Physics and Matter
Download as PPT, PDF13 likes3,010 views
The document provides an overview of physics, detailing its branches, including classical and modern physics, and their subdivisions such as mechanics, optics, acoustics, and thermodynamics. It explains the classification of matter into organic and inorganic, as well as elements, compounds, and mixtures, while discussing physical and chemical properties of substances, changes in states of matter, and the kinetic molecular theory. Additionally, it addresses forms of energy, including potential and kinetic energy, alongside concepts of cohesion and adhesion in materials.
Physics and Matter
- 1. Physics and Matter By Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz
- 2. Physics • thestudy of everyday phenomenausing thefundamental lawsof nature. • thestudy of matter and energy and their relationship.
- 4. Classical Physics • MECHANICS – thestudy of forcesacting on bodieswhether at rest or in motion
- 5. Branchesof Physics • Classical Physics – the traditional forces that were recognized and developed before the beginning of the20th century • Modern Physics – to the concepts in physics that have surfaced since the beginning of the 20th century.
- 6. Subdivisionsof Mechanics 1. Statics– study of theforceson a body or bodiesar rest. 2. Dynamics- study of motion and the forcesthat affect it. 3. Kinematics- study of motion without regard to itscauses
- 7. Optics • thestudy of light • concerned not only with visiblelight but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomenaof visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction.
- 8. Acoustics/Sound Physics • thestudy of sound, isoften considered abranch of mechanicsbecausesound is dueto themotionsof the particlesof air or other medium through which sound wavescan travel and thuscan beexplained in termsof thelawsof mechanics. Ultrasonics - thestudy of sound wavesof very high frequency, beyond therange of human hearing.
- 9. Heat • Heat isaform of energy, theinternal energy possessed by theparticlesof which asubstanceis composed Thermodynamics- dealswith the relationshipsbetween heat and other forms of energy.
- 10. Electromagnetism - the study of the properties of electric current and magnetism and their relationship a. Electrostatics – on electric charges at rest b. Electrodynamics– on moving charges c. Magnetostatics – on magnetic poles at rest
- 11. Modern Physics 1. ATOMIC and NUCLEAR PHYSICS – the study of the components, structure and behavior of thenucleusof theatom. 2. QUANTUM PHYSICS – the study of the discrete nature of phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels its focus is on the invisible units of energy called quanta as described by thequantum theory.
- 12. 3. RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS - the study of phenomena that take place in a forms of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer. 4. SOLID STATE PHYSICS – study of all properties of solid materials including electrical conduction in crystals of semi- conductor and metals.
- 13. 5. CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS –study of the properties of condensed materials (solids, and liquid and those intermediate between them and dense gas) with the ultimate goal and developing new material with better properties; it is an extension of solid statephysics. 6. PLASMA PHYSICS –the study of the fourth state of matter; plasma 7. LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS – the study of the production and maintenance of temperatures down to almost absolute zero and the various phenomena that occur only at such temperature.
- 14. Matter
- 15. Matteris anything that occupies space and has mass
- 16. Classification of Matter According to theorigin orsource, matter isclassified as organic and inorganic matter. Organic matter comesfrom living things, while ino rganic matter comesfrom non-living things. Chemistshavestudied that all formsof matter may beclassified into three general classeson thebasisof their compositions. Thesearetheelements, compoundsand mixtures. Element isasubstance, which cannot bedecomposed by ordinary means. Atom isthesmallest part of an element that can enter into combination with other elements. Compound isasubstance, which can bedecomposed into two or more simpler substancesby ordinary chemical means. Mixture isamaterial composed of two or moresubstanceseach of which retainsitsown characteristic properties. a. Heterogeneousmixtureisone which haspartspossessing different properties. b. Homogeneousmixtureis onewhich hassimilar propertiesthroughout. Substanceisahomogeneous material composed of oneparticular kind of matter.
- 18. Matter can ordinarily exist in three physical states –solid, liquid, and gas. A fourth state of matter exists under special conditions, called plasma.
- 19. The state of matterchanges as you add more energy.
- 20. Changesin matter
- 21. Physical Properties Specific properties arethosefeatures, which definitely distinguish one substancefrom another. Someof thesearethefollowing: 1. Density istheweight of aunit volumeof asubstance. 2. Specific gravity istheratio of theweight of agiven volumeof a substanceto theweight of thesamevolumeof water at thesame temperature. 3. Hardnessistheability of thesubstanceto resist scratching. 4. Odor isthecharacteristicsodor of agiven substance. 5. Color isthecharacteristicscolor of agiven substance. Accidental physical properties arethosefeaturesasweight, dimensions, and volume. They havenothing to do with thenatureof thesubstance, but they enableusto find out how much of agiven substancewehave. Specific and accidental
- 22. Chemical Properties Chemical propertiesof asubstancedescribehow a substanceactswhen it undergoeschange. They describeitsability to form new substancesunder given conditions. A chemical changeor achemical reaction isachange from onesubstanceto another. thereactionsoccur. Someof thechemical propertiesare: combustibility, stability, relativeactivity, responseto test reaction, and ionization.
- 23. States of Matterand Changes of State.
- 24. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties • Intrinsic (intensive) Propertiesare propertiesthat do not depend on thesize of thesample. Examplesarecolor, odor, boiling point, and electrical conductivity. • Extrinsic (Extensive) Propertiesare propertiesthat depend on thesizeor amount of thesample. Examplesaremass and volume.
- 25. Law of Conservation of Mass • TheLaw of Conservation of Massstatethat mass isneither created nor destroyed. An exampleis shown in thecompletecombustion of gasoline. Therelationship istruewithin thelimitsof one’s ability to determinetheweightsof thereacting substancesand theproductsof thereaction: Gasoline+ oxygen ----> carbon dioxide+ water vapor Weight of reactants= weight of products
- 26. Identify whether thefollowing arephysical or chemical changes: • ___________________1. welding metals • ___________________2. ripening of fruits • ___________________3. grinding rice • ___________________4. dissolving sugar in water • ___________________5. burning gas • ___________________6. magnetizing iron nails • ___________________7. melting of butter • ___________________8. hair bleaching • ___________________9. souring of milk • ___________________10. brewing of coffee
- 27. Classify thefollowing aseither an element, a compound, or amixture: • ___________________1. gasoline • ___________________2. dry ice • ___________________3. aluminum wire • ___________________4. diamond • ___________________5. lead pencil • ___________________6. toothpaste • ___________________7. penny • ___________________8. platinum • ___________________9. glue • ___________________10. rubbing alcohol
- 28. Classify thefollowing propertiesasintrinsic or extrinsic: • ___________________1. volume • ___________________2. density • ___________________3. length • ___________________4. color • ___________________5. freezing point • ___________________6. electrical conductivity • ___________________7. mass • ___________________8. odor • ___________________9. boiling point • ___________________10. luster
- 29. Kinetic Molecular Theory • showshow individual gasparticles interact with oneanother. Assumptionsof KMT: • Moleculesarepoint masses(they haveno volume) • Gasmoleculesexert no forceon each other unlessthey collide • Collisionsof moleculeswith each other or thewallsof thecontainer do not decreasetheenergy of the system • Themoleculesof agasarein constant and random motion • Thetemperatureof agasdepends on itsaveragekinetic energyavg(1/2mv 2 ) = 3/2kT . In other words, theenergy of an ideal gasisentirely kinetic.
- 30. Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion - refersto the attraction between like molecules. Adhesion – refersto the attraction between unlike molecules.
- 31. Cohesion in Solids • Tenacity – theability of amaterial to resist being pulled apart. Ex…steel, tungsten, iron and bronze • Malleability – thestate of being malleable, or capableof being shaped, asby hammering or pressing
- 32. • Ductility - theability of material, such assteel, to bedrawn out into thin wiresor flat sheetswithout pulling apart or breaking. Materialsthat are extremely ductilecan be stretched thin without cracking and losing their strength. • Hardness- defined by how well asubstancewill resist scratching by another substance.
- 33. Cohesion in Liquids • Surfacetension - theproperty of the surfaceof aliquid that allowsit to resist an external force, dueto the cohesivenatureof itsmolecules. • aprinciplethat explainswhy fluids areoften drawn up into other substances. Thisphenomenon isalso sometimesdescribed as“capillarity.” A classic exampleof thisaction involvesapaper towel and aspilled puddleof water: when thetowel is dipped into thewater, it sucksthe water up. It explainsalargenumber of eventsthat occur in nature, from how treesmanageto get water all the way up to their crownsto theway in which water seemsto climb up a straw.
- 34. Formsof Energy • Potential Energy isany typeof stored energy. It can bechemical, nuclear, gravitational or mechanical. • Kinetic Energy isenergy in motion. An airplane flying or ameteor plummeting each havekinetic energy. Even thetiniest thingshavekinetic energy, likeatomsvibrating when they arehot or when they transmit sound waves. Electricity isthe kinetic energy of flowing electronsbetween atoms.
- 35. Energy – capacity to do work. • Potential Energy is any type of stored energy. It can be chemical, nuclear, gravitational or mechanical. • Kinetic Energy is found in movement. An airplane flying or a meteor plummeting each have kinetic energy. Even the tiniest things have kinetic energy, like atoms vibrating when they are hot or when they transmit sound waves energy of flowing electrons between atoms.