Phy 310 chapter 1
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The document discusses Planck's quantum theory of blackbody radiation. It begins by explaining the failures of classical physics to accurately describe blackbody radiation. Planck introduced the idea that electromagnetic radiation exists in discrete quantized energy levels (quanta), with the energy of each quantum directly proportional to the radiation's frequency. This explained the experimental observations. Later, Einstein extended this idea by proposing that electromagnetic radiation itself consists of particle-like photons, with the energy of each photon determined by its frequency.
Phy 310 chapter 1
- 1. CHAPTER 1: Blackbody Radiation (3 Hours) Dr. Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman (DR ATAR) School of Physics & Material Studies Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia Campus of Negeri Sembilan 72000 Kuala Pilah Negeri Sembilan 064832154 / 0123407500 / ahmadtaufek@ns.uitm.edu.my
- 2. Learning Outcome: Planck’s quantum theory At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: • Explain briefly Planck’s quantum theory and classical theory of energy. • Write and use Einstein’s formulae for photon energy, E hf DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS hc PHY310 - Modern Physics 2
- 3. Need for Quantum Physics Problems remained from classical mechanics that the special theory of relativity didn’t explain. Attempts to apply the laws of classical physics to explain the behavior of matter on the atomic scale were consistently unsuccessful. Problems included: – Blackbody radiation • The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a heated object – Photoelectric effect • Emission of electrons by an illuminated metal DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 3
- 4. Quantum Mechanics Revolution Between 1900 and 1930, another revolution took place in physics. A new theory called quantum mechanics was successful in explaining the behavior of particles of microscopic size. The first explanation using quantum theory was introduced by Max Planck. – Many other physicists developments DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS were involved PHY310 - Modern Physics in other subsequent 4
- 5. Blackbody Radiation An object at any temperature is known to emit thermal radiation. – Characteristics depend on the temperature and surface properties. – The thermal radiation consists of a continuous distribution of wavelengths from all portions of the em spectrum. At room temperature, the wavelengths of the thermal radiation are mainly in the infrared region. As the surface temperature increases, the wavelength changes. – It will glow red and eventually white. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 5
- 6. Blackbody Radiation, cont. The basic problem was in understanding the observed distribution in the radiation emitted by a black body. – Classical physics didn’t adequately describe the observed distribution. A black body is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incident on it. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body is called blackbody radiation. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 6
- 7. Blackbody Approximation A good approximation of a black body is a small hole leading to the inside of a hollow object. The hole acts as a perfect absorber. The nature of the radiation leaving the cavity through the hole depends only on the temperature of the cavity. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 7
- 8. Blackbody Experiment Results The total power of the emitted radiation increases with temperature. – Stefan’s law: P = s A e T4 – The emissivity, e, of a black body is 1, exactly The peak of the wavelength distribution shifts to shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases. – Wien’s displacement law maxT = 2.898 x 10-3 m . K DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 8
- 9. Intensity of Blackbody Radiation, Summary The intensity increases with increasing temperature. The amount of radiation emitted increases with increasing temperature. – The area under the curve The peak wavelength decreases with increasing temperature. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 9
- 10. Rayleigh-Jeans Law An early classical attempt to explain blackbody radiation was the Rayleigh-Jeans law. I λ,T 2π c kBT λ4 At long wavelengths, the law matched experimental results fairly well. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 10
- 11. Rayleigh-Jeans Law, cont. At short wavelengths, there was a major disagreement between the Rayleigh-Jeans law and experiment. This mismatch known as the catastrophe. became ultraviolet – You would have infinite energy as the wavelength approaches zero. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 11
- 12. Max Planck 1858 – 1847 German physicist Introduced the concept of “quantum of action” In 1918 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the quantized nature of energy. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 12
- 13. Planck’s Theory of Blackbody Radiation In 1900 Planck developed a theory of blackbody radiation that leads to an equation for the intensity of the radiation. This equation is in complete agreement with experimental observations. He assumed the cavity radiation came from atomic oscillations in the cavity walls. Planck made two assumptions about the nature of the oscillators in the cavity walls. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 13
- 14. Planck’s Assumption, 1 The energy of an oscillator can have only certain discrete values En. – En = n h ƒ • n is a positive integer called the quantum number • ƒ is the frequency of oscillation • h is Planck’s constant – This says the energy is quantized. – Each discrete energy value corresponds to a different quantum state. • Each quantum state is represented by the quantum number, n. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 14
- 15. Planck’s Assumption, 2 The oscillators emit or absorb energy when making a transition from one quantum state to another. – The entire energy difference between the initial and final states in the transition is emitted or absorbed as a single quantum of radiation. – An oscillator emits or absorbs energy only when it changes quantum states. – The energy carried by the quantum of radiation is E = h ƒ. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 15
- 16. Energy-Level Diagram An energy-level diagram shows the quantized energy levels and allowed transitions. Energy is on the vertical axis. Horizontal lines represent the allowed energy levels. The double-headed arrows indicate allowed transitions. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 16
- 17. More About Planck’s Model The average energy of a wave is the average energy difference between levels of the oscillator, weighted according to the probability of the wave being emitted. This weighting is described by the Boltzmann distribution law and gives the probability of a state being occupied as being proportional to e E k T B where E is the energy of the state. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 17
- 18. Planck’s Model, Graph DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 18
- 19. Planck’s Wavelength Distribution Function Planck generated distribution. a theoretical expression for the wavelength 2πhc 2 I λ,T 5 hc λk T B λ e 1 – h = 6.626 x 10-34 J.s – h is a fundamental constant of nature. At long wavelengths, Planck’s equation reduces to the Rayleigh-Jeans expression. At short wavelengths, it predicts an exponential decrease in intensity with decreasing wavelength. – This is in agreement with experimental results. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 19
- 20. Einstein and Planck’s Results Einstein re-derived Planck’s results by assuming the oscillations of the electromagnetic field were themselves quantized. In other words, Einstein proposed that quantization is a fundamental property of light and other electromagnetic radiation. This led to the concept of photons. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 20
- 21. Planck’s quantum theory Classical theory of black body radiation • Black body is defined as an ideal system that absorbs all the radiation incident on it. The electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitted by the black body is called black body radiation. • From the black body experiment, the distribution of energy in black body, E depends only on the temperature, T. E k BT (1.1) where k B : Boltzmann' s constant T : temperature in kelvin • If the temperature increases thus the energy of the black body increases and vice versa. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 21
- 22. • The spectrum of EM radiation emitted by the black body (experimental result) is shown in Figure. Experimental result Rayleigh -Jeans theory Wien’s theory Classical physics • From the curve, Wien’s theory was accurate at short wavelengths but deviated at longer wavelengths whereas the reverse was true for the Rayleigh-Jeans theory. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 22
- 23. • The Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien’s theories failed to fit the experimental curve because this two theories based on classical ideas which are – Energy of the EM radiation is not depend on its frequency or wavelength. – Energy of the EM radiation is continuously. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 23
- 24. • In 1900, Max Planck proposed his theory that is fit with the experimental curve in Figure at all wavelengths known as Planck’s quantum theory. • The assumptions made by Planck in his theory are : – The EM radiation emitted by the black body is in discrete (separate) packets of energy. Each packet is called a quantum of energy. This means the energy of EM radiation is quantised. – The energy size of the radiation depends on its frequency. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 24
- 25. • According to this assumptions, the quantum of the energy E for radiation of frequency f is given by E hf where (1.2) h : Planck' s constant 6.63 10 34 J s • Since the speed of EM radiation in a vacuum is c f then eq. (1.2) can be written as E hc (1.3) • From eq. (1.3), the quantum of the energy E for radiation DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS is inversely proportional to its wavelength. PHY310 - Modern Physics 25
- 26. • It is convenient to express many quantum energies in electron-volts. • The electron-volt (eV) is a unit of energy that can be defined as the kinetic energy gained by an electron in being accelerated by a potential difference (voltage) of 1 volt. 19 J Unit conversion: 1 eV 1.60 10 • In 1905, Albert Einstein extended Planck’s idea by proposing that electromagnetic radiation is also quantised. It consists of particle like packets (bundles) of energy called photons of electromagnetic radiation. Note: For EM radiation of n packets, the energy En is given by (1.4) En nhf DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS where n : real numberPhysics 1,2,3,... PHY310 - Modern 26
- 27. Photon • Photon is defined as a particle with zero mass consisting of a quantum of electromagnetic radiation where its energy is concentrated. • A photon may also be regarded as a unit of energy equal to hf. • Photons travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. They are required to explain the photoelectric effect and other phenomena that require light to have particle property. • Table shows the differences between the photon and electromagnetic wave. DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 27
- 28. EM Wave • Photon Energy of the EM wave depends on the intensity of the wave. Intensity of the wave I is proportional to the squared of its amplitude A2 where 2 • Its energy is continuously and spread out through the medium as shown in Figure 9.2a. • Energy of a photon is proportional to the frequency of the EM wave where E f IA • Its energy is discrete as shown in Figure 9.2b. Photon DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 28
- 29. Example 1 : A photon of the green light has a wavelength of 740 nm. Calculate a. the photon’s frequency, b. the photon’s energy in joule and electron-volt. (Given c the =3.00108 speed m of light s1 and in the Planck’s vacuum, constant, h =6.631034 J s) DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 29
- 30. Solution : 740 10 9 m a. The frequency of the photon is given by c f 3.00 108 740 10 9 f f 4.05 1014 Hz b. By applying the Planck’s quantum theory, thus the photon’s energy in joule is E hf E 6.63 10 34 4.05 1014 E 2.69 10 19 J and its energy in electron-volt is DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS 2.69 10 19 E E 1.66 eV 19 1.60 10 - Modern Physics PHY310 30
- 31. Example 2 : For a gamma radiation of wavelength 4.621012 m propagates in the air, calculate the energy of a photon for gamma radiation in electron-volt. (Given the speed of light in the vacuum, c =3.00108 m s1 and Planck’s constant, h =6.631034 J s) DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 31
- 32. Solution : 4.62 10 12 m By applying the Planck’s quantum theory, thus the energy of a photon in electron-volt is E DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS hc 6.63 10 3.00 10 E 34 8 4.62 10 12 E 4.31 10 14 J 4.31 10 14 1.60 10 19 E 2.69 10 5 eV PHY310 - Modern Physics 32
- 33. Thank You DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS PHY310 - Modern Physics 33