![Sin Límites
Vigilada
Mineducación
• Minimum Control Speed in the Air: VMCA
VMC[A] is the calibrated airspeed, at which, when the critical engine is suddenly
made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the aeroplane with that
engine still inoperative, and maintain straight flight with an angle of bank of not
more than 5 degrees.
Minimum Speeds](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/performanceandflightoperations20f24-240725155307-fb6d4d6f/85/Performance-And-Flight-Operations_20f24-pdf-14-320.jpg)
![Sin Límites
Vigilada
Mineducación
VMC[A] may not exceed 1.2 VS with
• Maximum available take-off power or thrust on the engines;
• The most unfavourable centre of gravity;
• The aeroplane trimmed for take-off;
• The maximum sea-level take-off weight
• The aeroplane in the most critical take-off configuration existing along the flight
path after the aeroplane becomes airborne, except with the landing gear
retracted; and
• The aeroplane airborne and the ground effect negligible
Minimum Speeds
Minimum Control Speed in the Air: VMCA](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/performanceandflightoperations20f24-240725155307-fb6d4d6f/85/Performance-And-Flight-Operations_20f24-pdf-17-320.jpg)
Performance And Flight Operations_20f24.pdf
- 2. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Standard Lift Equation • With m = Aircraft mass • g = Gravitational acceleration • ρ = Air density • S = Wing area • CL = lift coefficient FLIGHT MECHANICS
- 4. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación “JAR/FAR 25.321 Flight Loads Flight Load Factors represent the ratio of the aerodynamic force component (acting normal to the assumed longitudinal axis of the airplane) to the weight of the airplane. A positive load factor is one in which the aerodynamic force acts upward with respect to the airplane.” Limit Load Factors
- 5. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación “JAR/FAR 25.1503 Airspeed Limitations: General When airspeed limitations are a function of weight, weight distribution, altitude, or Mach number, the limitations corresponding to each critical combination of these factors must be established.” Maximum Speeds
- 7. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Maximum Speeds JAR: Joint Aviation Requirements
- 11. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación • Minimum Control Speed on the Ground: VMCG: The minimum control speed on the ground, is the calibrated airspeed during the take-off run, at which, when the critical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the aeroplane with the use of the primary aerodynamic controls alone (without the use of nose-wheel steering) to enable the take-off to be safely continued using normal piloting skill. Minimum Speeds
- 13. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación “VMCG must be established, with: • The aeroplane in each take-off configuration or, at the option of the applicant, in the most critical take-off configuration; • Maximum available take-off power or thrust on the operating engines; • The most unfavourable centre of gravity; • The aeroplane trimmed for take-off; and • The most unfavourable weight in the range of take-off weights.” Minimum Speeds
- 14. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación • Minimum Control Speed in the Air: VMCA VMC[A] is the calibrated airspeed, at which, when the critical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the aeroplane with that engine still inoperative, and maintain straight flight with an angle of bank of not more than 5 degrees. Minimum Speeds
- 15. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación • Minimum Control Speed in the Air: VMCA Minimum Speeds
- 16. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación During recovery, the aeroplane may not assume any dangerous attitude or require exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength to prevent a heading change of more than 20 degrees Minimum Speeds Minimum Control Speed in the Air: VMCA
- 17. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación VMC[A] may not exceed 1.2 VS with • Maximum available take-off power or thrust on the engines; • The most unfavourable centre of gravity; • The aeroplane trimmed for take-off; • The maximum sea-level take-off weight • The aeroplane in the most critical take-off configuration existing along the flight path after the aeroplane becomes airborne, except with the landing gear retracted; and • The aeroplane airborne and the ground effect negligible Minimum Speeds Minimum Control Speed in the Air: VMCA
- 18. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación • Minimum Control Speed during Approach and Landing: VMCL VMCL, the minimum control speed during approach and landing with all engines operating, is the calibrated airspeed at which, when the critical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the aeroplane with that engine still inoperative, and maintain straight flight with an angle of bank of not more than 5º. Minimum Speeds
- 19. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación In demonstrations of VMCL, … lateral control must be sufficient to roll the aeroplane from an initial condition of steady straight flight, through an angle of 20 degrees in the direction necessary to initiate a turn away from the inoperative engine(s) in not more than 5 seconds.”
- 20. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación • Minimum Unstick Speed: VMU VMU is the calibrated airspeed at and above which the aeroplane can safely lift off the ground, and continue the take-off…” Minimum Speeds
- 21. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Minimum Unstick Speed: VMU
- 22. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación • Minimum Unstick Speed: VMU Two minimum unstick speeds must be determined and validated by flight tests: - with all engines operatives : VMU (N) - with one engine inoperative : VMU (N-1) In the one-engine inoperative case, VMU (N-1) must ensure a safe lateral control to prevent the engine from striking the ground. Minimum Speeds
- 23. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación • Stall Speed Air velocity over the wing increases with the angle of attack, so that air pressure decreases and the lift coefficient increases. Minimum Speeds
- 24. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación - VS1g: maximum lift coefficient (i.e. just before the lift starts decreasing). At that moment, the load factor is still equal to one - VS: conventional stall (i.e. when the lift suddenly collapses). At that moment, the load factor is always less than one Minimum Speeds
- 26. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Manufacturer’s Empty Weight (MEW) : The weight of the structure, power plant, furnishings, systems and other items of equipment that are considered an integral part of the aircraft. It is essentially a “dry” weight, including only those fluids contained in closed systems (e.g. hydraulic fluid). STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 27. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Operational Empty Weight (OEW) : The manufacturer’s weight empty plus the operator’s items, i.e. the flight and cabin crew and their baggage, unusable fuel, engine oil, emergency equipment, toilet chemicals and fluids, galley structure, catering equipment, seats, documents, etc… STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 28. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Dry Operating Weight (DOW) : The total weight of an aircraft ready for a specific type of operation excluding all usable fuel and traffic load. Operational Empty Weight plus items specific to the type of flight, i.e. catering, newspapers, pantry equipment, etc. STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 29. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW) : The weight obtained by addition of the total traffic load (payload including cargo loads, passengers and passenger’s bags) and the dry operating weight. STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 30. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Landing Weight (LW) : The weight at landing at the destination airport. It is equal to the Zero Fuel Weight plus the fuel reserves. STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 31. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Takeoff Weight (TOW): The weight at takeoff at the departure airport. It is equal to the landing weight at destination plus the trip fuel (fuel needed for the trip), or to the zero fuel weight plus the takeoff fuel (fuel needed at the brake release point including reserves). STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 32. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Aircraft Weight Definitions
- 35. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación ¿ que lo compone? MINIMUM FUEL REQUIRE
- 37. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Maximum Structural Takeoff Weight (MTOW) The takeoff weight (TOW) must never exceed a Maximum structural TOW (MTOW) which is determined in accordance with in flight structure resistance criteria, resistance of landing gear and structure criteria during a landing impact with a vertical speed equal to -1.83 m/s (-360 feet/min). MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 38. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Maximum Structural Landing Weight (MLW) The landing weight (LW) is limited, assuming a landing impact with a vertical speed equal to -3.05 m/s (-600 feet/min). The limit is the maximum structural landing weight (MLW). The landing weight must comply with the relation: MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 39. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Maximum Structural Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) Bending moments, which apply at the wing root, are maximum when the quantity of fuel in the wings is minimum. During flight, the quantity of fuel located in the wings decreases. As a consequence, it is necessary to limit the weight when there is no fuel in the tanks. This limit value is called Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW). MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 41. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación Maximum Structural Taxi Weight (MTW) The Maximum Taxi Weight (MTW) is limited by the stresses on shock absorbers and potential bending of landing gear during turns on the ground. Nevertheless, the MTW is generally not a limiting factor and it is defined from the MTOW, so that: MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS
- 43. Sin Límites Vigilada Mineducación The minimum weight is the lowest weight selected by the applicant at which compliance with each structural loading condition and each applicable flight requirement of JAR/FAR Part 25 is shown. Usually, the gusts and turbulence loads are among the criteria considered to determine that minimum structural weight. MINIMUM STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS