Performance analysis and evaluation of Wired communication antenna & directivity
- 1. Performance Analysis and Evaluation of Underwater Optical Wireless Communications Links Presented by: (ECE DEPARTMENT) Supervisor(s):
- 2. Scholar Name 2 Introduction • Overview of Underwater Optical wireless Communication Last few years has seen a tremendous growth in the use of smart phones and other multimedia applications like video conferencing, video calling, live streaming etc which require very high data rates. so OWC technology is used. Reson: RF networks require immense capital investments to acquire spectrum license. This can be achieved using fibre optic cables or copper cables but they pose engineering and maintenance problem. Solution: optical signals are used Department Name
- 3. Scholar Name 3 Introduction OWC technology applications 1. Inter-satellite communication 2. Indoor visible light communication 3. Terrestrial optical communication 4. UNDERWATER WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Department Name
- 4. Scholar Name 4 Introduction underwater wireless communication has seen huge growth and advancements in recent years important technology for information exchange among underwater devices Finds application in the field of military, maritime study, pollution monitoring, oil exploration, climate change monitoring, ocean studies and research Unmanned vehicles and devices are stationed underwater which require huge bandwidth and high channel capacity Three types: Underwater Acoustic Wireless Communication (UAWC), Underwater Radio Frequency Wireless Communication (URWC), and Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC). Department Name
- 5. Scholar Name 5 Introduction Underwater Acoustic Wireless Communication (UAWC): makes use of acoustic waves as data carrier, low attenuation and long distance transmission upto 10Kms but limited bandwidth, more latency Underwater Radio Frequency Wireless Communication (URWC): supports the data rates in the range of Mbps and transmission distance up to 10 m but transmitter and receiver setup is huge and complex. Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC): high data rates (in Gbps), immunity to electromagnetic interference, wider bandwidth availability, no spectrum licensing, secure transmission and low power consumption. Drawbacks absorption and scattering. Department Name
- 6. Scholar Name 6 Features Acoustic EM Optical Primary Carrier Acoustic/Sound signals EM/RF waves EM waves in visible spectrum(400nm-700nm) Speed ≈1500m/s ≈2.255x10⁸ ≈2.255x10⁸ Frequency Band 8-15KHz VLF-3 kHz to 30 kHz ELF- 30Hz-300Hz 25-20KHz Data Rates 10kbps - Long 100kbps - Short few centimetres to a few meters - short range 10-100Mbps Transmission Power Tens of Watts Few milliwatts to hundreds of Watts Few Watts Performance Parameters Temperature, salt content, density Conductivity, Permittivity Absorption, Scattering, organic matter Attenuation Low High Very Low (within range 400nm-700nm) Absorption less High Moderate (Blue-Green Region) Scattering Moderate-Low High High Effect of Temperature Highly effected unaffected No direct effect Department Name Comparison of different parameters for Acoustic, EM and Optical underwater communication
- 7. Scholar Name 7 Introduction • Factors affecting performance of UOWC Transmission The performance of UOWC transmission is influenced by various factors, including: • Water Attenuation: Water absorbs and scatters light, leading to signal attenuation. Longer wavelengths are absorbed more than shorter ones, impacting the overall transmission range and data rate. • Turbidity: Suspended particles and dissolved substances in water cause scattering and absorption of light, reducing the visibility and range of optical signals. Turbidity can be influenced by factors such as sedimentation, algae, and pollutants. • Propagation Loss: The transmission distance is affected by the scattering and absorption of light in water. This loss increases with distance and is influenced by water clarity, depth, and the presence of obstacles. Department Name
- 8. Scholar Name 8 • Signal Scattering: Light is scattered in different directions by particles and irregularities in the water. Multiple scattering events can cause signal distortion and reduce the signal-to- noise ratio. • Channel Fading: Variations in water conditions, such as currents and temperature gradients, can lead to rapid fluctuations in the optical channel, causing fading and impacting the reliability of communication. • Depth: The depth of the water body affects the transmission range and the available light for communication. Deeper waters generally result in greater attenuation and reduced signal strength. Department Name
- 9. Scholar Name 9 • Wavelength of Light: Different wavelengths are absorbed to varying extents in water. Selecting an appropriate wavelength for communication can minimize absorption losses and improve the overall performance. • Modulation Technique: The choice of modulation scheme affects the system's sensitivity to noise and its ability to recover the transmitted data accurately. Adaptive modulation techniques may be employed to optimize performance under varying conditions. • Environmental Conditions: External factors such as temperature, pressure, and salinity can affect the performance and reliability of optical communication systems. Specialized designs and materials may be needed to withstand harsh underwater conditions. • Noise and Interference: Natural and anthropogenic sources of noise, such as marine life, acoustic signals, and other underwater activities, can introduce interference, affecting the quality of the optical communication link. Department Name
- 10. Scholar Name 10 Literature Review Department Name 1. W Lyu et al. “Experimental demonstration of an underwater wireless optical communication employing spread spectrum technology” Opt Express. 28(7), pp. 10027-10038, March 2020. For spread spectrum schemes the achieved data rates are upto 700Mbps for transmission distance of 42m. Temporal dispersion limits the distance 2. M. Salim et al. “Underwater optical wireless communication system performance improvement using convolutional neural networks.” In AIP Advances 1 April 2023; 13 (4): 045302. In this work 10Mbps of power is transmitted over a distance of 3m with 26dBm transmission power. Requires a balance between channel computational processing and model accuracy. Also system is complex 3. M. Zhang, “Real-Time Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System Based on LEDs and Estimation of Maximum Communication Distance” in Sensors 2023, 23, 7649. Data rate upto 135Mbps, BER of 5.9 x 10 at a distance of 10m ⁻ achieved. Limited transmission distance is a problem for estimating the maximum communication distance experimentally.
- 11. Scholar Name 11 Literature Review Department Name 4. X. Hong et al., "Experimental Demonstration of 55-m / 2-Gbps Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Using SiPM Diversity Reception and Nonlinear Decision-Feedback Equalizer," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 47814-47823, 2022. The researcher reported 55m/1Gbps and 2Gbps underwater transmission link with receiver sensitivity around -49.23dBm and 41.96dBm which as low as possible. The experimental setup had limited length of water tank. 5. J. Zhang et al., "Long-Term and Real-Time High-Speed Underwater Wireless Optical Communications in Deep Sea," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 96-101, March 2024. The researchers in their work, realized UWOC links with two-way ethernet along a range of 30m using 125Mbps green colour light transmission link and 6.25 Mbps blue colour light transmission link. Practical achievement of the work under sea water is still challenging. 6. Y. Ren et al. Simulation analysis of underwater wireless optical communication based on Monte Carlo method and experimental research in complex hydrological environment. AIP Advances 1 May 2023; 13 (5): 055226. The system reported data rates 5-20Mbps over 35m underwater communication link. Due to turbidity of sea water the reduction of scattering and absorption is still challenging.
- 12. Scholar Name 12 Literature Review 7. S. Tang, Y. Dong and X. Zhang, "Impulse Response Modeling for Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Links," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 226-234, January 2014. The results of the work shown that 3dB bandwidth of the channel decreases for larger attenuation lengths as optical signal undergoes temporal broadening or spreading. 8. H M Oubei et al 2.3 Gbit/s underwater wireless optical communications using directly modulated 520 nm laser diode. Opt Express. 2015 Aug 10;23(16):20743-8. The transmission rate of 2.3Gbps was achieved over 7m distance. Multiple scattering causes ISI. 9. Cai R, Zhang M, Dai D, Shi Y, Gao S. Analysis of the Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Channel Based on a Comprehensive Multiparameter Model. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(13):6051. The researchers evaluated the effect of absorption, scattering and turbulence phenomenon underwater simultaneously. With the increase in the transmission distance, the fluctuation of light along with attenuation also increases. 10. H M Oubei et al. 4.8 Gbit/s 16-QAM-OFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication. Opt Express. 2015 Sep 7;23(18):23302-9. Data rate of up to 4.8Gbps were achieved over 5.4m transmission distance. Scattering causes poor pointing accuracy. Department Name
- 13. Scholar Name 13 Gap in existing Literature Due to turbidity in seawater, reducing scattering and absorption of optical signals is still challenging. Multiple Scattering results in Inter symbol Interference Scattering results in poor transmitter and receiver pointing accuracy APD sensitivity is limited by thermal noise Experimental setups have limited length Practical achievement of long-distance transmission in real undersea environment is still challenging Department Name
- 14. Scholar Name 14 Research Objectives • Considering the abovesaid research gaps studied from the literature following objectives have been proposed to work upon these areas 1. To study the limiting factors affecting the performance of laser beam propagation in underwater wireless environment. 2. To design and evaluate the performance of UOWC transmission link using different modulation techniques. 3. To propose a high-speed and secure UOWC transmission link using advanced multiplexing and coding schemes. Department Name
- 15. Scholar Name 15 Methodology-Research Design Department Name
- 16. Scholar Name 16 References Department Name 1. H. Kaushal and G. Kaddoum, "Optical Communication in Space: Challenges and Mitigation Techniques," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 57-96. 2017 2. H. Kaushal and G. Kaddoum, "Underwater Optical Wireless Communication," in IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 1518-1547, 2016, 3. L K. Gkoura, G. D. Roumelas et.al. “Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Systems: A Concise Review” 2017 4. J.M. Hovem, “Underwater acoustics: Propagation, devices and systems” in Journal of Electroceramics, vol. 19, pp. 339–347, 2007. 5. L. Liu, Z. Shengli et.al. “Prospects and problems of wireless communication for underwater sensor networks”, in Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 8, No. 8, pp. 977–994, 2008
- 17. References 6. L.K. Gkoura, H.E. Nistazakis, et.al., “Underwater optical wireless communications possibilities disadvantages and possible solutions” in 6th International Conference from Scientific Computing to Computational Engineering IC-SCCE, 9–12 July Athens 2014. 7. A. Quazi and W. Konrad, "Underwater acoustic communications," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 24-30, March 1982 8. B. R. A Arockia et al, "A Review–Unguided Optical Communications: Developments, Technology Evolution, and Challenges," in Electronics, vol. 12, (8), pp. 1922, 2023. 9. C. Pelekanakis, M. Stojanovic, and L. Freitag, "High-rate acoustic link for underwater video transmission," OCEANS 2003. Proceedings, San Diego, CA, USA, vol. 2, pp. 1091-1097, Sept. 22-26, 2003. 10. H. Hameed, Bashar et al. “Optical Wireless Communication Networks Under the Sea: Review paper” in IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES. Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2022
- 18. Scholar Name 18 References Department Name 11. W Lyu et al. “Experimental demonstration of an underwater wireless optical communication employing spread spectrum technology” Opt Express. 28(7), pp. 10027- 10038, March 2020. 12. M. Salim et al. “Underwater optical wireless communication system performance improvement using convolutional neural networks.” In AIP Advances 1 April 2023; 13 (4): 045302. 13. M. Zhang, “Real-Time Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System Based on LEDs and Estimation of Maximum Communication Distance” in Sensors 2023, 23, 7649 14. X. Hong et al., "Experimental Demonstration of 55-m / 2-Gbps Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Using SiPM Diversity Reception and Nonlinear Decision- Feedback Equalizer," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 47814-47823, 2022 15. J. Zhang et al., "Long-Term and Real-Time High-Speed Underwater Wireless Optical Communications in Deep Sea," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 96-101, March 2024
- 19. References 16. Y. Ren et al. Simulation analysis of underwater wireless optical communication based on Monte Carlo method and experimental research in complex hydrological environment. AIP Advances 1 May 2023; 13 (5): 055226. 17. S. Tang, Y. Dong and X. Zhang, "Impulse Response Modeling for Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Links," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 226-234, January 2014 18. H M Oubei et al 2.3 Gbit/s underwater wireless optical communications using directly modulated 520 nm laser diode. Opt Express. 2015 Aug 10;23(16):20743-8. 19. Cai R, Zhang M, Dai D, Shi Y, Gao S. Analysis of the Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Channel Based on a Comprehensive Multiparameter Model. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(13):6051. 20. H M Oubei et al. 4.8 Gbit/s 16-QAM-OFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication. Opt Express. 2015 Sep 7;23(18):23302-9.
- 20. Scholar Name 20 Thank you Queries? Department Name