Perception
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Perception is the process of receiving and interpreting sensory information. It involves selecting stimuli, organizing that information, and attributing meaning based on existing knowledge and biases. Perception is influenced by factors within the perceiver like attitudes, motives, and expectations, factors within the target like novelty and size, and situational factors like time and social context. People use perceptual shortcuts like selective perception, halo effects, stereotyping, and projection to make judgments about others.
Perception
- 1. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
- 2. Perception “ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.” “ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. “ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Organizational Behavior / Perception 2
- 3. The Perceptual Process 1. Sensation 3.Organization An individual’s ability to The process of placing detect stimuli in the selected perceptual immediate stimuli into a environment. framework for 1. Selection “storage.” The process a person 3.Translation uses to eliminate some The stage of the of the stimuli that have perceptual process at been sensed and to which stimuli are retain others for further interpreted and given processing. meaning. Organizational Behavior / Perception 3
- 4. Perceptual Process Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature, Receiving Stimuli Location,Size,contrast, (External & Internal) Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest, Organizing Interpreting Figure Background , Attribution ,Stereotyping, Perceptual Grouping Halo Effect, Projection ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity) Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior Organizational Behavior / Perception 4
- 5. Factors influencing perception A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. Organizational Behavior / Perception 5
- 6. Factors influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver • Attitudes • Motives • Interests • Experience • Expectations Factors in the situation Perception • Time • Work Setting • Social Setting Factors in the Target • Novelty • Motion • Sounds • Size • Background • Proximity • Similarity Organizational Behavior / Perception 6
- 7. Perceptual organization It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects. Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human brain. These are - Figure ground - Perceptual grouping Organizational Behavior / Perception 7
- 8. Figure-Ground Illustration Field-ground differentiation The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background. Organizational Behavior / Perception 8
- 9. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern. It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn. Some factors underlying grouping are -continuity -closure -proximity -similarity Organizational Behavior / Perception 9
- 10. Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Organizational Behavior / Perception 10
- 11. Attribution Theory When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. observation Interpretation Attribution of cause H External Distictinctiveness L Internal H External Individual behavior Consensus L Internal H Internal Consistency L External Organizational Behavior / Perception 11 H –high L- Low
- 12. Consistency Distictiveness Consensus Does this person Does this person Do other person behave behave in Behave in the in this same this manner Same manner? manner at other in other situation times ? No Yes YES Low High Internal Low Consensus Consistency Attribution Distinctiveness NO No Yes Low External High High Attributi Distinctiveness Consistency on Consensus Organizational Behavior / Perception 12
- 13. Shortcuts in judging others Selective Perception : People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes. Halo Effect : Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single charecteristics. Organizational Behavior / Perception 13
- 14. Contrast Effect : Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. Projection : Attributing one's own characteristics to other people. Stereotyping : Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that persons belongs. Organizational Behavior / Perception 14
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