Phase Noise and Jitter Measurements
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of phase noise and jitter measurements, including definitions, types, and measurement techniques for jitter in clock and data signals. It explains the relationship between phase noise and jitter, discusses instruments used for measurement, and outlines methods for calculating total jitter components. Additionally, the document highlights measurement limitations and offers insights into practical applications and calculations related to jitter specifications.
![What is Phase Noise?
• Ideal Signal (noiseless)
V(t) = A sin(2t) Level
where t
A = nominal amplitude f
= nominal frequency
Time Domain Frequency Domain
• Real Signal
V(t) = [A + E(t)] sin(2t + (t))
Level
where
E(t) = amplitude fluctuations t
(t) = phase fluctuations f
Phase Noise is unintentional phase modulation that spreads the
signal spectrum in the frequency domain.
Phase Noise is equivalent to jitter in the time domain.
DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 7](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/phasenoiseandjittermeasurements-130204111756-phpapp02/85/Phase-Noise-and-Jitter-Measurements-7-320.jpg)
Phase Noise and Jitter Measurements
- 1. Phase Noise and Jitter Measurements
- 2. Phase Noise and Jitter Measurements Introduction Rick Daniel Application Engineer Rohde & Schwarz Colorado Springs, CO DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 2
- 3. Agenda • Jitter Review • Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Jitter Measurements • Phase Noise Concept and Measurement • Deriving Random and Deterministic Jitter from Phase Noise • PLL/Filter Weighting of Jitter Spectrum • Calculating Peak-to-Peak Jitter from RMS Jitter DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 3
- 4. What is J ii tt tt e rr ? J e • Jitter is the short-term time-domain variations in clock or data signal timing • Jitter includes instability in signal period, frequency, phase, duty cycle or some other timing characteristic • Jitter is of interest from cycle to cycle, over many consecutive cycle, or as a longer term variation • Jitter is equivalent to Phase Noise in the frequency domain • Variations with frequency components >10Hz are Jitter • Variations with frequency components <10Hz are Wander DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 4
- 5. Types of Jitter • Time Interval Error (TIE) • Fundamental measurement of jitter • Time difference between measured signal edge and ideal edge • Instantaneous phase of signal • Period Jitter • Short-term stability, basic parameter for clocks • Cycle to Cycle • Important for parallel data transfer • N-Cycle • Important when clock and data routing differ DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 5
- 6. Jitter Measurement Techniques • Time Domain (Oscilloscope) • Direct method for measuring jitter • Measures TIE, Period Jitter, Cycle-to-Cycle Jitter • Measures RMS or Peak-to-Peak Jitter • Measures data or clock signals • Limited sensitivity (100 – 1000 fs) • Frequency Domain (Phase Noise Analyzer) • Calculates jitter from phase noise • Measures RMS Jitter • Measures clocks, not random data streams • Easy to separate random and discrete jitter components • Highest sensitivity (<5 fs) DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 6
- 7. What is Phase Noise? • Ideal Signal (noiseless) V(t) = A sin(2t) Level where t A = nominal amplitude f = nominal frequency Time Domain Frequency Domain • Real Signal V(t) = [A + E(t)] sin(2t + (t)) Level where E(t) = amplitude fluctuations t (t) = phase fluctuations f Phase Noise is unintentional phase modulation that spreads the signal spectrum in the frequency domain. Phase Noise is equivalent to jitter in the time domain. DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 7
- 8. Phase Noise – Unit of Measure • Phase Noise is expressed as L(f) • L(f) is defined as single sideband power due to phase fluctuations in a rectangular 1Hz bandwidth at a specified offset, f, from the carrier • L(f) has units of dBc/Hz LOG A AMPLITUDE L (f) LOG f 1 Hz fc fc+f FREQUENCY DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 8
- 9. Phase Noise Measurement Setup Clock Under Test DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 9
- 10. Example Phase Noise Measurement Plot Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Discrete Spurs Offset from Fundamental Frequency DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 10
- 11. Phase Noise Measurement • Shows phase noise over a range of offset frequencies: L (f) 1 • RMS Jitter = 2 L ( f )df 2f c • Phase noise including spurs yields total jitter (random plus deterministic) • Phase noise without spurs yields random jitter DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 11
- 12. Jitter / Phase Noise Measurement Limitation Oscilloscope or Phase Noise Analyzer • Jitter measured by an oscilloscope or phase noise analyzer is always the RMS sum of the clock jitter and the measuring instrument’s internal jitter • Internal jitter/phase noise limits measurement sensitivity • Examples: • Clock Jitter: 1ps Instrument Jitter: 1ps Measured Jitter: 1.4ps • Clock Jitter: 500fs Instrument Jitter: 1ps Measured Jitter: 1.118ps • Clock Jitter: 500fs Instrument Jitter: 300fs Measured Jitter: 583fs • Clock Jitter: 200fs Instrument Jitter: 5fs Measured Jitter: 200.06fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 12
- 13. Phase Noise Measurement Phase Detector Technique DF=90° ° Clock Under Phase Detector Test Low Pass Baseband Filter LNA Analyzer Ref. Source PLL (tracks DUT freq, maintains 90° PLL Low Pass Filter offset) (sets loop BW) Reference source is tuned to same frequency as clock with 90° phase offset (quadrature) DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 13
- 14. Phase Detector with Cross-Correlation PLL Noise 2 Low Pass Ref 2 DF=90° ° Filter LNA Noise 2 Noise DUT PD ADC Clock Correlation Under Test PD ADC Noise 1 Noise DUT Ref 1 Low Pass DF=90° ° LNA Filter Noise 1 PLL Cross-correlating both measurements effectively reduces reference source noise – improves measurement sensitivity DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 14
- 15. Jitter Measurement Instruments High Real time (Oscilloscope) Flexibility Single-shot or repetitive events (clock or data) Bandwidths typically 60 MHz to >30 GHz Lowest sensitivity (highest jitter noise floor) Measures adjacent cycles Repetitive (Sampling Oscilloscope) Repetitive events only (clock or data) Bandwidths typically 20 GHz to 100 GHz Generally can not discriminate based on jitter frequency Cannot measure adjacent cycles Phase noise (Phase noise test set) Clock signals only (50% duty cycle) Integrate phase noise over frequency to measure jitter High Highest sensitivity (lowest jitter noise floor) Cannot measure adjacent cycles Sensitivity DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 15
- 16. Phase Noise Measurement (without spurs) • Total RMS Jitter (RJ) • 42.8 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 16
- 17. Phase Noise Measurement (with discrete spurs) • Total RMS Jitter (RJ & DJ) • 59.9 fs • Total Jitter (TJ) is RMS sum of RJ and DJ: TJ RJ 2 DJ 2 • DJ can be calculated as: DJ TJ 2 RJ 2 • TJ = 59.9 fs, RJ = 42.8 fs • Calculated DJ = 41.9 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 17
- 18. Measurement of DJ from Individual Contributors • Isolate individual discrete components and evaluate their contribution to total RMS Jitter DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 18
- 19. Measurement of DJ from Individual Contributors • DJ from 1.294kHz spur: • 1.0 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 19
- 20. Measurement of DJ from Individual Contributors • DJ from 1.676kHz spur: • 3.7 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 20
- 21. Measurement of DJ from Individual Contributors • DJ from 20kHz spur: • 40.9 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 21
- 22. Measurement of DJ from Individual Contributors • DJ from 40kHz spur: • 4.6 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 22
- 23. Measurement of DJ from Individual Contributors • DJ from 60kHz spur: • 6.4 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 23
- 24. Measurement of DJ from Individual Contributors • DJ from 80kHz spur: • 2.8 fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 24
- 25. Summary of Total Jitter • TJ is RSS of all contributors 2 2 2 2 2 2 TJ DJ1 DJ 2 DJ 3 DJ 4 DJ 5 DJ 6 RJ 2 12 3.7 2 40.9 2 4.6 2 6.4 2 2.82 42.82 59.9 fs 40.9fs 6.4fs 4.6fs 3.7fs 2.8fs 1fs 42.8fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 25
- 26. Measurement of a Very Low Jitter Device • Crystal based 640MHz signal with very low phase noise/jitter • 4.6fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 26
- 27. Frequency Offset Range is Settable • Measurements in this presentation have used offset range of 1kHz to 10MHz • Offset range can be as wide as 0.01Hz to 30GHz! DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 27
- 28. Jitter Calculation over Subset of Offsets • By default, jitter is calculated over entire measured offset range • A subset of the offset range may be specified for the jitter calculation • Jitter calculated over full measured range of 1kHz to 10MHz is 4.6fs • For reduced range of 10kHz to 3MHz it is 2.8fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 28
- 29. Jitter Calculation with PLL Weighting • Basic measurement shows raw performance of clock • Real systems use PLLs • FSUP can apply a weighting function to simulate the frequency response of a PLL Define PLL Freq Response PLL1 Select PLL to apply to measurement Unweighted Jitter: 4.6fs Weighted Jitter: 3.3fs DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 29
- 30. Phase Noise/Jitter Measurement Spectrum Analyzer vs Phase Detector vs PD with Cross-Correlation SA: 68.7fs PD: 13.1fs PD w/CC: 4.6fs Phase Detector with Cross-Correlation is most sensitive way to measure phase noise and jitter DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 30
- 31. Calculating Peak-to-Peak Jitter from RMS Jitter • Time-domain histogram of many jitter measurements shows a Gaussian distribution when jitter is purely random (RJ) • Gaussian distribution mathematics says that 68.3% of all measurements are within one standard deviation of the mean (+s) • The standard deviation (s) is the RMS jitter (RJ) -4*RJRMS -3*RJRMS -2*RJRMS -RJRMS 0 RJRMS 2*RJRMS 3*RJRMS 4*RJRMS DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 31
- 32. Calculating Peak-to-Peak Jitter from RMS Jitter • Phase noise measurement doesn’t provide a histogram, but does provide RMS jitter value (and therefore standard deviation) • Since RJ has a Gaussian distribution we can calculate peak-to-peak jitter for a given BER Jitter measurements in dark Most instantaneous shaded area represent jitter measurements error-causing jitter values would be in this region Never reaches 0% probability -4s -3s -2s -s 0 +s +2s +3s +4s -4*RJRMS -3*RJRMS -2*RJRMS -RJRMS RJRMS 2*RJRMS 3*RJRMS 4*RJRMS DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 32
- 33. Calculating Peak-to-Peak Jitter from RMS Jitter • Peak-to-peak random jitter can be calculated from RMS jitter by multiplying by a • RJ pp a * RJ RMS 1 a where is a is derived from: erfc BER 2 2 2 a Source: Maxim Application Note AN462 DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 33
- 34. a vs. BER • Factors to calculate RJpp from RJRMS based on BER • Example: RJpp = 9.507*RJRMS for BER = 10-6 14.069*RJRMS (BER=10-12) 11.996*RJRMS (BER=10-9) 9.507*RJRMS (BER=10-6) 6.180*RJRMS(BER=10-3) DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 34
- 35. Useful References • “Analysis of Jitter with the R&S FSUP Signal Source Analyzer” Rohde & Schwarz Application Note 1EF71 • “Converting Between RMS and Peak-to-Peak Jitter at a Specified BER” Maxim Integrated Application Note HFAN-4.0.2 • “Clock Jitter and Measurement” SiTime Application Note SiT-AN10007 • “A Primer on Jitter, Jitter Measurement and Phase-Locked Loops” Silicon Labs Application Note AN687 • “Determining Peak to Peak Frequency Jitter” Pletronics White Paper DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 35
- 36. DesignCon 2013 | Phase Noise and Jitter | 36