Performance Tuning On the Fly at CMP.LY Using MongoDB Management Service
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The document outlines performance tuning strategies using MongoDB Management Service at CMP.LY, addressing issues such as slow response times, concurrency problems, and rising replication lag. It details methods for diagnosis and remedies, including schema changes, indexing, and using message queues to enhance database performance. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of monitoring tools and alerts to ensure the overall health of the deployment.
![9JUNE 2014
How To Do Performance Tuning?
• Assess the problem and establish acceptable behavior.
• Measure the performance before modification.
• Identify the bottleneck.
• Remove the bottleneck.
• Measure performance after modification to confirm.
• Keep it or revert it and repeat.
Adapted from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_tuning]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/performance-tuning-on-the-fly-at-cmply-mongodbworld-slides-final-140624125610-phpapp02/85/Performance-Tuning-On-the-Fly-at-CMP-LY-Using-MongoDB-Management-Service-9-320.jpg)
![22JUNE 2014
Denormalized Schema
// Social Content Collection
{
"_id": “tweet_123456789”,
“text”: 'Welcome to #MongoDBWorld!'
“twitter_user”: 'mongodb',
“campaigns”: [“mongodbworld_campaign”]
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/performance-tuning-on-the-fly-at-cmply-mongodbworld-slides-final-140624125610-phpapp02/85/Performance-Tuning-On-the-Fly-at-CMP-LY-Using-MongoDB-Management-Service-22-320.jpg)
![23JUNE 2014
Modeling for Atomic Operations
Document
{
"_id": “tweet_123456789”,
"text": "Welcome to #MongoDBWorld!",
"twitter_user": "mongodb",
“campaigns": [ ]
}
Update Operation
db.social_content.update(
{
_id: “tweet_123456789”
},
{
$addToSet: {
campaigns: ”mongodbworld_campaign”
}
}
);
Result
WriteResult({
"nMatched": 1,"nUpserted”:0,"nModified": 1
})](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/performance-tuning-on-the-fly-at-cmply-mongodbworld-slides-final-140624125610-phpapp02/85/Performance-Tuning-On-the-Fly-at-CMP-LY-Using-MongoDB-Management-Service-23-320.jpg)
![30JUNE 2014
Indexing with MongoDB
• Support for efficient execution of queries
• Without indexes, MongoDB must scan every document
• Example
Wed Jul 17 13:40:14 [conn28600] query x.y [snip] ntoreturn:16 ntoskip:0
nscanned:16779 scanAndOrder:1 keyUpdates:0 numYields: 906 locks(micros)
r:46877422 nreturned:16 reslen:6948 38172ms
38 seconds! Scanned 17k documents, returned 16
• Create indexes to cover all queries, especially support common and user-facing
• Collection scans can push entire working set out of RAM](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/performance-tuning-on-the-fly-at-cmply-mongodbworld-slides-final-140624125610-phpapp02/85/Performance-Tuning-On-the-Fly-at-CMP-LY-Using-MongoDB-Management-Service-30-320.jpg)
Performance Tuning On the Fly at CMP.LY Using MongoDB Management Service
- 1. 1JUNE 2014 Performance Tuning on the Fly at CMP.LY Michael De Lorenzo CTO, CMP.LY Inc. michael@cmp.ly @mikedelorenzo
- 2. 2JUNE 2014 Agenda • CMP.LY and CommandPost • What is MongoDB Management Service? • Performance Tuning • MongoDB Issues we’ve faced • Slow response times and delayed writes • Unindexed queries • Rising Replication Lag + Falling oplog Window • Keep your deployment healthy with MMS • Using MMS Alerts • Using MMS Backups
- 3. 3JUNE 2014 A venture-funded NYC startup that offers proprietary social media, monitoring, measurement, insight and compliance solutions for Fortune 100 A Monitoring, Measurement & Insights (MMI) tool for managed social communications.
- 4. 4JUNE 2014 Use CommandPost to: • Track and measure cross-platform in real-time • Identify and attribute high-value engagement • Analyze and segment engaged audience • Optimize content and engagement strategies • Address compliance needs
- 5. 5JUNE 2014 What is MongoDB Management Service?
- 6. 6JUNE 2014 MongoDB Management Service • Free MongoDB Monitoring • MongoDB Backup in the Cloud • Free Cloud service or Available to run On-Prem for Standard or Enterprise Subscriptions • Automation coming soon—FTW! Ops Makes MongoDB easier to use and manage
- 7. 7JUNE 2014 Who Is MMS for? • Developers • Ops Team • MongoDB Technical Service Team
- 9. 9JUNE 2014 How To Do Performance Tuning? • Assess the problem and establish acceptable behavior. • Measure the performance before modification. • Identify the bottleneck. • Remove the bottleneck. • Measure performance after modification to confirm. • Keep it or revert it and repeat. Adapted from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_tuning]
- 10. 10JUNE 2014 What We’ve Faced
- 11. 11JUNE 2014 Issues We’ve Faced • Concurrency Issues • Slow response times and delayed writes • Querying without indexes • Slow reads, timeouts • Increasing Replication Lag + Plummeting oplog Window
- 12. 12JUNE 2014 Concurrency Slow responses and delayed writes
- 13. 13JUNE 2014 Concurrency • What is it? • How did it affect us? • How did MMS help identify it? • How did we diagnose the issue in our app and fix it? • Today
- 14. 14JUNE 2014 Concurrency in MongoDB • MongoDB uses a readers-writer lock • Many read operations can use a read lock • If a write lock exists, a single write lock holds the lock exclusively • No other read or write operations can share the lock • Locks are “writer-greedy”
- 15. 15JUNE 2014 How Did This Affect Us? • Slow API response times due to slow database operations • Delayed writes • Backed up queues
- 16. 16JUNE 2014 MMS: Identify Concurrency Issues
- 17. 17JUNE 2014 Lock % Greater than 100%?!?!? • Global lock percentage is a derived metric: % of time in global lock (small number) + % of time locked by hottest (“most locked”) database • Data is sampled and combined, it is possible to see values over 100%.
- 18. 18JUNE 2014 Diagnosis • Identified the write-heavy collections in our applications • Used application logs to identify slow API responses • Analyzed MongoDB logs to identify slow database queries
- 19. 19JUNE 2014 Our Remedies • Schema changes • Message queues • Multiple databases • Sharding
- 20. 20JUNE 2014 Schema Changes • Changed our schema • Allowed for atomic updates • Customized documents’ _id attribute • Leveraged existing index on _id attribute
- 21. 21JUNE 2014 Normalized Schema // Social Content Collection { _id: “12345”, _type: “tweet”, text: “Welcome to #MongoDBWorld!” twitter_user: “mongodb” } // Campaign Collection { _id: “mongodbworld_campaign”, name: “MongoDB World” } // Campaign Content Collection (joins content + campaigns) { campaign_id: “#mongodbworld_campaign”, content_id: “12345” }
- 22. 22JUNE 2014 Denormalized Schema // Social Content Collection { "_id": “tweet_123456789”, “text”: 'Welcome to #MongoDBWorld!' “twitter_user”: 'mongodb', “campaigns”: [“mongodbworld_campaign”] }
- 23. 23JUNE 2014 Modeling for Atomic Operations Document { "_id": “tweet_123456789”, "text": "Welcome to #MongoDBWorld!", "twitter_user": "mongodb", “campaigns": [ ] } Update Operation db.social_content.update( { _id: “tweet_123456789” }, { $addToSet: { campaigns: ”mongodbworld_campaign” } } ); Result WriteResult({ "nMatched": 1,"nUpserted”:0,"nModified": 1 })
- 24. 24JUNE 2014 Message Queues • Controlled writes to specific collections using Pub/Sub • We chose Amazon SQS • Other options include Redis, Beanstalkd, IronMQ or any other message queue • Created consistent flow of writes versus bursts • Reduced length and frequency of write locks by controlling flow/speed of writes
- 25. 25JUNE 2014 Using Multiple Databases • As of version 2.2, MongoDB implements locks at a per database granularity for most read and write operations • Planned to be at the document level in version 2.8 • Moved write-heavy collections to new (separate) databases
- 26. 26JUNE 2014 Using Sharding • Improves concurrency by distributing databases across multiple mongod instances • Locks are per-mongod instance
- 27. 27JUNE 2014 Lock %: Today
- 28. 28JUNE 2014 Queries without Indexes Slow responses and timeouts
- 29. 29JUNE 2014 Indexing • What is it? • How did it affect us? • How did MMS help identify it? • How did we diagnose the issue in our app and fix it? • Today
- 30. 30JUNE 2014 Indexing with MongoDB • Support for efficient execution of queries • Without indexes, MongoDB must scan every document • Example Wed Jul 17 13:40:14 [conn28600] query x.y [snip] ntoreturn:16 ntoskip:0 nscanned:16779 scanAndOrder:1 keyUpdates:0 numYields: 906 locks(micros) r:46877422 nreturned:16 reslen:6948 38172ms 38 seconds! Scanned 17k documents, returned 16 • Create indexes to cover all queries, especially support common and user-facing • Collection scans can push entire working set out of RAM
- 31. 31JUNE 2014 How Did this Affect Us? • Our web apps became slow • Queries began to timeout • Longer operations mean longer lock times
- 32. 32JUNE 2014 MMS: Identifying Indexing Issues Page Faults • The number of times that MongoDB requires data not located in physical memory, and must read from virtual memory.
- 33. 33JUNE 2014 Diagnosis • Log Analysis • Use mtools A collection of scripts to parse and visualize MongoDB log files developed by MongoDB Engineer Thomas Rueckstiess. • mlogfilter • filter logs for slow queries, collection scans, etc. • mplotqueries • graph query response times and volumes • https://github.com/rueckstiess/mtools
- 34. 34JUNE 2014 Diagnosis • Monitoring application logs • Enabling ‘notablescan’ option in development and testing versions of apps • MongoDB profiling
- 35. 35JUNE 2014 The MongoDB Profiler • Collects fine grained data about MongoDB write operations, cursors, database commands on a running mongod instance. • Default slowOpThreshold value is 100ms, can be changed from the Mongo shell • When enabled, profiling has a minor effect on performance
- 36. 36JUNE 2014 Our Remedies • Add indexes! • Make sure queries are covered • Utilize the projection specification to limit fields (data) returned
- 37. 37JUNE 2014 Adding Indexes • Improved performance for common queries • Alleviates the need to go to disk for many operations
- 38. 38JUNE 2014 Projection Specification Controls the amount of data that needs to be (de-)serialized for use in your app • We used it to limit data returned in embedded documents and arrays db.content.find( { tweet_id: ’12345678' }, { text: 1, screen_name: 1 });
- 39. 39JUNE 2014 Page Faults: Today
- 40. 40JUNE 2014 Rising Replication Lag + Falling oplog Window
- 41. 41JUNE 2014 Replication • What is it? • How did it affect us? • How did MMS help identify it? • How did we diagnose the issue in our app? • How did we fix it? • Today
- 42. 42JUNE 2014 What is Replication? • A replica set is a group of mongod processes that maintain the same data set. • Replica sets provide redundancy and high availability, and are the basis for all production deployments
- 43. 43JUNE 2014 What Is the Oplog? • A special capped collection that keeps a rolling record of all operations that modify the data stored in your databases. • Operations are first applied on the primary and then recorded to its oplog. • Secondary members then copy and apply these operations in an asynchronous process.
- 44. 44JUNE 2014 What is Replication Lag? • A delay between an operation on the primary and the application of that operation from the oplog to the secondary. • Effects of excessive lag • “Lagged” members ineligible to quickly become primary • Increases the possibility that distributed read operations will be inconsistent.
- 45. 45JUNE 2014 How did this affect us? • Degraded overall health of our production deployment. • Distributed reads are no longer eventually consistent. • Unable to bring new secondary members online. • Caused MMS Backups to do full re-syncs.
- 46. 46JUNE 2014 Identifying Replication Lag Issues with MMS The Replication Lag chart displays the lag for your deployment
- 47. 47JUNE 2014 Diagnosis • Possible causes of replication lag include network latency, disk throughput, concurrency and/or appropriate write concern • Size of operations to be replicated • Confirmed Non-Issues for us • Network latency • Disk throughput • Possible Issues for us • Concurrency/write concern • Size of op is an issue because entire document is written to oplog
- 48. 48JUNE 2014 Concurrency/Write Concern • Our applications apply many updates very quickly • All operations need to be replicated to secondary members • We use the default write concern—Acknowledge (w:1) • The mongod confirms receipt of the write operation • Allows clients to catch network, duplicate key and other errors
- 49. 49JUNE 2014 Concurrency Wasn’t the Issue Lock Percentage
- 50. 50JUNE 2014 Operation Size Was the Issue Collection A (most active) Total Updates: 3,373 Total Size of updates: 6.5 GB Activity accounted for nearly 87% of total traffic Collection B (next most active) Total Updates: 85,423 Total Size of updates: 740 MB
- 51. 51JUNE 2014 Fast Growing oplog causes issues Replication oplog Window – approximate hours available in the primary’s oplog
- 52. 52JUNE 2014 How We Fixed It • Changed our schema • Changed the types of updates that were made to documents • Both allowed us to utilize atomic operations • Led to smaller updates • Smaller updates == less oplog space used
- 53. 53JUNE 2014 Replication Lag: Today
- 54. 54JUNE 2014 oplog Window: Today
- 55. 55JUNE 2014 Keeping Your Deployment Healthy
- 57. 57JUNE 2014 Watch for Warnings • Be warned if you are • Running outdated versions • Have startup warnings • If a mongod is publicly visible • Pay attention to these warnings
- 58. 58JUNE 2014 MMS Backups • Engineered by MongoDB • Continuous backup with point-in-time recovery • Fully managed backups
- 59. 59JUNE 2014 Using MMS Backups • Seeding new secondaries • Repairing replica set members • Development and testing databases • Restores are free!
- 60. 60JUNE 2014 Summary • Know what’s expected and “normal” in your systems • Know when and what changes in your systems • Utilize MMS alerts, visualizations and warnings to keep things running smoothly
- 61. 61JUNE 2014 Questions? Michael De Lorenzo CTO, CMP.LY Inc. michael@cmp.ly @mikedelorenzo
Editor's Notes
- #7: Free MongoDB Monitoring - mongodb specific metrics, visualization of performance, custom alerting Backup - industrial strength, point-in-time recovery, free usage tier
- #8: Developers, what we’re focused on today – track bottlenecks Ops team :: great for small teams where your developers are also part of your ops team (DevOps) – monitor health of clusters, backup dbs, automate updates and add capacity MongoDB technical service team :: helps them help you Important for us because we maintain a small tech team
- #10: PRO-TIP: Know what is “normal” for you system. Know what changed when something happens, what do you expect to be normal behavior, what are you normal MMS metrics
- #15: readers-writer lock allows concurrent read access to the db, but exclusive access to a single write “Writer-greedy” - When both a read and write are waiting for a lock, MongoDB grants the lock to the write. The exclusivity of write locks is one of the keys to why getting our lock % under control is so important.
- #17: Lock % time spent in write lock state; sum of global lock + hottest database at that time, can make value > 100% Our Issue: Primary database maintaining a write lock of 150-175% of the time
- #28: Global lock percentage has remained about the same Primary client-facing database has seen lock % drop
- #34: Developed by a MongoDB engineer
- #47: - Purple bar indicates downtime
- #57: - Alerts for down hosts, down agents and more
- #58: - According to Technical Services, In many cases, fixing warnings will fix issues