![Part II – Cognition and Memory
Psychological
Theories
• Thinking aloud
Coding
Scheme
Level 1: Map Level
Orientate – Execute - Evaluate
Transcriptions
Level 2: Item Level
Gather Thougts – Draw – Correct - Evaluate
Level 3: Confidence
Confident – Neutral – Not Confident
Level 4: Actions
(Raw Protocols)
Check – Correct – Draw – Erase – Fill Colour –
Talk – Take Pencil
• Time ratio for each code: [0-1]
Chapter 6
THEORY
Psychological
Model
– ‘Full thought’
• 4 Levels of codes:
Task
Analysis
Proposed
Codes
Coded
Protocols
Segmented
Protocols
USER
DATA](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pre-defensefinal-140303044118-phpapp02/85/PhD_Pre-defense_2012-25-320.jpg)
PhD_Pre-defense_2012
- 1. Maps, how do users see them? An in depth investigation of the map users’ cognitive processes Kristien Ooms Department of Geography – Ghent University
- 2. Maps, how do users see them? Improve the effectiveness of (screen) map designs based on the users’ characteristics. Purpose of maps Communication After Kolácný (1969)
- 3. Maps, how do users see them? Contribute to the understanding of how map users read, interpret, store, and use the presented visual information on screen maps. After van Elzakker and Wealands (2007)
- 4. Maps, how do users see them? Investigate the influence of (cartographic) expertise on the map users’ cognitive processes and their limitations while processing the visual information presented on screen maps. After Kolácný (1969) After van Elzakker and Wealands (2007)
- 5. Maps, how do users see them? • Research Questions 1. How do map users read and interpret the visual information presented on screen maps? 2. How do map users store and retrieve (use) the information that was previously gathered from screen maps? 3. How are the map users’ cognitive processes influenced by deviations in the map image? 4. How does (cartographic) expertise influences the cognitive processes investigated in the previous research questions?
- 6. Maps, how do users see them? Ch 2-4: Basic Map Design RQ 1 expert novice Ch 2: • Visual search • Between user study design • Statistical comparison RQ 2 RQ 3 eye tracking RQ 4 reaction times questionnaire Ch 3: Ch 4: • Visual search • Visual search • Visual analytics • Within user study • Evolution behaviour design Ch 5-6: Statistical and visual over time • Complex Map Design • Influencing factors comparison RQ 1 expert RQ 3 novice RQ 2 RQ 4 Ch 5: • Read and interpret screen map • Between user study design • Statistical and visual comparison eye tracking thinking aloud questionnaire Ch 6: • Remember map from memory • Between user study design • Analyses of coded protocols
- 7. Part I - Basic Map Design • Task: – Visual search • Techniques: – Eye tracking – Reaction times – Questionnaire • Analyses: – Statistical – Visual
- 8. Part I – Experts vs. novices Chapter 2 • Aims: – Study cognitive processes – Difference experts vs. novices? – Explain by Cognitive Load Theory • Structure WM: Cognitive load • Influence of map design – Content – Symbolisation • Room for learning
- 9. Part I – Experts vs. novices • Results: – – – – Reaction time measurements Fixation duration Fixation count Fixation distribution Chapter 2
- 10. Part I – Experts vs. novices Chapter 2 • Conclusion – Similar trend in both user groups: CLT – Experts significantly faster at locating the names – Explained by eye movement metrics Shorter fixations Can interpret the map’s content more efficiently Can interpret a larger part of the map in the same amount of time More fixation per second Locates the names faster Interprets map more efficiently
- 11. Part I – Visual Analytics • Aims: Chapter 3 – Extend statistical analyses • Maps: communicate spatial information • Study spatial dimension • Influence of map layout – Visual Analytics Toolkit • Filter data: time & attributes • Aggregate data 1 participant | 10 seconds
- 12. Part I – Visual Analytics • • • • Time series Aggregation Simplification Selection Chapter 3
- 13. Part I – Visual Analytics • Conclusion – Selection, aggregation, simplifation • Tools are indispensable – Patterns: search behaviour • Time series: evolution search behaviour • Influence of map layout (labels) • Individual differences Chapter 3
- 14. Part I – Efficient and effective labels? • Label placement algorithm – Improved efficiency – Lower map quality – Influence on (novice) users? • Effectiveness of the map? total-design – Evaluate different map designs border-design • Aims: original view Chapter 4
- 15. Part I – Efficient and effective labels? • Results – Reaction time measurements – Eye movements • Fixation duration • Fixation count • Visualisation scanpaths – Questionnaires Chapter 4
- 16. Part I – Efficient and effective labels? • Conclusion – Improved (algorithmic) efficiency – No influence on effectiveness • Consiously: user statements – “no difference was seen” • Unconsiously: measurements – No deviations in » Reaction time measurements » Eye movement metrics Chapter 4
- 17. Part II – Complex Map Design • Task: – Study & draw • Techniques: – – – – Eye tracking Thinking aloud Sketch maps Questionnaire • Analyses: – Statistical – Visual
- 18. Part II – Complex Map Design • Aims: – Communication process: Sensory Input Transferred Working Memory Limited in -size -time (debate) – Expertise? – Influence of deviations Using links, pointers with previous knowledge Transferred Retrieved LongTerm Memory Virtually unlimited
- 19. Part II – Reading and Interpretation • Eye movements Chapter 5 – 2D gridded visualisations Average fixation count Maximum fixation count
- 20. Part II – Reading and Interpretation Chapter 5 • Eye movements – 3D gridded visualisation Average total fixation duration Average fixation duration per fixation
- 21. Part II – Reading and Interpretation • Eye movements Chapter 5 – Gridded visualisation: statistical comparison Statistical comparison (ANOVA)
- 22. Part II – Reading and Interpretation • Eye movements – Scanpaths Chapter 5
- 23. Part II – Reading and Interpretation • Eye movements – Conclusion • Focus on general structuring elements – Experts: more pronounced – Experts fixate more on the left side • Influence of deviations – No influence for less important elements – Confusion for structuring elements » Colour water bodies » Mirrored map elements – Novices: more pronounced Chapter 5
- 24. Part II – Cognition and Memory Chapter 6 • Thinking aloud – Word segmentation (count in ‰) Based on frequency Based on theme
- 25. Part II – Cognition and Memory Psychological Theories • Thinking aloud Coding Scheme Level 1: Map Level Orientate – Execute - Evaluate Transcriptions Level 2: Item Level Gather Thougts – Draw – Correct - Evaluate Level 3: Confidence Confident – Neutral – Not Confident Level 4: Actions (Raw Protocols) Check – Correct – Draw – Erase – Fill Colour – Talk – Take Pencil • Time ratio for each code: [0-1] Chapter 6 THEORY Psychological Model – ‘Full thought’ • 4 Levels of codes: Task Analysis Proposed Codes Coded Protocols Segmented Protocols USER DATA
- 26. Part II – Cognition and Memory • Sketch maps – Order of drawing – Scores on maps • Questionnaire – Stated confidence Chapter 6
- 27. Part II – Cognition and Memory • Conclusion – General structures: similar • Novices: store more information – Descriptions, locations, etc. – No extra knowledge – Not derive extra information • Experts: can retrieve more information – Know objects’ names – Background information » Derive information – Larger chunks in WM Chapter 6
- 28. General Conclusion 1. How do map users read and interpret the visual information presented on screen maps? • • 2. How do map users store and retrieve (use) the information that was previously gathered from screen maps? • • 3. Limited information in WM Retrieve information from LTM through links (chunking) Important influence of background knowledge (carto & geo) How are the map users’ cognitive processes influenced by deviations in the map image? • • 4. Guided by main structuring map elements Influence on cognitive load Experts: more efficient interpretation Subtle differences: almost no influence Deviations to main structures (mirror, colour): confusion Novices are most influenced How does (cartographic) expertise influences the cognitive processes investigated in the previous research questions?
- 29. More Info? Kristien.Ooms@UGent.be 1. Ooms, K., De Maeyer, P., Fack, V., Van Assche, E., & Witlox, F. (2012). Interpreting maps through the eyes of expert and novice users. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26 (10), 1773-1788. 2. Ooms, K., Andrienko, G., Andrienko, N., De Maeyer, P., & Fack, V. (2012). Analysing the spatial dimension of eye movement data using a visual analytic approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(1), 1324-1332. 3. Ooms, K., De Maeyer, P., Fack, V., Van Assche, E., & Witlox, F. (2012). Investigation the effectiveness of an efficient label placement method using eye movement data. The Cartographic Journal, 49(3), 234-246. 4. Ooms, K., De Maeyer, P., & Fack, V. (under revision). Understanding expert and novice map users: Reading and interpretation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 5. Ooms, K., De Maeyer, P., & Fack, V. (under revision). Listen to the map user: Cognition, memory, and expertise. The Cartographic Journal.
- 30. Thank you for your attention! Questions?