Physiological parameters with their significance
- 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS WITH THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Hemendra Kumar Asst. Professor Poineer Institute of Pharmacy Bareilly
- 2. 1. BODY TEMPERATURE • Clinical Thermometer is used for measuring body temperature. • The thermometer’s bulb is placed at various body positions for a specific time period. • The normal body temperature is 37.5°C. Significance:- • Increased body temperature is shows any body infection or disease. • Increased body temperature is symptom of many diseases. 2
- 3. 2.CARDIO-VASCULAR TESTS 2.1. PULSE RATE OR HEART RATE • Pulse is the wave of expansion and elongation produced in the aorta wall and passed on the arteries. • Usually physician prefer the radial artery at wrist. • Normal range- Foetus 140-150/minutes Neonatal 130-140/minutes One year 115-130/minutes 2-3 year 100-115/minutes 7-14 year 80-90/minutes Over 15 year 70-80/minutes 3
- 4. Significance • It helps in evaluating the myocardial status and charter of blood pressure. • Increased values are observed in case of fever, exercise, excitement, and increased metabolic rate. • Increase in heart rate is c/a Tachycardia and decrease in heart rate is c/a Bradycardia. 4
- 5. 2.2 Blood Cholesterol • Normal values are • Significance: • Increased level indicates diabetes mellitus and other diseases. • Decreased level indicates hyperthyroidism and anaemia. Neonates 45-100 mg% 20-30 yrs. 145-275 mg% 30-40 yrs.. 165-295 mg% 40-50 yrs.. 170-315 mg% Above 50 yrs.. 175-350 mg% 5
- 6. 2.3 Blood Pressure • The force which is applied by blood on vessel’s wall while circulating. • Sphygmomanometer is used for the measurement of B.P. • The Normal Range is 120/80 mmHg. Significance: • B.P. determination is a good aid in the heart disease diagnosis. • Increase in B.P k/a Hypertension and decrease in B.P k/a Hypotension. 6
- 7. 3 Haematological Tests 3.1 Haemoglobin Value • Hb is the red colored pigment of blood. • It consist of Globin(protein) and haem (Iron pigment) • Its normal range is 15.5±2.5 gm% for male and 14.0±2.5 gm% for female. Significance • Value below the normal range indicates Anaemia. • Value above the normal range indicates Dehydration. 7
- 8. 3.2 Red Blood Cells (RBCs) • RBCs are formed in Bone Marrow. • The red color of RBC is due to the presence of Hb. • Normal range:- 4.5-5.5 million /mm3(Male) and 3.5-5.5 million/mm3 (female) Significance • RBC number above the normal range indicates heart ailment, polyuria. • While RBC number below the normal range indicates anaemia and leukemia. 8
- 9. 3.3 WBCs or TLC (Total Leucocytes count) • WBC(leucocytes) are colorless cells with nuclei. • Normal range: 6000-8000 mm3 for males and 8000-10000 mm3. Significance • TLC value higher than the normal range indicates an infection being treated by the body. • Lower TLC count indicates the improper functioning of the immune system. 9
- 10. 3.4 DLC (Differential leucocyte count) • Count of different type of WBCs. • Normal ranges: Significance: Neutrophils: (increase) • Acute bacterial infection like pneumonia etc. Neutrophils 60-70% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0-2% Monocytes 5-10% Lymphocytes 20-30% 10
- 11. Eosinophils: (Increase) • It indicates allergic condition and presence of intestinal parasites. Lymphocytes: (increase) • Acute infection like measles, influenza. 11
- 12. 3.5 ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) • When anticoagulant blood is held in a vertical column, the rate at which RBC sediment under their own weight is termed as ESR. • It is measured by Wintrobe’s method. • Normal range: 0-9 mm/hr. (male) and 2-20mm/hr. (female) Significance • ESR determination is have great importance in the diagnosis of disease like Tuberculosis and rheumatoid arthritis. • High ESR indicates such diseases. 12
- 13. 3.6 Platelets Count • Platelets involves in blood clotting. • They remain in circulation for 8-12 days. • The normal range is 150-400x103 / L. Significance: • Reduced number occurs either increased destruction or decreased formation. 13
- 14. 3.7 Blood Sugar • The normal range is 80-120mg/100ml. Significance • Increase in blood sugar level is k/a Hyperglycemia and decrease in blood sugar level is k/a Hypoglycemia. • High Blood sugar level occurs in diabetic condition . 14
- 15. 3.8 Blood Uric Acid • The Normal value is 2-6mg/100ml, while it is slight lower in females. Significance: • High value indicates GOUT and renal failure. 15
- 16. 4. URINE ANALYSIS • Urine is a sterile liquid, formed by kidney by a process k/a Urination. • It consist of 95% water and 5% other constituents i.e urea, chloride(Cl−),sodium(Na+),Potassium(K+),Creatinine etc. 4.1 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION a) Color: • Normally yellow-amber in color. b) Appreance: Normally it is clear in appreance. 16
- 17. c) Odour: • Its smell indicates various pathological conditions such as it has sweet and fruity smell in case of diabetes patient. • Normally it has aromatic smell but on aged it smells like ammonia. d) pH: • Generally it has slightly acidic pH range b/w 4.8-8. e) Density: • The sp. Gravity range b/w 1.02-1.03. 17
- 18. 4.2 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION a) Protein: • It is not generally present in urine so it is k/a abnormal constituent. • Presence of protein is k/a proteinuria. b) Sugar(Glucose): • It is an abnormal constituent. • The presence of sugar in k/a glycosuria which may be occurs due to diabetes. 18
- 19. c) Bile salts: • It is also an abnormal constituent. • In case of hepatic jaundice bile salt such as bilirubin is excreted in urine. d) Blood/ Blood cells: • It is also an abnormal constituent. • If blood/ blood cells are excreted in urine this condition is k/a haematuria. e) Ketone bodies: • It is also an abnormal constituent. • In case of hypoglycaemia ketone bodies excreted in urine. 19
- 20. 4.3 MICROSCOPIC TESTS a) Epithelial cells: • Few epithelial cells can be present normally in urine. • Increased number of cell is present in case of urinary tract infection (UTI), inflammation. b) RBCs: • Presence of RBCs in urine is abnormal. • It may be due to damage in glomerular filters, urinary tract infection or any internal bleeding. 20
- 21. c) Pus Cells: • Pus cells may be present due to chronic urinary tract infection. 21
- 22. 5. Liver Function Test • Increased levels of ALP, SGOT and SGPT enzymes indicates liver dysfunction. • There are some test which are performed under LFT: a) Serum Bilirubin: • It is a breakdown product of Hb and it is the major pigment of bile. • The normal range of Total serum bilirubin is 0.3-1.3 mg/dL and that of direct bilirubin 01-0.4 mg/dL. • Increased level indicates jaundice and haemolysis. 22
- 23. b) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): • This enzyme produced in liver, bones, small intestine and kidneys. • It catalyse the reaction which facilitate the splitting of the phosphate group from monophosphoric esters. • The normal range is 29-92 IU/L. • Low value indicates Hypophosphatacia, while high level indicates rickets, osteomalacia, jaundice and impaired absorption of vit. D. c) SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase): • This enzyme mainly found in heart and liver and to lesser extent in kidney and pancreas. • The normal range is 0-40 mg/L. 23
- 24. • Increased value indicates liver disease due to acute hepatocellular injury. d) SGPT(Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase): • This enzyme mainly found in liver cells and lesser extent to heart and skeletal muscle. • It catalyses the transfer of amino group from L-glutamate to pyruvate to form L-alanine. • The normal value is 5-36 U/L. • Higher value indicates liver cell damage. • In acute myocardial infraction the level of SGPT also increases. 24
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