Personality Development, types, strategies ect.

UNIT-V : PERSONALITY
PRESENTOR- MS. RITIKA SONI

OUTLINE
S.NO CONTENT SLIDE
NO.
1. INTRODUCTION, MEANING, DEFINITION OF
PERSONALITY
2. CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONALITY
3. MEASURMENT AND EVALUATION OF PERSONALITY -
INTRODUCTION
4. ALTERATION IN PERSONALITY
5. ROLE OF NURSE IN IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL
PERSONALITY AND IMPROVEMENT IN ALTERED
PERSONALITY
CONCLUSION

Introduction
 Personality may be difficult to define.
 For a layperson, personality generally refers to the
physical or external appearance of an individual.
For example: when we find someone ‘good looking’,
we often assume that the person also has a charming
personality.
 Rather than looking at parts of the person ,
personality looks at some aggregate whole that is
greater than the sum of the parts. In psychological
terms, personality refers to our characteristic ways
of responding to individuals and situations.

 When psychologist defines
personality, they tend to refer
qualities within a person,
characteristics of a person’s
behavior or both.
 Personality is the total quality of
an individual behavior which will
be reflected in his habits, thinking,
attitude, interest, the manner of
acting and personal philosophy of
life.

 According to psychologist, personality is
aggregate qualities, how people think, how they
behave and how they react to situation.
 Hence, personality is not how an individual looks
physical. It is more than this.
 Therefore, personality is complex attributes of
people. It consist of cognitive abilities, affective
abilities and conative abilities of an individual.

Meaning
oThe word PERSONALITY is derived from the Greek term ‘persona’ which
means mask.
o It was used originally to describe the theatrical mask usually worn by
performers or actors at the time of shooting (mask worn by actors to indicate
role of villain or hero role in drama). While a mask is generally worn to conceal
one’s identity, the theatrical mask worn by Roman and Greek actors was used
to represent or project a specific personality trait of a character to the audience.
o Over the years, it came to represent the person behind the mask—the “real”
person.
o Personality psychology – Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Gordon Allport, Hans
Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers.
oTrait based personality theories- Raymond Cattell.

Definitions
Personality

An individual’s distinct and relatively enduring
pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and
behaviors.
 Personality – is any person’s collection of interrelated
behavioral, cognitive and emotional patterns that
comprise a person’s unique adjustment to life.

 Personality consists of distinctive patterns of behavior
(including thoughts and emotions) that characterize each
individual’s adaptation to the situations of his or her life.
 Walter Mischel (1976)
 Personality is sum of activities that can be discovered by
actual observations over a long enough period of time to
give reliable information.
 Watson
 Personality refers to deeply ingrained patterns of
behavior which include the way one relates to, perceives
and thinks about the environment and oneself.
 American Psychiatric Association (1987)

Elements of personality
Personality is an organization of psychological and
physiological characteristics which determines
individual’s reactions to environmental stimuli.
 It is the combination of:

Character

Temperament

Intellectual and Physical traits that are unique to specific
individual.

According to Eysenck (German-
British psychologist )
Character- denotes conative behavior (will)
Temperament – denotes affective behavior
(emotion)
Intellect – denotes cognitive behavior
(intelligence)
Physique- denotes bodily configuration and
neuroendocrine endowment (glands, nervous
system, bodily configuration).

Features of personality
Enduring (long lasting) traits: Personality
traits are not temporary. Personality is formed
over a period of time.
Uniqueness: Every individual has unique set of
personality traits which differentiate one person
from other persons in various aspects.
End product: Personality is an end product of
cognitions, attitude, beliefs of an individual.

 Association of traits: Personality is not a product of
single trait rather it is the mixture of different traits
which interacts with each other to form a complete
personality.
 More than sum of its parts: Personality is a more
than sum of its parts which comprise a single
organized individual to adjust adequately with
changing situations.
 Dynamic: Personality is dynamic which changes
over a period of time. Different experiences,
situations and surrounding leads to learning new
patterns of behavior which moulds individual
personality to adjust with changing situations.

Adjustment: Personality is an adjustment
to new surroundings.
Patterns of behavior: Personality is a
pattern of behavior which helps individual
adapt with surroundings.

Structure of personality
 Freud proposed two models to
explain personality: the structural model which
divides personality into Id, Ego and Superego, and
the topographical model which divides the mind
into Conscious, Preconscious and Unconscious.

Personality Development, types, strategies ect.

1. The Id
• According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic
energy, making it the primary component of personality.
• The Id is the only component of personality that is present
from birth.
• This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and
includes instinctive and primitive behaviors.
 The id is driven by the Pleasure principle, which strives for
immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If
these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a
state of anxiety or tension.
 For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should
produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink.

2. The Ego
• According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the
impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real
world.
• The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
• The ego is the personality component responsible for dealing with
reality.
 Everyone has an ego. The term ego is sometimes used to describe your
cohesive awareness of your personality, but personality and ego are not
the same. The ego represents just one component of your full
personality.
 The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy
the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways.
 Works on delayed gratification

3. The Superego
 The last component of personality to develop is the superego.
• According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age 5.
• The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we
acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
• The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
 The superego has two parts:
1. The conscience (sense of moral goodness) includes information
about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These
behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences,
punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse.
2. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for behaviors that the
ego aspires to.

• The conscious mind contains
all of the thoughts, memories,
feelings, and wishes of which
we are aware at any given
moment.
• This is the aspect of our mental
processing that we can think
and talk about rationally. This
also includes our memory,
which is not always part of
consciousness but can be
retrieved easily and brought
into awareness.

• The subconscious/
preconscious consists
of anything that could
potentially be brought
into the conscious
mind.

• The unconscious mind is a
reservoir of feelings,
thoughts, urges, and
memories that are outside of
our conscious awareness. The
unconscious contains
contents that are
unacceptable or unpleasant,
such as feelings of pain,
anxiety, or conflict.

Factors affecting personality
development
 Biological factor

Internal – hereditary , endocrine glands (pituitary, adrenal,
thyroid and gonads)

External – drugs, alcoholism, disease and health status, diet/
nutrition
 Sociocultural factors-

Home environment and parents, school environment and
teachers, peer groups, sibling relationship

Mass media

Cultural environment

Types/ classification of personality

1. According to Hippocrates
Greek physician Hippocrates (400 BC) ,
who characterized human behavior in terms
of four temperaments, each associated with
a different bodily fluid, or ‘humor’.
 Hippocrates classification of personality
Types of body fluid Personality types Characteristics
Blood Sanguine Optimistic, hopeful, happy etc.
Phlegm Phlegmatic Slow, lethargic, cold, calm
Black bile Melancholic Sad, depressed, pessimistic,
self involved
Yellow bile Choleric Angry, irritable, passionate,
strong, active, imaginative

2. According to Ernst kretschmer
He proposed types of personality according
to body build / physical structure.
Pyknic (fat and thick set)
Athletic (muscular)
Asthenic/ Leptosomatic (thin and lean)
Dysplastic

Body build Personality type Personality characteristics
Fat and thick set Pyknic Sociable, jolly, easy going and
good natured
Muscular Athletic Energetic, optimistic and
adjustable
Thin and lean Asthenic /
Leptosomatic
Unsociable, reserved, shy,
sensitive and pessimistic.

Dysplastic : undeveloped and
disproportionate body personality.

3. According to William Sheldon
He proposed types of personality according
to physical structure and attached certain
temperamental characteristics to them.
Endomorphic , Mesomorphic, Ectomorphic
Temperamental characteristics Personality type Personality characteristics
Person having highly developed
viscera, but weak somatic structure –
fat, soft, round(like pyknic type )
Endomorphic Easy going, sociable,
affectionate and fond of
eating
Balanced development of viscera and
strong somatic structure – muscular
(like athletic type)
Mesomorphic Craving for muscular
activity, self-assertive, loves
risk and adventure, energetic,
bold, tempered.
Weak somatic as well as
underdeveloped viscera – thin, long,
fragile (like leptosomatic type)
Ectomorphic Pessimistic, unsociable,
reserved, brainy, artistic and
introvert

4. According to Carl Jung
Classified the personality as:
Extrovert
Introvert
Ambivert

Body build Personality
type
Personality characteristics
Extrovert  Extroverts are interested in the world around them
 They are sociable, friendly, not easily upset by difficulties
 They are men of action rather than reflection
 They successfully adjusted to realities of environment, are
socially active and more interested in leaving a good
impression on others.
 Their behavior is more influenced by physical stimulation
than by their inner thoughts and ideas.
 Politicians, social workers, lawyers, insurance agent,
salesmen, etc.
Introvert  Introverts are interested in themselves, their own feelings,
emotions and are unable to adjust easily to social situations.
 Socially they are aloof, withdrawn, shy and reserved
 Prefers to work alone and avoid social contact.
 They become easily worried and get easily embarrassed and
seek manifestations of their life through inner activities by
going inward or dragging up things from within themselves.
 Philosophers, scientists, writers, etc.

Ambivert
The Ambivert person is a mixture of both
extroverted and introverted personality.

5. According to Allport (1961)
Classified the personality as:
Ascendant
Descendant

Body build Personality type Personality characteristics
Ascendant They tend to dominate the situation.
He is outgoing and interested in the
world around him.
Descendant They are submissive, self-critical, self
analytical and indecisive. They are day
dreaming and withdraws from social or
competitive situations.

6. Type A and B personality
Personality type Personality characteristics
Type A personality  Type A persons are hard – driving and competitive, seek
recognition and advancement and take on multiple activities with
deadline to meet
 They live under constant pressure largely of their own making.
Under successful conditions they find it difficult to control
themselves and are likely to become hostile, inpatient, anxious
and disorganized.
 Given a task to do , type A’s tend to perform any task near their
maximum capacity no matter what the situations calls for.
Type B personality  Type B persons are very quite the opposite . They are easily
going, non-competitive, placid and unflappable.
 They bear stress easily. They are likely to live longer than type A
persons
 Type B’s persons work harder when given a deadline.

7. According to Bhagavad Gita
Classified the personality as:
Tamasik (tamoguna)
Rajasik (rajaguna)
Satvik (satvaguna)

Personality type Personality characteristics
Tamasik (tamoguna)  The individual is pleasure seeking,
not punctual and lazy.
Rajasik (rajaguna)  He is optimistic, light-hearted,
sociable, easy-going, noble, honest
and sincere. This character will fit for
a king.
Satvik ( satvaguna)  The individual reserved, pessimistic,
frustrated, gets angry fast, difficult to
understand and becomes depressed
easily.

ALTERATIONS IN
PERSONALITY
Every healthy individual is significantly
differs in his overall personality, mood,
behavior with others. Each person also vary
from day to day, depending on the
circumstances.
However, a sudden, major change in
personality and behavior often indicates a
problem.

 A person behaving in an uncharacteristically
moody, aggressive, or euphoric manner,
inconsistent with their usual way of behaving in
similar situations also demonstrates a personality
change.

 Personality changes refer to the variations in an
individual’s character traits over time, influenced
by a myriad of factors.
 These alterations can manifest as minor shifts in
habits or significant transformations in behavior
and outlook.
 Typically, these changes are a natural part of
growth and maturation, but they can also result
from specific experiences such as major life
events, social influences, or psychological
interventions.

 Understanding how and why these changes occur is a
complex endeavor. Researchers aim to quantify and assess
personality changes by considering various indicators,
such as psychological tests, observational studies, and self-
reported data.

 Adapting to personality changes, whether personal or observed
in others, requires a degree of flexibility and understanding.
As people navigate through different stages of their lives, they
are often faced with challenges and opportunities that can
serve as catalysts for change. Embracing these transitions is
crucial for personal development and maintaining healthy
relationships.

To understand Personality changes better to
know The Nature of Personality
 Personality is the unique set of characteristics that defines how individual
interact with the world and influences the behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
These characteristics are relatively stable, but that doesn’t mean they are
unchangeable.
 We understand that personality traits, such
as agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, extroversion,
and openness to experience, create a spectrum of behavior that can vary
among individuals.
• Agreeableness: Reflects inclination towards altruism, kindness, and
cooperation.
• Conscientiousness: Determines how to control, regulate, and direct impulses.
• Neuroticism: Indicates the tendency to experience negative emotions.
• Extroversion: Gauges the level of sociability and outgoing nature.
• Openness to Experience: Relates to my willingness to engage in new
experiences and curiosity.

Common changes in personality
due to any reason can be
categorized into following:

Factors Influencing Personality Changes
 Over time, several factors can lead to changes in
personality. The impetus for change can range from
subtle to significant and may affect in various ways:
1. Age and Aging: As I age, certain traits such as
conscientiousness and agreeableness often increase,
while extroversion and neuroticism may decrease.
 The personality can continue to develop throughout
the lifetime.
 A 2011 study suggests that the “Big five personality
traits — conscientiousness, agreeableness,
neuroticism, openness, and introversion/extroversion
— remain stable once people reach adulthood.
 In a 2016 study, researchers compared the results of
personality tests taken by adolescents in 1950 with
those taken by the same people at age 77. The test
results suggested that personality may gradually
change during someone’s life and be very different by
the time they’re older.

2. Brain injury and illness:
Injuries to the brain or chronic illness can alter the personality,
sometimes drastically. An injury to the frontal lobe of the brain,
located underneath the forehead, may lead to symptoms including a
personality change.
The frontal lobe is the “control panel” for our
personality. It’s also responsible for our:
•speech
•emotional expression
•cognitive skills
The most common brain injury is damage to the frontal lobe.
Among the possible causes are:
•blows to the head
•falls
•car accidents

3. Environment: Surroundings and cultural context
continuously interact with innate predispositions, potentially
leading to changes in personality.
-Studies have demonstrated that both genetic factors
and environmental influences contribute to the formation of
our personality. Our genes provide the foundation for certain
traits, such as temperament, that can be observed from early
childhood. However, it is the interaction between our genetic
makeup and the environmental experiences we encounter that
truly molds our unique personality characteristics.
- “The interplay between genetic factors and environmental
influences shapes our personalities, with each playing a crucial
role in sculpting who we become as individuals.” – Dr. Jane
Thompson, Psychologist

- Research has shown that while genetics may influence
aspects of our personality, such as intelligence or certain
behavioral tendencies, many personality traits are heavily
influenced by our environment. Factors such as
upbringing, socialization, cultural norms, and life experiences
all contribute to the development of our personality.
- Scientists find that the Big Five personality traits are related
to environmental values and behavior at the individual and
national level.

4. Medical conditions
 That cause a fluctuation in hormone levels can also
cause strange or unusual behaviour. These conditions
include:
• Menopause
• Andropause
• PMS
• Hyperthyroidism/ hypothyroidism (an overactive or
underactive thyroid gland, respectively)

Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)
 Emotional and behavioural signs
and symptoms
• Tension or anxiety
• Depressed mood
• Crying spells
• Mood swings and irritability or anger
• Appetite changes and food cravings
• Trouble falling asleep (insomnia)
• Social withdrawal
• Poor concentration
• Change in libido
 Physical signs and symptoms
• Joint or muscle pain
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Weight gain related to fluid
retention
• Abdominal bloating
• Breast tenderness
• Acne flare-ups
• Constipation or diarrhoea
• Alcohol intolerance

Hyperthyroidism / hypothyroidism (an
overactive or underactive thyroid gland,
respectively)

5. Personality change after stroke
 After experience a stroke, during which a blood vessel in the brain
ruptures or the oxygen supply to the brain is interrupted, symptoms
including a personality change.
 Some stroke survivors experience apathy. They don’t seem to care
about anything.
 Others, especially survivors of strokes that occur in the brain’s right
hemisphere, may neglect one side of their body or objects. For
example, they may ignore one side of their body or food on one
side of a plate.
 Following a frontal lobe or right hemisphere stroke, some people may
experience impulsive behavior. This may include being unable to
think ahead or understand the consequences of their actions.

6. Personality changes in the elderly
 Minor personality changes in older adults, such as
becoming more irritable or agitated, are not unusual.
Extreme personality changes, such as a passive person
becoming very controlling, could be a sign of dementia
due to changes in the brain’s frontal lobe.
 A 2016 study suggests that older adults have different
personality traits than those of younger people. For
example, neuroticism tended to increase in adults in
their 80s.
 Some people may revert to a younger age as they grow
older. This could be a sign of depression or a way to cope
with aging.

7. Alcohol addiction personality changes
 Alcohol addiction, also called alcoholism, is a
disease that changes the brain and neurochemistry.
These developments can cause a change in
personality.
 People with alcohol addiction may become
increasingly depressed and lethargic. They may
have lowered inhibitions and impaired
judgment. They become verbally or physically
abusive.

8. Personality changes with dementia
 Dementia, which is caused by illness or injury, is
an impairment of at least two cognitive brain
functions.
 Cognitive brain functions include:
• memory
• thinking
• language
• judgment
• behavior

The loss of neurons (cells) in the frontal
lobe of the brain can cause people with mild
dementia to experience personality changes
such as becoming more withdrawn or
depressed.
People with moderate dementia may
experience more significant personality
changes, such as becoming agitated and
suspicious of others.

9. Personality changes during menopause
 Along with hot flashes and weight gain, menopause may
cause changes in a woman’s personality.
 The decreased production of estrogen during menopause
reduces the level of serotonins produced in your brain.
Serotonins are chemicals that help regulate your moods.
 As a result of these chemical changes, some women
may feel:
• anger
• sadness
• anxiety
• panic

10. Parkinson’s personality changes
 Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder that can
cause motor problems such as tremors and stiffness. It can
also lead to what’s sometimes called “Parkinson’s
personality” due to the changes in the brain.
 People with advanced Parkinson’s may become:
• apathetic
• pessimistic
• inattentive
 They may develop what’s known as Parkinson disease
dementia
 Even in the earlier stages of the disease, people may
become more depressed, obsessive, or stubborn.

11. Personality change after surgery
 A 2017 study suggests it’s possible that changes to the
brain may last after people are given general anesthesia for
surgery. For some people, changes in behavior are
temporary, while the changes persist for others.
 After surgery, some people may feel more confused or
disoriented. Others, who are older, may experience POCD
(postoperative cognitive dysfunction). POCD memory
issues may be caused by the surgery rather than the
anesthesia.

Below is a brief overview of the
relationship between these factors and
personality changes:
Factor Relationship with Personality Change
Age/Aging
Can lead to an increase in certain traits like
conscientiousness and agreeableness.
Brain Injury May cause significant shifts in personality traits.
Stress
Chronic stress can lead to alterations in behavior
and potentially affect personality traits.
Illness
Long-term illnesses might modify my outlook on
life and consequently my personality.
Environment
Can shape or encourage the development of certain
traits based on social and cultural influences.

Catalysts of Personality Change
Personality is often seen as stable over time,
yet certain life experiences and health
conditions can act as catalysts for change.
 In this section, we will explore two
primary influences: psychological
disorders and the impact of traumatic events.

1. Psychological Disorders and Personality
 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) as an example; it
dramatically affects an individual’s self-image, relationships, and
behavior. A person with BPD may experience intense episodes of
anger, depression, and anxiety that can last from a few hours to days.
 Schizophrenia is another disorder where personality changes are
prominent. Individuals may display a change in their social behavior
and thought processes, which can include hallucinations or delusions.
 Depression and anxiety disorders can also fundamentally alter a
person’s mood and affect, potentially leading to long-lasting changes in
personality. A depression diagnosis, for instance, is associated with
symptoms such as persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and a
decrease in energy levels, which can affect a person’s daily functioning
and interpersonal relationships.
 Chronic stress can lead to or exacerbate mental illness, often resulting
in personality shifts. Stressful events can trigger episodes of mental
illness in those predisposed to such conditions.

Drugs/ substance use: Personality changes
happens when either consume excessive amount
of drugs and stop using suddenly. It includes
drug intoxication, withdrawal and side effects.
Common types of drugs or substance used are
alcohol, cocaine and opioids.
Systemic disorders that also affect the brain:
These are the disorders that also affect the brain
include kidney failure, liver failure, thyroid
disorders etc. causes personality and behavior
changes.

Disorder
Common Symptoms That May Affect
Personality
Depression Sadness, apathy, irritability, fatigue
Anxiety Disorders Excessive worry, restlessness, agitation
Schizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations, social
withdrawal
Borderline Personality Disorder
Unstable relationships, self-image
issues, impulsive behavior

2. The Impact of Traumatic Events
 Traumatic events have the potential to prompt significant personality
changes. This can range from delirium often seen after a traumatic brain
injury or post-operation, which includes confusion and reduced
awareness of the environment, to longer-term personality changes.
 Dementia is not typically associated with a singular traumatic event, but it can
lead to significant personality changes as cognitive functions decline. These
include memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving or language.
 Individuals diagnosed with a brain tumor may experience shifts in their
personality such as irritability, apathy, or inappropriate behavior depending on the
location of the tumor within the brain. These physical changes to brain structures
can alter the very nature of an individual’s personality.
 The aftermath of trauma can also result in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD), which might manifest with heightened anxiety, hyper vigilance, and
avoidance of situations that remind one of the trauma. These symptoms and the
associated stress clearly illustrate how a traumatic event can catalyze changes in
personality.

Causes
• Biological influences:
Genetics, neurologic deficit, low level of serotonin, family h/o alcoholism & other
P.D.
• Childhood Experiences- maladaptive behaviour, Excessive pampering, lack of
parental care
- Receiving reward for behaviour such as temper tantrum encourages acting out(the
parents gives in to a child’s wishes rather than setting limits to stop the behaviour).
- Creativity is not encouraged in the child; the child doesn't have the opportunity to
express himself .
- Rigid upbringing during childhood also has a –ve effect on the development of
child’s personality.
• Defective ego through which they are unable to control their impulsive
behaviour.
• Verbal abuse/physical abuse/Sexual abuse, any traumatic experiences.
• A weak superego results in the incomplete development or a lack of conscience
• High reactivity: Overly sensitive and dissatisfaction of individual’s needs.
• Defiant Peers

Hormones: Person who exhibit impulsive
behavior also often show high levels of
testosterone, estrone etc. Dexamethasone
suppression test levels are abnormal in some
patients with borderline personality disorder,
who also have depressive symptoms.
Platelet monoamine oxidase: low level of
Platelet monoamine oxidase levels have also
been noted in some patients with schizotypal
disorders.

Psychoanalytical factor:
Sigmund Freud suggested that personality
traits are related to a fixation at one
psychochosexual stage of development.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY
DISORDERS
Cluster A: (odd or eccentric). P.D,
Thought to be on a ‘schizophrenic
continuum’.
a)Paranoid P.D
b)Schizoid P.D
c)Schizotypal P.D.
Cluster B:(dramatic, emotional, or
erratic)
P.D, thought to be on a ‘psychopathic
continuum’
a)Antisocial P.D
b)Histrionic P.D
c)Narcissistic P.D
d)Borderline (emotionally unstable) P.D
Cluster C: (anxious or fearful)
P.D, thought to be on a ‘introversion’.
a)Anxious (avoidant ) P.D
b)Dependent P.D
c)Obsessive- compulsive (Anankastic)
P.D.
d)Passive-aggressive P.D

Measuring and Assessing Change
 Such transformations are quantitatively and
qualitatively evaluated through various methods.
The accuracy of these assessments is pivotal for
understanding the dynamics of personality.
 The Role of Clinical Assessment:

Clinical assessment plays a crucial role in measuring personality
change.

Psychologists use standardized tools to capture the nuances of an
individual’s personality traits. Personality assessment instruments,
such as the NEO Personality Inventory, gauge the Big Five
personality traits—extraversion, emotional stability, openness to
experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. Such clinical tools
help determine if therapy or other interventions are contributing to
personality changes.

 Self-Monitoring and Reflection

Another essential method for assessing personality change
involves self-monitoring and personal reflection. Individuals can
track their own mood changes and behavior shifts over time, often
through journals or digital apps.

This form of self-assessment allows for a more subjective but
immediate understanding of personal growth or change.

Adapting to Personality Changes
Personality changes can often be a complex
process, influenced by various factors such
as major life changes, medication effects, or
shifts in cognitive abilities.
Understanding and adjusting to these
changes, whether within oneself or in
someone close, requires deliberate efforts
and strategies.

1. Practical Strategies for Individuals
 When an individual notice changes within myself, it is crucial to assess the
situation thoughtfully. Here is a methodical approach found effective:
1. Identify the Change: Pinpoint what exactly is different. Is it a sudden change
in my behavior or a gradual shift in how I feel about myself?
2. Understand the Cause: Determine if the changes are due to external
circumstances, such as stress from major life changes, or if they might be
related to medication or health conditions.
3. Evaluate Impact: Consider how these changes are influencing my self-esteem
and daily life.
4. Seek Professional Guidance: If the changes are substantial or persistent, I
make sure to consult healthcare professionals.
5. Develop Coping Strategies: Building on my strengths, I work to reinforce my
self-esteem and adapt my intelligence and cognitive abilities to new
circumstances. I remember that certain aspects of personality are malleable.
6. Monitor Progress: Keeping track of my efforts helps me understand if I am
moving in the right direction and allows for adjustments in my approach.

2. Supporting Others Through Changes
 Supporting someone experiencing personality changes entails empathy and
patience. Here’s how I approach this sensitive task:
• Active Listening: I give my undivided attention to understanding their
perspective and feelings, expressing my support and love throughout our
conversations.
• Non-judgmental Stance: It’s important for me to create a safe space for them
to express themselves without fear of criticism.
• Offer Practical Help: If they’re dealing with effects of medication or adapting
to new cognitive abilities, I find ways to assist in managing those changes.
• Encourage Professional Help: If changes seem drastic or challenging,
encourage them to seek professional advice.
• Stay Informed: I make it a priority to learn about what they are going through,
so we can provide the most effective support.
• Check in Regularly: Consistent communication demonstrates my commitment
to their well-being and gives me insight into how they’re adjusting over time.

ROLE OF NURSE IN IDENTIFICATION OF
INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY AND
IMPROVEMENT IN ALTERED
PERSONALITY
 Assessing the patient: Nurses assesses a patient’s
emotional and cognitive status, including memory,
attention, and other cognitive abilities.
 Identifying the patient behavior: Nurses are often the
first to notice changes in a patient’s personality or
behavior.
 Communicating with the patient: Nurses can help
patients with communication difficulties, such as those
with personality disorders. Communication should be clear.

Collaborating with the medical team:
Nurses work with the medical team to
create a care plan that addresses the
patient’s needs and goals.
Planning interventions: Nurses plan
interventions based on the patient’s current
symptoms to keep them safe.

 Nurses need to help patients to express their
thoughts, feelings and provide care that helps the
patient effectively to cope with change.
 Feelings of insecurity should be lessened by
straight forward explanations of hospital
conditions and procedures including details of
routine by being warm reassuring in her manner
and through sincerity of personal interest in the
patient.

Withdrawn patients should be given gentle
encouragement to talk, express feelings and
relate to the nurse. The nurse should spend time
with such patients even in silence as it increases
their sense of worth.
Reasons for anxiety should be explored.
An enthusiastic readiness to care for the patient
should be conveyed. Failure to do so often
aggravates dependent or demanding behavior.

 Patient’s negative feelings must be replaced by
feelings of hope, courage, and willingness to
cooperate.
 Healthy personal relationships such as confidence and
cooperation with the patient should be built up.
 Patient should be encouraged to participate in
recreational activities either individually or in groups
and not allowed to regress.
 Reasons for anger should be ascertained and checked.
 Patients should be helped in verbalizing feelings and
perceptions about their problems. Verbalization
subsides anxiety and reduces behavioral problem.

Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Theory of Personality
 Psychoanalysis

Freud’s theory of personality
and method of psychotherapy,
both of which assume that our
motives are largely unconscious

Psychoanalysis
The Structure of Personality

Psychoanalysis
 Id: Operates according to the pleasure
principle

Primitive and unconscious, hidden from view

Contains basic drives
 Ego: Operates according to the reality
principle

Mediates the conflict between id and superego
 Superego: Consists of moral ideals and
conscience

Psychoanalysis
 Pleasure Principle:

In psychoanalysis, the id’s boundless drive
for immediate gratification
 Reality Principle

In psychoanalysis, the ego’s capacity to delay
gratification

Psychoanalysis
Psychosexual Development
Psychosexual Stages

Freud’s stages of personality development during which
pleasure is derived from different parts of the body

Oral (the first year of life)

Anal (ages 2-3)

Phallic (ages 4-6)
• When Oedipus complex and identification occur

Latency period (ages 7-12)

Genital (starting at puberty)

Psychoanalysis
The Psychodynamics of Personality
 Unconscious
sexual and
aggressive urges
find acceptable
forms of
expression.

Psychoanalysis
The Dynamics of Personality
 To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict between the
id and the superego, the ego uses defense mechanisms.

Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety by denying
and distorting reality

Repression (forgetting)

Denial (ignoring)

Projection (attributing to others)

Reaction Formation (converting to its opposite)

Rationalization (making excuses)

Sublimation (channeling into acceptable outlets)

Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Legacy
Neo-Freudian Theorists
Carl Jung

Proposed the idea of a Collective Unconscious
• A kind of memory bank that stores images and
ideas that humans have accumulated over the
course of evolution
Alfred Adler

Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex
and the notion that social conflicts are
important in the development of personality.

Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Legacy
Neo-Freudian Theorists
Later generations considered themselves
classical Freudians or expanded
psychoanalysis in two directions.

One direction focused on social relationships.

The other direction enlarged the role of the ego.

Psychoanalysis
Projective Personality Tests
Projective Tests

Allow people to “project” unconscious needs,
wishes, and conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli

Rorschach
• A test in which people are asked to report what
they see in a set of inkblots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• A test in which people are asked to make up
stories from a set of ambiguous pictures

Psychoanalysis
Current Perspectives on Psychoanalysis
There are three major criticisms of
psychoanalysis:

The theory’s portrait of human nature is too
bleak.

The theory does not meet acceptable scientific
standards.

Research fails to support many of its
propositions.

Psychoanalysis
Current Perspectives on Psychoanalysis
Two enduring aspects of the theory remain
influential:

The view of the mind as an iceberg (i.e., the
importance of the unconscious).

The analysis of defense mechanisms, which is
supported throughout psychology in studies of
attention, thinking, feeling, etc.

The Cognitive Social-Learning
Approach
 Cognitive Social-Learning Theory

An approach to personality that
focuses on social learning (modeling),
acquired cognitive factors
(expectancies, values), and the person-
situation interaction

Approach
Principles of Learning and Behavior
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction

Approach
Social-Learning Theory
 Modeling

The social-learning process by which behavior is
observed and imitated
 Locus of Control

The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally
controlled by internal or external factors
 Self-Efficacy

The belief that one is capable of performing the
behaviors required to produce a desired outcome

Approach
Perspectives on Cognitive Social-Learning
Theory
Reciprocal Determinism
 Personality emerges
from the mutual
interactions of
individuals, their
actions, and their
environments.

The Humanistic Approach
 Humanistic Theory

An approach to personality that
focuses on the self, subjective
experience, and the capacity for
fulfillment

Carl Rogers
The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers

Rogers’ Theory
 Unconditional Positive Regard

The acceptance and love one receives from significant
others is unqualified
 Conditional Positive Regard

The acceptance and love one receives from significant
others is contingent upon one’s behavior

Carl Rogers
Self-Esteem

7A positive or negative evaluation of the self
 Self-Schemas

Specific beliefs about the self that influence
how people interpret self-relevant
information

Self-Esteem
Self-Discrepancy Theory
 According to this theory, self-esteem is defined by the match
between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.

Abraham Maslow
The State of Self-Actualization
 Csikszentmihalyi
studied this, based on
Maslow’s writings.
 A state of “flow”
arises when engaging
in activities
demanding skill and
challenge, but are not
too difficult.
Flow, The Optimal Experience

Perspectives on the Humanistic Approach
Praise for the Humanistic Approach

For the idea that people are inherently good

For placing importance on conscious mental experience

For the idea that the self-concept is the heart of personality
Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach

For taking people’s self-report statements at face value

For being too optimistic about human nature and ignoring
human capacity for evil

The Trait Approach
The Building Blocks of Personality
Trait

A relatively stable predisposition to behave
in a certain way
Five-factor Model

A model of personality that consists of five
basic traits:
•Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness,
Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness

The Trait Approach
Construction of Multi-Trait Inventories
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)

A large scale test designed to measure a
multitude of psychological disorders and
personality traits

Most widely used personality instrument

Now the MMPI - 2

Used in clinical and employment settings

Easy to administer and relatively objective

Caution should be used when interpreting the
responses of people from different cultures

The Trait Approach
MMPI Score Profile Showing Clinical Scales

The Trait Approach
Biological Roots of Personality
 The “Big Five”
personality dimensions
were measured in 168
pairs of identical twins
and 132 pairs of
fraternal twins.
 Results suggest that
personality differences
in the population are 40
to 50% genetically
determined.

The Trait Approach
Introversion and Extraversion
This is one of the most powerful dimensions of
personality and is seen in infants, adults, and all
over the world.
Extravert

A kind of person who seeks stimulation and is
sociable and impulsive
Introvert

A kind of person who avoids stimulation and is
low-key and cautious

The Trait Approach
Perspectives: Do Traits Exist?
Personality Consistency Across the Lifespan
 Evidence indicates that personality is least stable during
childhood.
 The consistency of personality increases with age.

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