduction
- 24. Anatomical Position The types of movements are decided based on the anatomical position of the human ◦ Imagine lying down, facing up ◦ Palms facing up
- 25. Flexion Refers to the action of bending of the joint when body is lying down in anatomical position ◦ Fingers ◦ Wrist ◦ Elbow ◦ Shoulder ◦ Trunk (hip) ◦ Knee
- 26. Extension Refers to the action of “straightening the joints” back to the anatomical position
- 27. Extension
- 28. Hyper-Extension?!?! When the joint is extended beyond the anatomical position
- 29. Rotation Rotation refers to the turning around an axis
- 30. Abduction / Adduction Abduction and adduction are two terms that are used to describe movements towards or away from the midline of the body. ◦ Abduction is a movement away from the midline ◦ Adduction is a movement towards the midline
- 31. Circumduction Circumduction is the combined action of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction of the limbs which results in a circular motion
- 33. Contraindicated Exercises A contraindicated exercise is a movement that is not recommended because it is potentially dangerous. It may involve: ◦ Extreme movements that cause extension or flexion of a joint beyond its normal range e.g. full circle neck rotations, back arches, toe touches, deep knee bends and frog jump repetitions ◦ Movements that involve excessive, rapid or repetitive twisting around a fixed base e.g. wall slaps, trunk rotations ◦ It may come as a form of exercise or
- 34. Contraindicated Exercises Hurdler stretch ◦ Aimed to stretch the hamstring ◦ The flexed (bent) knee results in a rotated knee ◦ Stresses the cartilage and especially ligaments
- 35. Contraindicated Exercises Quad stretch with both knees flexed ◦ Aimed to stretch the quads ◦ Places a big portion of body weight on the knees while stretching ◦ Chances of over-stretching the ligaments
- 36. Contraindicated Exercises Forward neck stretch ◦ In our neck, the first two vertebrae are known as C1 and C2 ◦ C1 rests on C2, and stands a chance to be “dropped out” if the head suffers a sudden jerk forward ◦ In addition, there is not much muscles at the back of the neck that requires stretching
- 37. Contraindicated Exercises Not recommended to rotate the head / push the head forward for stretching On similar reasons, the hands are not to be “cupped” behind the head when doing sit up
- 38. Contraindicated Exercises Lunges / squats ◦ Aimed to strengthen the quads and hamstrings ◦ Common mistake of having knees moving too far forward (beyond the toes) ◦ Results in knee being over flexed and bearing the full body’s weight at the knees ◦ Over stretches the ligaments
- 41. Contraindicated Exercises Many other forms of exercises such as: ◦ Star jump ◦ Duck walk ◦ Back raises Do a search and find out more Most flexible woman
- 42. Lets Recap • Ball and socket joints • Hinge joints • Pivot joints • Gliding joints • Flexion and extension • Rotation and Circumduction • Abduction and adduction • Flexibility • Contraindicated exercises