Physiological parameters.ppt
- 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS Prof. Jyotsna P. Khedkar M.Pharm (Pharmacology)
- 2. LEARNING OUTCOMES • After reading this topic student will able to 1. List out various physiological parameters. 2. Give the significance of physiological parameters.
- 3. 1. Haemoglobin: • Normal value: Male – 14 - 16 gm % Female – 12 – 14 gm% • Significance: Below normal range shows anaemia and leukaemia. Above the normal shows polycythemia and dehydration
- 4. 2. RBCs: • Normal value: Normal value of RBCs in male is 4.5 – 5.5 million/mm3 and female are 3.5 – 5 million/mm3 or per cumm. • Significance: Increase count shows conditions like heart disease, polycythemia, cholera, burns. Decrease count shows anaemia, leukaemia, haemorrhage or old age.
- 5. 3. WBCs: • Normal value: Adults 4000 – 10000 per cumm, Infants 10000 – 20000 per cumm, children 8000 – 10000 per cumm. • Significance: • 1. Neutrophile increase in acute bacterial infection, acute bacterial infection, acute inflammatory lesions, urinary tract infection. •
- 6. • 2. Eosinophile increase in allergic condition skin disease, decrease shows release of the adrenocortical hormone. • 3. Basophile increase in granulocytic leukaemia. • 4. Lymphocytes increase in children with a bacterial infection, viral infection, high count in whooping cough. • 5. Monocytes increase in bacterial infection or malaria.
- 7. • 6. Leucopenia count below 4000 per cumm. • Leucopenia occurs in the following conditions. • 1. Starvation, fear, anxiety or stress. • 2. Blood disorder like aplastic anaemia and agranulocytosis. • 3.Influenza, measles and enteric fever. • 4. Exposure to UV radiations. • 5. Hepatitis, cirrhosis.
- 8. 4. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) • Western method: • Normal value: In Male – 3 to 5 mm/hour and female 4 to 7 mm/hour • Wintrobe method: In male – 0 to9 mm/hour and in female 2 to 20 mm/hour • Significance: E.S.R. increase in tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis. It is also increased in anaemia, jaundice and septicemia. The ESR decreases in allergic conditions, polycythemia, sickle cell anaemia.
- 9. 5. The clotting time of Blood: • Normal value: 4 to 9 min • Significance: clotting time increase in haemophilia, vitamin K deficiency, anaemia, jaundice, leukaemia, haemorrhage. Decrease clotting time may result in intravascular clotting of blood called thrombosis and embolism. •
- 10. 14. Bleeding time: • Normal value: 1 to 3 min. • Significance: haemophilia.
- 11. 6. Blood sugar: • Normal value: Fasting blood sugar is 80-140 mg/100 ml. Post peridium (PP) is 80-140 mg/100 ml and random is 140 to 160 mg/100 ml (fasting means before meal and PP means after a meal. • Significance: Blood sugar level rarely exceeds 200 mg% except in diabetes hypoglycemia may be a result of insulin overdose, pancreatic tumour or alcohol intake. Blood sugar useful in the diagnosis of diabetes. Lower level indicates hypoglycemia, diabetic coma. Increase level indicates hyperglycemia.
- 12. 7. Blood cholesterol: • Normal value: 150 to 240 mg% in adult. • Significance: Increase cholesterol level produce nephrosis in diabetes. Percentage of ester cholesterol decreases in jaundice, myxedema (lower quantity of thyroid)
- 13. 8. Pulse rate: • Normal value: In infants – 130 to 140 per min, in adult 60 to 80 per min, in children 100 to 130 per min. • Significance: It helps in assessing the myocardial status and character of B.P. It increases in the following conditions • 1. emotional excitement, 2. Fever, 3. Exercise. • Increase heart rate is called tachycardia and decrease heart rate is called bradycardia. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- 14. 9. Body temperature: • Normal value: 37.50c or 980F • Significance: Increase in temperature above than normal value indicates fever, infection etc.
- 15. 10. Blood pressure: • Normal value: 80 to 120 mmHg, where 120 mmHg is systolic B.P. and 80 mmHg is diastolic B.P. pulse pressure is 40 to 50 mmHg. • Significance: Diagnosis of various heart disease, systolic B.P. decreases in conditions like shock, peripheral vasodilatation and anaemia, systolic B.P. is increasing in condition like atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and aged peoples. • Diastolic B.P. indicates mean and peripheral resistance or intensity of peripheral resistance.
- 16. 11. Sperm count: • Normal value: 50 to 150 million/cc • Significance: it is useful for detecting the productivity person with less sperm count may show infertility.
- 17. 12. Urine analysis: Normal value: • A. Physical tests: Significance: All these indicate urine sample is physiological, otherwise the sample is pathological. Physical test Male Female Colour Faint yellow - Appearance Clear - Odour Aromatic - Volume 350 – 500 ml - Specific gravity 1.02 – 1.03 - Reaction Slightly acidic -
- 18. B. Chemical parameters: Chemical test Normal value Significance Protein ( albumin ) Abnormal constituents Proteinuria (albuminuria), Nephritis, pyelonephritis, pregnancy, high protein meal. Sugar Abnormal constituents Glycosuria (diabetes) Bile salts Abnormal constituents Jaundice Bile pigments - Billirubin, biliverdin - - Ketone bodies Abnormal constituents Ketonuria, hypoglycemia Blood cells Abnormal constituents Acute inflammation of urinary organs, cancer, kidney stone, haemolysis due to poison
- 19. C. Microscopic parameters: Microscopic test Significance RBCs 1. Damage to glomerular filter, 2. Tumour of bladder or kidney, 3. Nephritis. Pus cells RBCs with pus cell indicates pyelonephritis. Epithelial cells Haemorrhage and degenerative nephritis.
- 20. Stool Examination Test Normal Value Significance A Physical test 1. Consistency Semisolid Liquid stools in pathogenic bacterial and amoeba infection 2. Colour Brownish Internal haemorrhage may change the colour 3. Odour Characteristic Ulceration in the rectum may give a foul odour 4. Mucous Very less amount Excessive loss in conditions like dysentery, amoebiasis and colitis. B. Microscopic Test : 1. Cells Amoebic dysentery Amoebic dysentery 2. Crystals Ulcerative lesions of intestine show colourless ca- oxalate, Ca-carbonate crystals of needle-shaped. 3. Parasites and eggs Various Protozoas like E Coli and worms are present in the stool.
- 21. 13. Stool examination: Physical test Consistency Semi-solid If the liquid stool is pathogenic, bacterial, amoebic infection Colour Brownish Internal haemorrhage may change the colour. Odour Characteristic Faul odour may indicate the ulceration in the rectum Mucus examination Excessive loss in conditions like amoebiasis, dysentery and colitis.
- 22. Microscopic test: Cells Cells indicate the amoebic dysentery Parasites and eggs Various protozoa like worm e-coli present in the stool Crystals Ulcerative lesions of intestine show colourless calcium oxalate crystals.
- 23. 15. Serum glutmic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) • Normal value: 8 – 40 spectrophotometer unit per ml. • Significance: to check liver functioning
- 24. 16. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) Normal value: 5 to 35 spectrophotometric unit per ml • Significance: to check liver functioning
- 25. 17. C.S.F. examination Sr No. Test Normal value Significance Properties It is clear colourless fluid which doesn’t clot on standing. The specific gravity is 1.003 1. Colour Brownish Presence of blood due to subarachnoid haemorrhage Yellow Due to haemoglobin conversion to bilirubin or because of spinal tumour or increase protein level in C.S.F. 2. Turbidity Abnormal Presence of great no of cells or organisms causes turbidity, e.g. pneumococcal meningitis, presence of few RBCs cause the smoky appearance to C.S.F. 3. Coagulum Abnormal 1. if CSF is allowed to stand overnight, it forms ‘clot’ indicating the disease T.B. 2. CSF solidifies on standing in a patient with a spinal tumour.
- 26. 4. Microscopic test : Cells Only few 0-5 WBCs/cu. mm If RBCs are present, observe whether crenated or normocytic. 5. Chemical test : I. Protein 15 – 45 mg% Increase protein content manifests the inflammation toxicity and tumour of the brain and spinal cord. II. Glucose 0 – 70 mg% 1. If CSF sugar decreases then it indicates meningitis. 2. 10 – 25 mg% suppurative meningitis. 3. CSF glucose level increases to 70 – 100 mg% in diabetes mellitus, brain tumour and encephalitis III. Chloride 650 – 750% The CSF chloride decreases to 600 mg% or sometimes to 450 mg% in tuberculous meningitis, Hence useful in diagnosis.
- 27. Some other Physiological Values : • Bleeding time : 0-7 min • Blood volume : 65-85nml/kg • Packed cell volume Men : 40-55% Women : 35-50% • pH of blood : 7.35-7.45 • Prothrombin time : 10-14 seconds
- 28. • Chemical substance Quantity in plasma/serum • Bilirubin : 0.1-0.8 mg % • Calcium : 9- 11 mg % • Chloride : 340 -400 mg % • Iron : 0.08 -0.20 mg % • Magnecium : 1.5 – 3 mg % • Nitrogen : 20 -30mg % • Potassium : 14.8 -20.2 mg % • Protein total : 6 -8.5 g %
- 29. • Albumin : 3.5 -6 g % • Globulin : 1.5 -3 g % • Fibrinigen : 200 -400mmg % • Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic • Transaminase (SGOT) : 5-35 sprctrophotometric units/ml • Serum Glutamic Pyruvic • Transaminase (SGPT) : 5-35 spectrophotometric units/ml
- 30. • Urea : 18 -40 mg % • Uric acid : 1.5 -6.6 mg % • Sodium : 310 -340 mg % • Phosphatase, acid : 0-3 King Armstrong inits per 100 ml • Phosphatase, Alkali : 3 – 13 king Armstrong units per 100 ml.