physiotherapy syllabus new for (MGR UNIVERSITY)

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THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI – 600 032
REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS FOR
BACHELOR OF PHYSIOTHERAPY (BPT) DEGREE COURSE

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THE TAMIL NADU DR. M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI – 600 032
THE EMBLEM
The University emblem symbolizes various systems of medicine and Para Medical systems.
It also depicts the global character of preventive, Promotive and curative medicine. The
motto “HEALTH FOR ALL” Reflects all the objectives of this medical university.

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THE TAMILNADU Dr.M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI
REGULATIONS FOR THE BACHELOR OF PHYSIOTHERAPY DEGREE
COURSES
In exercise of the powers conferred by section 44 of the Tamil Nadu Dr.M.G.R Medical
University, Chennai, Act, 1987(Tamilnadu Act 37 of 1987), the standing Academic Board of the
Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai here by makes the following regulations.
1. SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT
These regulations shall be called “REGULATIONS FOR BACHELOR OF
PHYSIOTHERAPY” (B.P.T) DEGREE COURSE OF THE TAMIL NADU DR.M.G.R.
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI.
They shall come into force from the academic year session (2017-2018) onwards.
The regulations and syllabus are as prescribed under these regulations and are subject to
modification by the standing academic board from time to time.
2 .AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIM:
An under graduate course in physiotherapy is to impart an in-depth knowledge and skill
to a student to become competent in the techniques and develop the proper attitude required for
the practice of Physiotherapy and carry out treatment prescribed by the Physician.
OBJECTIVES:
A. To prepare compassionate, competent, and ethical entry-level physiotherapists, with the
skills and techniques necessary for the physical diagnosis, prevention and management of
various conditions based on current evidence of physiotherapy practice.
B. Develops skills and physiotherapy techniques such as therapeutic massage and
manual therapy, exercise, electrotherapy, specialized techniques in the field of
various specialties relevant to physiotherapy practice.
C. To plan and implement appropriate physiotherapeutic intervention for all clinical
conditions related to physiotherapy in acute and chronic phases, critical care, indoor and
outdoor institutional care and independent practice.

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D. Ability to crucially appraise published literature, interpret data and to broaden his/her
knowledge by keeping abreast with modern developments in the respective
physiotherapy and there by enhancing research ability.
E. Development of proper attitude or compassion and concern for the individual and
welfare of the physically handicapped in the institution and community levels.
F. To develop skills as a self-directed learner, recognize continuous education, select and
use appropriate learning resources.
G. Ability to inculcate appropriate professional relationship in multidisciplinary set up,
patient management and co-partnership basis.
3. COURSE OUTLINE
The Bachelor degree in Physiotherapy is a four year full time academic programme
with non-semester pattern of examination.
After passing the fourth year of education the student undergoes physiotherapy
internship for a period of six months in various departments and scores a minimum of 50%
marks in the compulsory scoring system after which he/she is eligible to apply for the
convocation.
4. ELIGIBILITY
A. Candidates belonging to all categories for admission to the B.P.T Degree course
should have passed the higher secondary examination-12th
with the following
subjects: Physics, chemistry and Biology/Botany and Zoology.
B. Candidates who have studied abroad and have passed the equivalent Qualification
as determined by the Association of Indian Universities Will form the guideline to
determine the eligibility and must have passed in the subjects: physics, chemistry,
biology (Botany/Zoology) and English up to 12th
standard level.
C. Candidates who have passed the senior secondary school examination of
National open school with a minimum of 5 subjects with any of the following
group subjects.
1) English, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology.
2) English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and any other language.
5. AGE LIMIT FOR ADMISSION
A Candidate should have completed the age of 17 years at the time of Admission or
would complete the age on or before 31st
December on the year of admission to the B.P.T degree
course.
6. PHYSICAL FITNESS CERTIFICATE

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Every candidate before admission to the course shall submit to the Principal of the
institution a certificate of medical fitness from an authorized medical officer that the candidate is
physically fit to undergo the academic course.
7. ELIGIBILITY CERTIFICATE
Candidates who have passed any qualifying examination other than Higher Secondary
course examination conducted by government of Tamilnadu Shall obtain an eligibility certificate
from the university by remitting the prescribed fee along with the application form.
8. REGISTRATION
A candidate admitted to the Bachelor of Physiotherapy degree course in any of the
affiliated Physiotherapy College shall register with this university by remitting the prescribed fee
along with the application form for registration duly filled in and forwarded to this university
through the Principal of the Institution before 7th
October of each year of admission.
9. DURATION OF THE COURSE
Four academic years and Six months of Physiotherapy internship.
10. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION
English shall be the medium of instruction for the subjects of study and for the
examination of the Bachelor of Physiotherapy degree course.
11. CURRICULUM
The curriculum and the syllabi for the course shall be as prescribed by the standing
academic board from time to time.
12. COMMENCEMENT OF THE COURSE
The course will commence from July 1st
of every year.
13. CUT OFF DATE FOR ADMISSION
Last date of admission to Bachelor of Physiotherapy is 30th
September of each year.
14. WORKING DAYS IN AN ACADEMIC YEAR
Each academic year shall consist of not less than 240 working days.
15. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION TO EXAM
85 % of attendance during his/her study and training in the affiliated institutions
recognized by this university and produces the necessary certificate of study attendance

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and progress from the Principal of the institution.
A candidate lacking in the prescribed attendance and progress in any one subject in
theory and practical in the first appearance shall not be permitted for admission to the entire
examination.
16. INTERNALASSESSMENT MARKS
A minimum of three written examinations shall be conducted in each subject during a
year and the average marks of the three performances shall be taken in to consideration for the
award of assessment marks.
A minimum of three practical examinations shall be conducted in each subject during a
year and the average marks of the three performances shall be taken in to consideration for the
award of assessment marks.
A failed candidate in any subject shall be provided an opportunity to improve his/her
assessment marks by conducting a minimum of two examinations in theory and practical
separately.
If a failed candidate does not appear for an improvement mark examinations in the failed
subjects the internal marks awarded in the previous examination shall be carried over for his/her
subsequent appearance.
The internal assessment marks should be submitted to the university endorsed by the
Principal of the Institution 15 days prior to the commencement of the theory examination, along
with attendance sheet.
17. CONDONATION OF LACK OF ATTENDANCE
No condonation of shortage of attendance shall be permitted.
For the Participation in NCC/NSS and other co-curricular activities represent the
Institution or University, the Principal shall instruct the concerned officers in-charge of the
student activities in their Institution to endorse the leave.
18. COMMENCEMENT OF EXAMINATION
Feb 1st
/ Aug 1st
If date of commencement of examination falls on Saturday, Sunday and declared public Holidays
the examination shall begin on the next working day.
19. MARKS QUALIFYING FOR PASS
50% of marks in theory subjects where university examination are conducted and
aggregate of 50% marks in university theory examination and internal evaluation taken together
in the subject.

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50% of marks in theory subjects where university examination are conducted and
aggregate of 50% marks in university theory, oral and internal evaluation marks taken together in
the subject.
50% of marks in theory subjects where university examination are conducted and 50%
marks in university practical examination and 50% aggregate in theory, practical and internal
evaluation marks taken together in the subject.
20. CLASSIFICATION OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES
A candidate who obtains not less than 60% of the aggregate marks in the whole
examination shall be declared to have passed the examination in the first class, provided they
pass all the examinations prescribed for the course within a period of four academic years from
the year of admission to the course.
A candidate who secures less than 60% of the aggregate marks in the whole Examination
shall be declared to be passed the examination in the second class, provided they pass all the
examinations prescribed for the course with in a period of four academic years from the year of
admission to the course.
Candidates who obtain 75% of the marks in the aggregate shall be deemed to have passed
examination in first class with distinction provided they pass all the examinations Prescribed for
the course at first appearance.
Candidates who pass all the examinations prescribed for the course in the first appearance
only eligible for ranking.
21. CARRY OVER OF FAILED SUBJECTS
The candidate should pass all the I, II, and III year subjects before entering to IV year.
22. REVIEW OF ANSWER PAPERS OF FAILED SUBJECTS
As per the regulations prescribed for review of answer papers by the university.
23. RE-ADMISSION AFTER BREAK OF STUDY
As per recent university regulations
25. MIGRATION/TRANSFER OF CANDIDATE
Migration/ Transfer of candidates from one recognized institution to another Institution of
this University or from another University will not be generally considered.
However, under extraordinary circumstances, the Vice-Chancellor shall have the power to
place any migration/ transfer that he deems fit in the Governing Council and get approval for

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grant of permission for migration/transfer to candidates undergoing course of study in affiliated
institution of this University.
26. VACATION
The Principals shall declare 6 weeks vacation in an academic year to the students. The
period(s) of vacation can be decided by the Principals of the Institution.
27. PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERNSHIP (PI)
All candidates admitted to Bachelor of Physiotherapy Degree Course shall undergo Six (6)
months of Physiotherapy internship in the Institution he/she has studied after successful
completion of the final examination in the following clinical areas.
1. Department of orthopedics & Traumatology – 30 days
2. Department of Cardio pulmonary Sciences including ICCU – 30 days
3. Department of Medicine and Neurology – 30 days
4. Obstetrics and Gynaecology – 2 weeks
5. Paediatrics – 2 weeks
6. IMCU – 2 weeks
7. Post-operative ward and SICU – 2 weeks
8. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - 30 days
28. AWARD OF DEGREE
The degree will be awarded by the university only after the completion of the physiotherapy
internship for a period of not less than six months.
29. AUTHORITY FOR ISSUE OF INTERNSHIP COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
The Principals of the Institutions shall issue a certificate of successful completion of
internship to each candidate after satisfying that the candidate has completed the training
programme and has acquired the skills to function independently. Scoring sheets of each
candidate inclusive of attendance must be attached.
30. AUTHORITY TO ISSUE “CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF MARKS”
The University shall be the Authority for issuing consolidated statement of marks after
remitting the prescribed fee to the university.
BACHELOR OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
FOUR YEARS & SIX Months INTERNSHIP (NON-SEMESTER PATTERN)
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS & CLOCK HOURS OF

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INSTRUCTION
YEAR SUBJECT HOURS E/NE SM
MARKS
T O
PR
I YEAR
1. PSYCHOLOGY&SOCIOLOGY 100 E 50 100 -- --
2. ANATOMY 200 E 50 100 50 --
3.PHYSIOLOGY,APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 150 E 5O 100 50 --
4.BASIC AND APPLIED PHYSICS
FOR 80 E 50 100 -- --
I
s
t
PHYSIOTHERAPY
Y
E
A
R
5.BASIC NURSING & 30 NE -- --- -- --
FIRST AID
6.ORIENTATION TO PHYSIOTHERAPY& 60 NE -- --- -- --
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
II YEAR
1. GENERAL MEDICINE/GENERAL 150 E 50 100 -- --
I
I
n
d
SURGERY/PAEDIATRICS/GERIATRICS
2. BIO-MECHANICS, APPLIED
ANATOMY 130 E 50 100 -- --
Y
E
A
R
& KINESIOLOGY
3. EXERCISE THERAPY-I 175 E 50 100 25 75
4. EXERCISE THERAPY - II 175 E 50 100 25 75
5. MICROBIOLOGY AND
PATHOLOGY 100 E 50 100
III YEAR
1. ELECTROTHERAPY-I 150 E 50 100 25 75
(LOW & MEDIUM FREQUENCY)
2. ELECTROTHERAPY-II 200 E 50 100 25 75
I
I
I
r
d
(HIGH FREQ & ACTINOTHERAPY)
Y
E
A
R
3. COMMUNITY MEDICINE 55 E 50 100 -- --
4. CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS 55 E 50 100 50 --
5. CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 55 E 50 100 50 --
6. CLINICAL CARDIO-RESPIRATORY 55 E 50 100 50 --
DISEASES
7. BIO STATISTICS &RESEARCH 20 NE -- --- -- --
METHODOLOGY
8. PHYSICAL MODALITIES 30 NE -- --- -- --

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MAINTANENCE
IV YEAR
1. PT IN ORTHOPAEDICS 200 E 50 100 25 75
2. PT IN NEUROLOGY 150 E 50 100 25 75
I
V
t
h
3. PT IN CARDIO RESPIRATORY 100 E 50 100 25 75
CONDITIONS
Y
E
A
R
4. REHABILITATION MEDICINE 100 E 50 100 50 --
5. ADVANCED PHYSIOTHERAPEUTICS 150 E 50 100 25 75
6. PHYSICAL EDUCATION 40 NE -- -- -- --
TOTAL CLOCK HOURS
Examination/NON Examination papers – 2710 Hours
Clinical (Course Teaching)-1450 Hours.
Clinical (Physiotherapy Internship)-1152 Hours.
Total clock hours – /5312Hours.
SCHEME OF THEORY EXAMINATION
Duration: 3 Hours
Question pattern:
1. 10 Two mark question.(short answer)
2. 2 Fifteen mark question. (essay)
3. 10 Five mark question. (short notes)
This mark pattern is same for all the subjects in BPT curriculum except the following subjects:
FOR PHYSIOLOGY ,APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Section A: PHYSIOLOGY – 100 Marks
1. 2 Fifteen mark question (Essay)
2. 10 Five mark question (Short notes)
3. 10 Two mark question (Short answers)
FOR GEN.MED, GEN.SUR, PAEDIATRICS, Geriatrics
Gen.Med (45 MARKS)
1 Fifteen mark question (Essay)
4 Five mark question (Short notes)
5 Two mark question (Short answers)
Pediatrics (35 marks)
1 Fifteen mark question (Essay)
5 Two mark question (Short answers)

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Gen.Surgery – 10 Marks
Geriatrics – 10
2 five mark questions (Short notes)
FOR MICROBIOLOGY & PATHOLOGY – 100 MARKS
Section A: MICROBIOLOGY - 50 Marks
1. 1 fifteen mark question (Essay)
2. 5 five mark question (Short notes)
3. 5 two mark question (Short answer)
Section B: PATHOLOGY - 50 Marks
4.
5. 1 fifteen mark question (Essay)
6. 5 five mark question (Short notes)
7. 5 two mark question (Short answer)
ELIGIBILITY FOR QUESTION PAPER SETTERS
THEORY EXAMINATIONS
YEAR SUBJECT EXAMINER
1. PSYCHOLOGY&SOCIOLOGY Psychologist PG with 3 yrs
, teaching
Sociologist experience
2. ANATOMY Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
Anatomy teaching
experience
3.PHYSIOLOGY,APPLIED Asst.Prof of PG with 3 yrs
PHYSIOLOGY & BIO- Physiology teaching
CHEMISTRY experience
BASIC AND APPLIED Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
PHYSICS FOR Physics teaching
PHYSIOTHERAPY experience
BASIC NURSING & -- --- --
FIRST AID --
ORIENTATION TO -- --- --
PHYSIOTHERAPY& --

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1. GENERAL Asst.Prof of PG with 3 yrs
MEDICINE/GENERAL Gen.Medicine teaching
SURGERY/PAEDIATRICS/GERI experience
ATRICS
2. BIO-MECHANICS, Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
APPLIED ANATOMY & or BPT with 10
KINESIOLOGY years of
teaching
experience
3. EXERCISE THERAPY -i Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
4. EXERCISE THERAPY - ii Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
Asst.Prof in PG with 3 yrs
5.MICROBIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY Microbiology or teaching
Pathology. experience
1. ELECTROTHERAPY-I Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
(LOW & MEDIUM FREQUENCY) or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
2. ELECTROTHERAPY-II Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
(HIGH FREQ & or BPT with 10
ACTINOTHERAPY) years of
teaching
experience
3. COMMUNITY MEDICINE Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
com.medicine teaching
experience
4. CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS Asst.Prof of PG with 3 yrs
Orthopedics teaching
experience
5. CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
Neurology teaching
experience
6. CLINICAL CARDIO- Asst.Prof in PG with 3 yrs
RESPIRATORY DISEASES Cardiology or teaching
Cardiovascular experience
Surgeon
8. BIO STATISTICS -- --- --

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&RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --
9. PHYSICAL MODALITIES -- --- --
MAINTANENCE --
1. PT IN ORTHOPAEDICS Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
2. PT IN NEUROLOGY Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
3. PT IN CARDIO Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
4.PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND Asst.Professor PG with 3 yrs
REHABILITATION in Physical teaching
Medicine and experience
Rehabilitation
Physiotherapist
MPT with 5 years or
BPT with 10 years
teaching experience
5. Advanced physiotherapeutics
6. PROJECT/CASE STUDY
Physiotherapist
MPT with 5 years
Or BPT with 10 years
of teaching
experience
For each question, the question paper setter must prepare the relevant answer key with the
main content of the answer and split up mark for each and every content of the answer with
appropriate reference as per the curriculum.
ELIGIBILITY FOR EXAMINERS
PRACTICAL/ORAL EXAMINATION
YEAR SUBJECT EXAMINER
1. PSYCHOLOGY&SOCIOLOGY Psychologist PG with 3 yrs
, teaching
Sociologist experience
2. ANATOMY Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
Anatomy teaching
experience
3.PHYSIOLOGY,APPLIED Asst.Prof of PG with 3 yrs

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PHYSIOLOGY & BIO- Physiology teaching
CHEMISTRY experience
BASIC AND APPLIED Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
PHYSICS FOR Physics teaching
PHYSIOTHERAPY experience
BASIC NURSING & -- --- --
FIRST AID --
ORIENTATION TO -- --- --
PHYSIOTHERAPY& --
1. GENERAL Asst.Prof of PG with 3 yrs
MEDICINE/GENERAL Gen.Medicine teaching
SURGERY/PAEDIATRICS/GERI experience
ATRICS
2. BIO-MECHANICS, Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
APPLIED ANATOMY & or BPT with 10
KINESIOLOGY years of
teaching
experience
3. EXERCISE THERAPY-I Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
Teaching
Experience
4. EXERCISE THERAPY - II Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
5.MICROBIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY Asst.Prof in
PG with 3
yrsteaching
Microbiology/P
athology. experience
1. ELECTROTHERAPY-I Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
(LOW & MEDIUM FREQUENCY) or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
2. ELECTROTHERAPY-II Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
(HIGH FREQ & or BPT with 10
ACTINOTHERAPY) years of
teaching
experience
3. COMMUNITY MEDICINE Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
com.medicine teaching
experience
4. CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS Asst.Prof of PG with 3 yrs
Orthopedics teaching

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experience
5. CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Asst. Prof of PG with 3 yrs
Neurology teaching
experience
6. CLINICAL CARDIO- Asst.Prof in PG with 3 yrs
RESPIRATORY DISEASES Cardiology or teaching
Cardiovascular experience
Surgeon
8. BIO STATISTICS -- ---
-
-
&RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --
9. PHYSICAL MODALITIES -- ---
-
-
MAINTANENCE --
1. PT IN ORTHOPAEDICS Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
2. PT IN NEUROLOGY Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
3. PT IN CARDIO Physiotherapist MPT with 5 years
RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
4.PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND
REHABILITATION
Asst.Professor
in Physical
PG with 3 yrs
teaching
Medicine and experience
Rehabilitation
5. ADVANCED PHYSIOTHERAPEUTICS Physiotherapist
MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
PHYSIOTHERAPIST
MPT with 5 years
or BPT with 10
years of
teaching
experience
PROJECT STUDY
-
-
-

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PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY
EXAMINATION AT END OF- 1 YEAR
INSTRUCTION HOURS-100 HOURS
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course will enable the student to understand specific psychological factors and
effects in physical illness and thus help them to have a holistic approach in their dealings
with patients during admission, rehabilitation and discharge.
COURSE OBJECTIVE
The objective of this course is that after 100 hours of lectures, demonstrations, practical,
clinic the students will be able to recognize and help with the psychological factors involved in
disability, pain, disfigurement, unconscious patients, chronic illness, death, bereavement and
medical – surgical patient / condition.
PSYCHOLGY (50 HOURS)
PART A – GENERAL PSYCHOLGY
A. DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY
Definition of psychology, basic information in relation to following schools methods
And branches
Schools: structuralism, functionalism, behaviourism, psychoanalysis, gestalt
psych. Methods: introspection, observation, inventory and experimental method.
Branches: general, child, social, abnormal, industrial, clinical, counselling
B. HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
Twins, relative importance of heredity and environment their role in relation to
physical characteristics, intelligence and personality, nature – nurture controversy.

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C. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH BEHAVIOUR
Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, old age
D. INTELLIGENCE
Definitions-IQ, mental age, list of various intelligence tests- WAIS, WISC, Bhatia
performance test, Raven progressive matrices test.
E. MOTIVATION
Definition – motive, drive, incentive, reinforcement, basic information about primary
Needs: hunger, thirst, sleep, avoidance of pain, attitude to sex
F. EMOTIONS
Definition, differentiate from feelings, physiological changes of emotion. Rule of RAS,
hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, SNS, adrenal gland, heredity and emotion,
Nature and control of anger, fear, and anxiety.
G. PERSONALITY
Definition. List the components: physical characteristics.
Discuss briefly the role of heredity, nervous system, physical characteristics, abilities,
Family and culture on personal development.
Basic concepts of Freud: unconscious, conscious, id, ego, super ego. Personality
assessment: interview, standardized, non standardized, exhaustive and
Stress interviews. List and define inventories BAL, CPI, MMPI. Projective tests-
Rorschach, TAT, Sentence completion test.
H. LEARNING
Definition, List the laws of learning as proposed by Thorndike.
Types of learning: Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Insight learning,
Observational, Trial and error type.
List the effective ways of learning: Massed & spaced, Wole & part, Recitation & reading,
Serial & free recall, knowledge of results, associations, organizations, mnemonic methods,
incidental & international learning, role of language.
I. THINKING
Definitions, concepts, creativity, steps in creative thinking. List the traits of creative
People, delusions.
J. FRUSTRATION
Definition, sources, solution, conflict; approach – approach, avoidance – avoidance,
Approach – avoidance.

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K. SENSATION, ATTENTION AND PERCEPTION
Sensation – vision, hearing, olfactory, gestation and cutaneous sensation, movement,
Equilibrium and visceral sense.
Attention – Define attention and list the factors that determine attention: nature of
Stimulus intensity, color, change, extensity, repetition, primary motives. Perception – Define
perception and list the principles of perception figure ground,Constancy, similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity, values and interest, past experience context, needs, moods, religion, sex,
perceived benefits and socioeconomic status. Define illusion and hallucination.
L. LEADERSHIP
Qualities of leadership: physical factors, intelligence, sociability, will and dominance.
PART B– HEALTH PSYCHOLGY
(NOT FOR UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION)
A. PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF PATIENT
Psychological reactions of patient during admission and treatment – anxiety, shock,
denial, suspicion, questioning, loneliness, regression, shame, guilt, rejection,
Fear, withdrawal, depression, ego, concern about small matters, narrowed interest,
emotional over reaction, perpetual changes, confusion, disorientation, hallucinations,
delusions, illusions, anger, loss of hope.
B. REACTION TO LOSS
Reaction to loss, death and bereavement, shock and disbelief, development of
awareness, stage of acceptance.
C. STRESS
Physiological and psychological changes, relation to health and sickness: psychosomatics,
professional stress, burnout
D. COMMUNICATION
Types – Verbal, non- verbal, elements in communication, developing effective
communication, specific communication technique.
Counselling – Definition, aim, differentiate from guidance, principles in counselling.
E. COMPLIANCE
Nature, factors, contributing to no compliance.

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F. EMOTIONAL NEEDS
Emotional needs and psychological factors in relation to unconscious patient, handicapped
patients, bed-ridden patients, chronic pain, spinal cord injury, paralysis, cerebral palsy, burns,
amputation, head injury, parkinsonism, leprosy, incontinence.
G. GERIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY
Specific psychological reactions and needs of geriatric patient
H. PAEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY
Specific psychological reactions and needs of pediatric patients.
I. BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION
Application of various conditioning and learning principles to modify patient behaviour.
J. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Psychological aspects of substance abuse: smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction.
SOCIOLOGY (50 HOURS)
A. INTRODUCTION
Definition of sociology, sociology as a science of society, uses of study of sociology, application
of knowledge of sociology in Physiotherapy.
B. SOCIOLOGY AND HEALTH
Social factors affecting health status, social consciousness and perception of illness. Social
consciousness and meaning of illness, decision making in taking treatment. Institutions of health,
their role in the improvement of the people.
C. SOCIALIZATION
Meaning of socialization, influence of social factors on personality, socialization in hospital,
socialization in rehabilitation of patient.
D. SOCIAL GROUPS
Concepts of social groups, influence of formal and informal groups on health and sickness, the
role of primary groups and secondary groups in the hospital and rehabilitation settings.
E. FAMILY
Concepts of community, role of rural and urban communities in public health, role of
Community in determining beliefs, practices and home remedies in treatment.
F. CULTURE
Components of culture, impact of culture on human behaviour, cultural meaning of Sickness,

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response of sickness & choice of treatment, culture induced symptoms and disease, sub-culture
of medical workers.
H. CASTE SYSTEM
Features of the modern caste system and its trends.
H. SOCIAL CHANGE
Meaning of social change, factors of social change, human adoption and social change.
Social change and stress. Social change and deviance. Social change and health programmes, the
role of social planning in the improvement of health and rehabilitation.
I. SOCIAL CONTROL
Meaning of social control, role of norms, folkways, customs, morals, religion law and other
means of social control in the regulation of human behaviour, social deviance and
Disease.
J. SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE DISABLED
Consequences of the following social problems in relation to sickness and disability, remedies to
prevent these problems, Population explosion.
Poverty and unemployment, Beggary.
Juvenile delinquency, Prostitution.
Alcoholism, Problems of women in employment.
K. SOCIAL SECURITY
Social security and social legislation in relation to the disabled.
ANATOMY
EXAMINATION AT END OF-I YEAR
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The study of anatomy will include identification of all gross anatomical structures. Particular
emphasis will be placed on description of bones, joints, muscles, brain, cardio-pulmonary and
nervous system as these are related to the application of physiotherapy patients.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this course is that after 200 hours of lectures, demonstrations, and practical the
student will be able to demonstrate knowledge in human anatomy as needed for the study and
practice of physiotherapy.
A.INTRODUCTION

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1 Define anatomy, subdivisions
2 Define anatomical position, anatomical terms, and planes
3 Cell – Define, parts of cell, function
4 Tissue – Define, classify
5 Bone – Define, classification with examples, microscopic anatomy of bone, blood supply
6 Joint – Define, classification with examples, feature of synovial joint: articulating
surface Stability, mobility, nerve supply
7 Axis and Movements in a synovial joint
8 Muscle – Define, classify with examples, structure of skeletal muscle: myofibrils,
Contraction
9 Define origin, insertion, muscle work, types of muscle work, group action- agonist,
Antagonist, synergist, fixator, shunt and spurt muscle, levers with e.g.
10 Nerve – Structure, parts, synapse, neuron, classification
B.UPPER LIMB
1 OSTEOLOGY
Identify parts, borders, surfaces, attachments of bones– clavicle, scapula, humerus,
radius, ulna, carpal bones, Meta carpal, phalanges.
2 ARTHROLOGY
Type, articular surface, muscle, ligaments, movements blood supply, nerve supply of
joints-Sterno clavicular, acromio clavicular, shoulder, elbow, radio ulnar, IP, MCP, CMC
3 MYOLOGY
Identify muscles – origin, insertion, nerve supply, action of muscles of
Scapula, upper arm, lower arm
4 NEUROLOGY
Identify nerves of upper limb and its origin, course, division,
innervations, Relation, its applied anatomy of radial nerve, median nerve,
ulnar nerve, Axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve.
Brachial plexus – formation and root values.
Dermatome of UL.
5 ANGIOLOGY
Distribution of blood vessels, lymph nodes, main arteries and veins of UL -
Axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar arteries.
6 AXILLA
Identify boundaries, contents of axilla, branches of axillary artery and its relation.
7 Scapulo thoracic rhythm

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8 Cubital fossa – Boundaries , contents, relation
C.LOWER LIMB
1 OSTEOLOGY
Identify parts, border, surface, attachments of bones – hip bone, femur, tibia,
Fibula, patella, tarsal bones, Meta tarsal bones, phalanges
2 ARTHROLOGY
Type, articular surface, muscle, ligaments, movements, blood supply, nerve supply, of
joints – hip, knee, tibio fibular, tarsal
3 MYOLOGY
Identify origin, insertion, nerve supply, action of muscles of – thigh, leg, sole of
Foot
4 NEUROLOGY
Identify plexuses, nerves of LL, origin, course, innervations, applied anatomy, Relation
of femoral nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve, Obturator nerve,
superficial and deep peroneal nerve.
Lumbar
plexuses Sacral
plexuses
5 ANGIOLOGY
Distribution of blood vessels, lymph node of LL, main arteries and veins of LL –
Femoral artery, femoral vein, tibial artery, posterior tibial artery.
6 Femoral triangle
7 Popliteal fossa – boundaries and contents
8 Arches of foot.
D.THORAX AND ABDOMEN
1 Osteology of vertebral column
2 Identify and classify vertebrae – typical & atypical
3 Parts and features of typical vertebrae.
4 Features of thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx.
5 Intervertebral joint – articulating surface, movements, stability, mobility
6 Curvatures of vertebral column.
7 Contents of vertebral canal.
8 Sternum – parts, features (borders, surfaces, muscle attachments)
9 Define true, false, floating ribs

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10 Mention parts and features of atypical rib.
11 Type and formation of joint between rib and vertebrae, between costal cartilage, costal
cartilage and sternum, between parts of sternum.
12 Sternal angle.
13 Intercostals space and its contents.
14 Intercostals nerve – course and its branches.
15 Intercostals muscle – origin, insertion, nerve supply, action.
16 Diaphragm – origin, insertion, nerve supply, action, orifice, structures passing through
Diaphragm.
17 Movements of ribs – pump handle and bucket handle movement
18 Normal position, external features of heart and parts of heart, internal features of
Chambers of heart, blood supply, venous supply, conductive system Normal position,
parts, relation, blood supply of URT & LRT, pleura and its reflection, nerve supply,
bronchopulmonary segment, mechanics of respiration
E.HEAD AND NECK
1 Skull (features, joints of skull bone, parts)
2 Identify internal and external auditory meat us, foramen magnum, stylomastoid foramen
and structures passing through them
3 Anterior and posterior triangles of neck (boundaries and contents)
4 Muscles of the face (origin, insertion, action, nerve supply, applied anatomy)
5 Cranial nerve (origin, course, relation, innervations)
6 Trigeminal nerve (origin, course, relation, innervations)
7 General features of typical cervical vertebrae, atlas, axis, seventh cervical vertebrae.
8 Cervical plexus (formation, distribution, root values)
9 Sternomastoid, erector spinae, scalene
10 Atlantoaxial joint (articular surface, muscles, movements, ligaments, blood supply, NS)
11 Atlantooccipital joint(articular surface, muscles, movements, ligaments, blood
supply,NS)
12 Position and extent of subclavian, vertebral, carotid arteries
13 Components of circle of Willis and its supply, applied importance
14 Internal jugular and sub clavian vein (position, formation, and termination)
15 ANS
16 Parts of brain and its function, applied importance
17 Eye (parts, retina, optic pathway, nerve supply, muscles of eye)
18 Nose (parts, boundaries of nose, nasal cavity, sinuses)
19 Temperomandibular joint (type, articular surfaces, ligaments, movements, muscle
responsible, nerve supply)
20 Ear (parts, organ of corti, nerve of hearing and its applied importance)
F.PELVIS
1 Formation and subdivision of bony pelvis
2 List features of male and female bony pelvis
3 Type, articular surface, ligaments, movements of joints of pelvis
4 Abdominal cavity and layers of abdominal wall (ant & post), (O, I, NS, ACT)

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5 Rectus sheath
6 Inguinal canal (position, extent, formation, content)
7 Branches and distribution of abdominal aorta and iliac arteries
8 Mention features of pubic symphysis and sacro iliac joint
9 Muscles of pelvic floor (attachment, action, nerve supply)
10 Structures of urogenital diaphragm
11 Position, extent, parts, relation, blood supply, nerve supply, lymph drainage of
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra.
12 Innervations of urinary bladder.
PHYSIOLOGY, APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
EXAMINATION AT END OF-I YEAR
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course which runs concurrently with the anatomy course helps the student to Understand the
basis of normal human physiology with special emphasis on the Functioning of the
cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous system and Respiratory system.
COUSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 150 hours of lectures, demonstrations, lab practical the
student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of elementary
Human physiology.
PHYSIOLOGY (100 hours)
A.CELL
1. Basic concepts of cell structure, components, functions, transport
B.SKIN
1. Structure, functions, temperature regulation
C.BLOOD
1. Composition and function of blood
2. RBC-morphology, formation, normal count, functions, physiological & pathological
Variation
3. WBC- morphology, formation, normal count, functions, physiological & pathological
Variation
4. Blood platelets-Morphology, normal count, formation, function, variation
5. Hemoglobin-Basic chemistry, function, fate of hemoglobin
6. Blood clotting-Definition, clotting factor, theories of clotting
7. Blood group-ABO system, Rh System
8. Blood volume and regulation
9. Blood transfusion

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D.CARDIO VASCULAR
1 Structure and properties of cardiac muscle
2 Cardiac cycle, Conductive system, ECG
3 Heart sounds
4 Heart rate and regulation
5 Cardiac output and regulation
6 Blood pressure and regulation
7 Regional circulation- coronary, pulmonary, renal, cerebral
8 Effect of exercise in CVS system
E.RESPIRATION
1 Structure and function of respiratory system
2 Mechanics of respiration – Muscles of respiration, Lung & Chest wall compliance, V/Q
Ratio, Surfactant
3 Transport of gases- O2 & CO2
4 Nervous and Chemical regulation of respiration
5 Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Dyspnea
6 Acid Base Balance
7 Principles of Lung Function Test – Spiro meter, Lung volumes and capacities
8 Artificial respiration
9 Effect of exercise on respiratory system
10. Defense mechanism
F.DIGESTION
1 Structure and function of GI system
2 Mastication and Deglutition
3 Saliva – composition, function, regulation
4 Gastric secretion – composition, phases of secretion, function
5 Pancreatic secretion – composition, function, regulation
6 Bile – composition and function
7 Movements of small and large intestine
8 Digestion in mouth, stomach, intestine
9 Defecation
G.EXCRETION
1 Structure and function of kidney
2 Structure and function of nephron
3 Formation of urine – Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion
4 Micturation
H.ENDOCRINE
1. General organization of endocrine glands
2. General metabolism – Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein
3. Physiological action, regulation, disorder of hormones – Adrenal, Pancreatic,
Parathyroid, Thyroid.

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I.REPRODUCTION
1 Male reproductive system
2 Female reproductive system
3 Pregnancy, function of placenta, parturition, lactation, contraception
4 Puberty and Menopause
5 Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
6 Menstrual cycle
J.NERVOUS SYSTEM
1 General organization of nervous system
2 Structure, type and function of neuron
3 Properties of neurons
4 Synapse and synaptic transmission
5 Neurotransmitters
6 Reflex – Properties and types
7 Sensory – Receptors, sensory pathway, pain pathway, referred pain, modulation of pain
8 Motor – Basal ganglia, Cerebellum, Cortex –Function & Effect of lesion
9 Ascending and Descending pathway
10 Posture and Equilibrium
11 Muscle tone
12 ANS – organization, function of SNS & PSNS
13 CSF – composition, formation, circulation, function
14 LMN & UMN lesion
K.SPECIAL SENSE
1 Vision – rods and cones, retina and its function, visual pathway
2 Hearing – organ of corti, auditory pathway
3 Olfaction
4 Taste – taste buds
L.MUSCLE
1 Structure of muscle – Macroscopic & Microscopic (Myofibril, Myoneural junct)
2 Properties of skeletal muscle
3 Cardiac and smooth muscle
4 Chemical process involved in muscle contraction
5 Motor unit, EMG
6 Effect of exercise on muscular system
7. Exercise metabolism – O2 dept, respiratory quotient
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY (50hours)
THE HEART AND CIRCULATION
Structures and properties of heart muscle, action of heart, Normal ECG, Maintenance of Blood
pressure, cardiac arrest and heart failure, hypertension, edema, central and peripheral venous
pressure.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM AND MUSCLES
Outline the structure and function of central nervous system, Outline the ANS, Types of nerve
cells, electrical properties of nerve cells, properties of mixed nerves, Reflex action, degeneration
and regeneration of nerve, control of posture, outline of Voluntary movement, cutaneous, deep,
and superficial sensation, synaptic transmission, neuromuscular junction, properties of muscles,
contractile response, types of contraction.
RESPIRATION
Mechanics of respiration, breath sounds, exchange of gases, lung volumes, lung compliance,
nervous and chemical control of respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, acid base
balance, artificial respiration.
BASIC & APPLIED PHYSICS FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY
EXAMINATION AT END OF- 1 YEAR
INSTRUCTION HOURS- 80 HOURS
MECHANICS:
1. Definition of mechanics and Biomechanics
2. Force - Definition, diagrammatic representation, classification of forces, concurrent,
coplanar and co-linear forces, composition and resolution of forces, angle of pulls of
muscle
3. Gravity - Definition, line of gravity, Centre of gravity
4. Equilibrium - Supporting base, types, and equilibrium in static and dynamic state
5. Pulleys - system of pulleys, types and application
6. Springs - properties of springs, springs in series and parallel, elastic materials in use
7. Levers - Definition, function, classification and application of levers in physiotherapy
 order of levers with example of lever in human body
8. Speed, Velocity, Work, Energy, Power, Acceleration, Momentum - principles, and
practical application
9. Newton's Laws
10. Friction
11. Elasticity - Definition, stress, strain, HOOKE’S Law
CURRENTS:
1. DC Currents -Modern concept of electricity: fundamental electric charges (proton and
electron), bound and free electrons, free electrons and current, static electric charge,
charging of an object potential and capacitance, potential difference and EMF

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2. A. C. currents: Sinusoidal wave from, frequency, wavelength, Amplitude and phase of
a sine wave, Average & RMS value of a sine wave
3. Quantity of electricity, magnitude of current, conductors and insulators,
resistance of conductor and Ohm’s law, resistances in series and parallel
4. Capacitors: Electric field around a capacitor, charging and discharging a capacitor,
types of capacitor with application of each in Physiotherapy department
5. Rheostat: series and shunt Rheostat with application of each in the Physiotherapy
department
6. Effects of electric Current: Thermal effect, chemical effect (ionization) and magnetic
effect. Electric shock, Earth shock, causes and its prevention
7. Magnetism: Magnetic - non-magnetic substances and their properties, properties of
magnet, molecular theory, poles of magnet and its properties, magnetic lines of force and
their properties, Electromagnetism, magnetic effects of electric current, Electromagnetic
induction, Lenz’s law, Inductor and Inductance types of inductor, reactance and
impedance.
8. Condenser – Potential & capacity, Principles, factors determining capacity,
construction. Electric field, charging & discharging and use of condenser in
electrotherapy.
9. Cosine law and its implications.
10. Physical effects of heat and radiation. Laws governing radiation.
11. Law of Grotthus and its implications.
Section – B
1. Thermionic Valves: Thermionic emission, Diode and Triode valves and their
characteristics, Construction and application of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
2. Semiconductor Devices: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Light Emitting
Diodes, integrated circuits
3. Electronic Circuits: Rectifiers & smoothing circuits, Oscillators -
Sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal types
4. A.C. AND D.C. meters: Functions and applications of Ammeter and volt
meters, Ohmmeters, Wheat stone bridge
5. Introduction to Therapeutic Energies – Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical,
Electromagnetic and magnetic - Definition, description, physiological effects,
pathological effects and dangers

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6. Medical Instrumentation For Physical Therapy: Brief description of generation,
circuit diagrams and testing
7. Low frequency currents, Direct currents, Medium frequency currents
BASIC NURSING AND FIRST AID
Non Examination Paper 30 Hours
Nursing principles, bandaging extremities, bed making, positioning of patient
Lifting technique in bed, transferring from bed to wheel chair, transferring from bed
to Stretcher.
Feeding, tube feeding, drips, transfusion.
Parental administration of medicine
ORIENTATION TO PHYSIOTHERAPY & COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
COMPUTER APPLICATION 20 hours
Introduction to computer- Characteristics of cornputer, History of Computer, Generation of
Computer, Classification of Computers, IT Applications
Parts of a computer- Input Devices , Output Devices, Central Processing Unit, Components of
CPU, Memory Unit, CISC and RISC, Peripheral Devices
Working principle of a computer- LANGUAGES AND PROGRAMMING, NUMBER
SYSTEM, DATAAND ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING, COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING, OPERATING SYSTEMS
Importance of computer in physiotherapy
MS-Office – Word, Power Point, Excel, Publisher, out look
Corel Draw
Photoshop
Web Designing
Internet and its application- Packet switched networks, What is Internet? ,Types of Information
Available on internet ,Internet Address, Organizational Domains, Internet Protocol Address,
Getting Connected to Internet, Types of Internet Access, Direct Connections, Internet Services,

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ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network), NICNCT, Archie Wide Area Information Server
(WAIS), World Wide Web (WWW) ,
Tele Conferencing, Video Conferencing.
ORIENTATION TO PHYSIOTHERAPY 30 hours
History of physiotherapy
Ethical rules and guidelines for physiotherapist
ORIENTATION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES - 10 Hours
IN RELATION TO THE REGIONAL LANGUAGE
GENERAL MEDICINE / GENERAL SURGERY /
PAEDIATRICS / GERIATRICS
EXAMINATION AT END OF-II YEAR
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course will enable students to understand the conditions in general medicine, General
surgery, pediatrics and Geriatrics and its application in relation with physiotherapy.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 150 hours of lectures and demonstrations so that student
will be able to understand the causes, findings, management in relation with physiotherapy.
GENERAL MEDICINE (70 hours)
A. INFECTIONS
Outline the mode of spread and appropriate prevention measure of the following communicable
diseases.
Bacteria – tetanus
Viral - Herpes simplex, zoster, varicella, measles, German measles, hepatitis
B, AIDS
Protozoal – Filarial

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B. HAEMATOLOGY
Iron deficiency anemia, B 12, folic acid deficiency anemia.
Types of bleeding diathesis
Hemophilia
C. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Define, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, management
COPD – chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Pneumonia – lobar, bronco, aspiration
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Tuberculosis
Lung
abscess
RLD – occupational lung diseases
Chest wall deformities – funnel chest, pigeon chest, barrel chest, kyphoscoliosis
D. CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Define, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, management
Ischemic heart diseases
Myocardial infarction
Angina pectoris
Heart failure
Rheumatic fever
Infective
endocarditis
Hypertension
Congenital heart disease – ASD, VSD, fallots tetralogy, PDA, COA, AS, AR, MS, MR
Pulmonary infarction
Pulmonary embolism
DVT
E. BONE, JOINT AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS
Define, etiology, clinical findings, pathology, management of
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Systemic lupus erythematous
4. polymyositis
5. dermatomyositis
6. polyarthritis nodosa
7. scleroderma

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F. RENAL DISEASES
Acute and Chronic renal failure
Urinary tract infection - common clinical conditions complicated by UTI
G. METABOLIC DISEASES
Diabetes mellitus – Types of diabetes, complication, management
Obesity
H. NEUROLOGY
1. CVA – thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage
2. Extra pyramidal lesion – parkinsonism, athetosis, chorea, dystonia
3. Disorders of muscle – myopathy, SMA, MND, Syringomyelia
4. Multiple sclerosis
5. Infections of nervous system – encephalitis, neurosyphilis, meningitis, transverse
Myelitis, tabes dorsalis, TB spine
6. Epilepsy
7. Alzheimer disease
8. Disorder of myoneural junction – myasthenia gravis
GENERAL SURGERY (20 hours)
Describe abdominal surgical incisions
Outline the incision and its complications of
1. Appendicectomy
2. Mastectomy
3. Hysterectomy
4. Colostomy
5. Hernioraphy
6. Cholecystectomy
7. Ileostomy
8. Thyroidectomy
9. Adrenalectomy
10. Prostatectomy
Define burns. Classify burns by depth and surface area. Explain etiology, clinical findings,
complication, management, deformities due to burns, plastic surgery procedures
in management of burns.
Outline the principles of tendon transfers – emphasis to hand, foot, facial paralysis.
Outline the principles of plastic surgery
Skin graft/flap – pedicle, tube, muscle flap Indication
with burns/ wounds/ulcers Breast
reconstruction
Hypertrophic scar / keloid management.
PAEDIATRICS (40 hours)

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Describe growth and development of a child from birth to 12 years – physical, social,
Adaptive development.
High risk pregnancy – maternal factors and neonatal factors contributing to HRP – Gestational
diabetes, Pregnancy induced HT, Bleeding in mother, Chronic maternal diseases such as heart
disease, renal failure, TB, Epilepsy
Describe community programmes – immunization schedule
Cerebral palsy – Define, etiology, types, clinical findings, examination, management Briefly
outline associated defects – MR, microcephaly, blindness Hearing and speech impairment,
squint, convulsion.
Muscular dystrophy – Define, various forms, clinical manifestation, disabilities, management
Spina bifida, meningomyelocele – outline development, clinical features, hydrocephalus and
Medical and surgical management
Still disease – classification, pathology, clinical findings, treatment
Normal diet of new born and child – dietary calorie, requirement for normal child,
Malnutrition, rickets, vitamin D deficiency.
Lung infections – Bronchiectasis, lung abscess, bronchial asthma
GERIATRICS (20 hours)
Theories of Aging
Physiological changes that occur due to aging.
Diseases commonly encountered in elderly population
1. Hypertension
2. Ischemic heart disease
3. Cerebro vascular accident
4. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
5. Cataracts
6. Falls in Elderly
7. Senile Osteoporosis
8. Hypostatic Pneumonia
9. Deconditioned status
BIO- MECHANICS AND APPLIED ANATOMY & KINESIOLOGY
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course supplements the knowledge of anatomy and enables the students to have a
better understanding of the principles of biomechanics and their applications in
musculoskeletal function and dysfunction.
COURSE OBJECTIVES

34
The objective of this course is that after 150 hours of lectures and demonstrations in
Addition to clinical the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the principles of
bio-mechanics and kinesiology and their application in health and disease.
A.MECHANICS
1 Describe types of motion, planes of motion, direction of motion and quantity of motion.
2 Define forces, force vectors, components of forces.
3 Describe gravity, segmental centers of gravity, centre of gravity, and line of gravity of the
human body, stability and centre of gravity, relocation of the centre of gravity.
4 Describe the reaction forces, Newton law of reaction.
5 Describe equilibrium-law of inertia and establishing equilibrium of an object
6 Describe objects in motion: law of acceleration, joint distraction in a linear force
system and force of friction.
7 Describe concurrent force system: composition of force, muscle action lines, total muscle
force vector, divergent muscle pulls, and anatomical pulleys.
8 Describe parallel force systems: first class lever, second class lever, third class lever –
torque – mechanical advantage.
9 Define moment arm: moment arm of a muscle force, moment arm of gravity
and anatomical pulleys
10 Describe equilibrium of a lever.
B.JOINT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1 Describe the basic principles of joint design and a human joint
2 Describe the tissue present in human joints: including dense fibrous tissue, bone,
3 Cartilage and connective tissue.
4 Classify joints – synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diaarthrosis, and sub classification of
Synovial joints
5 Describe joint function, kinematics chains, range of motion
6 Describe the general effects of injury and disease
7 Closed kinematics chain versus open kinematics chain
8 Hyaline cartilage and fibro cartilage.
C.MUSCLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1 Describe mobility and stability functions of muscle.
2 Describe elements of muscle structure- composition of muscle fiber, motor unit, types of
muscle fiber, muscle fiber size, arrangement and number, muscle tension, length –
Tension relationship.
3 Active and passive insufficiency
4 Describe types of muscle contraction, speed, angular velocity, and applied load,
voluntary Control, torque, isokinetic exercise
5 Factors affecting muscle tension
6 Active and passive tension
7 Concentric, eccentric, isometric contraction
8 Classify muscle – spurt and shunt muscle, tonic and phasic muscle
9 Agonist, antagonist and synergist

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10 Factors affecting muscle function: type of joint and location of muscle attachments,
Number of joints, sensory receptors
11 Isokinetic exercise with concentric exercise
D.THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
1 Articulations, ligaments, muscles, typical vertebrae and intervertebral disc
2 Factors affecting stability and mobility
3 Structure and function of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae
4 Describe muscles of the vertebral column – flexors, extensors, rotators, lateral flexors
5 Describe the effect of injury and developmental defects
6 Lumbar – pelvic rhythm, Motions of the vertebral column
E.THE SHOULDER COMPLEX
1 Describe the structural components of the shoulder complex including the articulating
surfaces, capsular attachment, ligaments, movements of the following joints,
Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, Scapulothoracic, Glenohumeral
2 Describe the function of the shoulder complex including dynamic stability of the
Glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic contributions
3 Describe the muscles of elevation (deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor,
Subscapularis, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, middle trapezius and
Rhomboids
4 Describe the muscles of depression (Lattismus dorsi, pectoralis, teres major, and
rhomboids)
5 Scapulohumeral rhythm, Coracoacromial arch.
F.THE ELBOW COMPLEX
1 Describe the structure of the humeroulnar, humeroradial including articulating surfaces,
Joint capsule, ligaments, muscles
2 Describe the function of humeroulnar and humeroradial joints including the axis of
motion, range of motion, muscle action
3 Describe the structure and function of superior and inferior radioulnar joint
4 Describe the stability and mobility of the elbow complex
5 Carrying angle
6 Factors limiting range of motion in flexion and extension, supination and pronation
G.THE WRIST AND HAND COMPLEX
1 Describe the structure of wrist complex including radio carpal joint, mid carpal joint,
and the ligaments of the wrist complex.

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2 Describe the function of the radio carpal joint and mid carpal joint including
the movements and muscles involved
3 Describe the hand complex including structure of fingers – CMC, MCP, IPJ of fingers,
Ligaments, range of motion
4 Describe the structure of the CMC, MCP, IP joints of thumb
5 Describe the extrinsic and intrinsic thumb muscles
6 Describe prehension, power, cylindrical, spherical and hook grip
7 Describe precision handling – pad to pad, tip top tip, pad to side prehension and
8 Functional position of the wrist
9 Role of interossei and lumbricals muscles at the MCP IP joints.
H.THE HIP COMPLEX
1 Describe the structure of hip joint including the articulating surfaces on the pelvis and
femur, angulations, angle of torsion, internal architecture of femur and pelvis, ligaments
and muscles.
2 Describe the function of hip – rotation between pelvis, lumbar spine, and hip: pelvic
Motion – anterior posterior pelvic tilting, lumbar pelvic rhythm, lateral pelvic tilting and
Pelvic rotation.
3 Describe femoral motion
4 Describe hip stability in erect bilateral stance, sagittal plane equilibrium and
unilateral stance
5 Describe reduction of forces with weight shifting and using a cane and deviations from
normal in muscular weakness and bony abnormalities
6 Coxa valga and coax vara on the basis of hip stability and mobility
7 Ante version and retroversion on the basis of hip stability and mobility
I.THE KNEE COMPLEX
1 Describe the structure of the tibiofemoral joint – articulating surfaces on femur and tibia,
The menisci, joint capsule and bursa, ligaments and other supporting structures Anterior
– posterior and medial – lateral stability, muscle structure:
2 Knee flexors and Extensors: axes of knee complex: mechanical axis: anatomic axis
and axis of motion.
3 Describe the function of the tibiofemoral joint: range of motion, flexion and extension,
rotation, abduction and adduction, locking and unlocking, functions of menisci and
Muscle function
4 Describe the structure and function of patellofemoral joint
5 Describe the effects of injury and disease in the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral
Joint

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6 Q angle, Bursa around the knee
J.THE ANKLE AND FOOT COMPLEX
1 Describe the structure – ankle joint, tibia fibular joint, transverse tarsal
joint, tarsometatarsal joint, metatarsophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal
joint
2 Describe about arches of foot
3 Describe dorsi flexion and plantar flexion, inversion and eversion, adduction and
abduction, supination and pronation relating to ankle foot complex.
4 Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the foot
K.POSTURE
1 Describe the effects of gravity and indicate the location of the gravity line in the sagital
Plane in optimal posture
2 Analyze posture with respect to the optimal alignment of joints in the AP and lateral view
3 Role of muscles and ligaments that maintain gravitational moments in erect posture
4 Explain the postural deviations – pesplanus, hallusvalgus, pescavus, idiopathic scoliosis,
Kyphosis, lordosis
L.GAIT
1 Gait – Stance, Swing, Double support phases of gait and its sub division, parameters
of gait
2 Analyze joint motion at hip, knee and ankle of the extremity during gait cycle
3 Describe the muscle activity at hip, knee and ankle throughout the gait cycle and
muscle activity at the trunk and upper extremities.
4 Pathological gait and its biomechanical implications.
EXERCISE THERAPY - I
CHAPTER A - INTRODUCTION TO EXERCISE THERAPY & APPLIED
BIOMECHANICS
1. Introduction
2. Effect of therapeutic exercise
3. Types of skeletal muscle fibers (Type I & Type II)
4. Classification of muscle-Based on arrangement of fascicule
1. Parallel-Strap, fusiform, rhomboidal, triangular
2. Oblique-Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
3. Circular

38
5. Types of muscular contraction
Isotonic, Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric
6. Group muscle action
Agonist, Antagonist, Neutralizer, Stabilizer or Fixator
7. Range of muscle work
Full range, Inner range, Middle range, Outer range
APPLIED BIO-MECHANICS
1. Anatomical movement
a. Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial rotation, Lateral rotation,
b. Circumduction, Inversion, Eversion, Dorsi flexion, plantar flexion, Protraction
c. Retraction, Supination, Pronation, Elevation, Depression.
2. Range of motion (ROM)-Definition, Types-Active Rom, Passive Rom
3. Kinematic chain-Types-Open and Closed chain, Examples
4. Active and Passive insufficiency-Definition, Examples
5. Type of motion-Angulatory or Rotatory, Translation or Linear, Curvilinear
6. Force-Composition, Parallelogram of force
7. Gravity-Centre of gravity, Line of gravity
8. Equilibrium-Stable, Unstable, Neutral
9. Pulley-Fixed and Movable
10. Springs-Series and Parallel
11. Levers-I st order, II nd order, III rd order, Examples, Application in PT
12. Axis-Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse, Vertical
13. Planes-Sagittal, Frontal, Horizontal
14. Newton laws of motion
15. Definition of speed, Velocity, Work, Energy, Power, Acceleration, Momentum
16. Friction, Inertia
17. Normal pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic tilt, posterior pelvic tilt, Lateral tilt, muscles
18. Responsible for alternation and corrective measures
CHAPTER B - STARTING POSITION AND DERIVED POSITION
1. Starting position
Definition, Purpose, Positions-Standing, Sitting, Lying, Kneeling, Hanging
2. Derived position
Definition, Purpose, Positions-
Standing-High standing, Walk standing, Stride standing, Step standing
Toe standing, half standing, Cross standing
Sitting-Crook sitting, Long sitting, Stoop sitting, Squatting, Side sitting
Lying-Prone lying, half lying, Crook lying, side lying
Kneeling-Half kneeling, kneel sitting, prone kneeling, inclined prone kneel
Hanging-Half hanging
CHAPTER C-ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MOVEMENT
1. Introduction
2. Classification of movement-Active & Passive

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3. Active movement-Definition, Indication, Effect, Types- Free, Active assisted, assisted
resisted, resisted
4. Passive movement-Definition, Types- Relaxed passive movement-upper & lower
extremity, Passive manual mobilization-mobilization of joint, Manipulation of joint,
Stretching of soft tissues
CHAPTER D – RELAXATION
1. Introduction
2. Indication
3. Relaxation techniques-Local, General, Others
4. Local relaxation
Therapist massage
Passive movement
Muscle energy techniques
Hold relax
Contract relax
5. General relaxation
Contrast method
Reciprocal inhibition
6. Other relaxation
Mental imagery
Autogenic training
Yoga & Meditation
Music therapy
Creational activities
Social modality
CHAPTER E - MAT ACTIVITIES & FUNCTIONAL RE-EDUCATION
1. Introduction
2. Demonstrate common mat activities
Rolling-Prone on elbows-Prone on hands-Hook lying-Bridging-Quadruped position-Long
sitting-Short sitting-Kneeling-Half kneeling-Standing-Walking
CHAPTER F - HYDROTHERAPY
1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Principle
Buoyancy
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrodynamic pressure
Turbulence
4. Indication & Contraindication
5. Physiological & Therapeutic effects
6. Advantages
7. Types of hydrotherapy
Hubbard tank
Hydrotherapy pool
Foot bath

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Body wraps
Contrast bath
8. Exercises in hydrotherapy
CHAPTER G - POSTURE
1. Definition
2. Postural control
3. Standard posture
4. Types of posture-Standing & Dynamic
5. Faulty or Abnormal postures
Excessive lordosis
Kyphotic lordosis
Sway back
Flat back
Flat neck
Scoliosis
Forward head
Assessment of posture
CHAPTER H - GAIT, HUMAN LOCOMOTION , WALKING AIDS/ CRUTCH
WALKING
1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Gait cycle
4. Phases of gait
5. Muscular activity during stance & swing phase
6. Characteristic of normal gait
Vertical displacement of COG (Pelvic tilt), Lateral pelvic tilt, Horizontal dip of Pelvis,
Pelvic forward and backward rotation, Knee flexion, Double limb support, Single limb
support, cadence, step length, stride length, step duration, stride duration, Base width, Degree
of toe out or foot angle
7. Pathological gait
Trendelenburg gait
Circumductory gait
Hip hiking gait
Foot drop gait
Calcaneal gait
Flexed knee gait
Scissoring gait
Parkinson gait
Antalgic gait
Wide base gait
Lordotic gait
Anterior trunk bending
Posterior trunk bending
WALKING AIDS

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1. Definition
2. Indication
3. Types of walking aids
Crutches
Canes
Walkers
Wheel chair
4. Crutches
Types-Axillary, Elbow or Forearm, Gutter
Measurement for crutches-Axillary & Elbow
Parts of crutch-Axillary & Elbow
Crutch muscles and preparatory exercise
Gait pattern-Four point gait, two point gait, three point gait, PWB, NWB
Swing to & Swing through, stair climbing
5. Canes
Purpose
Types of cane-Standard cane, Standard adjustable canes, Tripod, Quadripod
Gait pattern-Three point gait, two point gait
6. Walkers
Purpose
Parts
Types-Rigid walking frame, Foldable walker, Rollator, Reciprocal walker, Gutter
Walker
7. Wheel Chair
Introduction
Purpose
Parts of wheel chair
Wheels, tyres, wheel locks, casters, hand rim, foot rest, tilt bar, seat and back rest.
Measurement
Seat width, Seat height, Seat depth, Back rest height, Arm rest height.
Types of wheel chair
Rigid, Foldable, One arm driven wheel chair, Powered wheel chair
CHAPTER I - MUSCLE GRADING/MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING
1. Introduction
2. Principles
3. Uses
4. Precaution & Contraindication
Types of muscle grading
Available ROM method
Make or Break test
Active resistance test
Grading system
Medical Research Council (MRC)
Plus & Minus grade
Daniels & Worthingham
Kendall & Kendall
Demonstrate the skill to grade

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Upper limb muscle
Lower limb muscle
Trunk muscle
CHAPTER J - MUSCLE STRENGTHENING/RE-EDUCATION OF MUSCLES
1. Definition
2. Demonstrate various reeducation techniques on different group of muscles of
Upper extremity, lower extremity, trunk.
3. Demonstrate the progressive exercise in strengthening using various methods
(According to muscle power-Grade I to Grade V)
CHAPTER K - RESISTED EXERCISE
1. Definition
2. Types of resisted exercise-Manual & Mechanical
3. Manual-Definition, principle, technique by therapist & patient
4. Mechanical-Definition, principle, technique by weights, pulleys, spring
5. Uses of resisted exercise
6. Progressive resisted exercise
Definition
Repetition maximum (RM) method
Delorme & Watkins
Mac queen
Zinovieff (oxford technique)
CHAPTER L - JOINT MOBILIZATION
1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Joint range-Outer range, Middle range, Inner range
4. Causes of joint range limitation
5. Effect of prolonged immobilization
7. Principle
Position of patient
Position of therapist
Relaxation
Fixation
Support or Stabilization
Direction of movement
Force & Range / Distraction or Traction
Intensity & Duration
8. Methods of peripheral joint mobilization
Muscle relaxation techniques
Free exercise
Hold relax
Contract relax
Muscle stretching techniques
Forced passive movement

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Passive stretching / self stretching
Mechanical stretching
Oscillatory technique
Sustained translatory joint play techniques

44
EXERCISE THERAPY - II
CHAPTER A - HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
MASSAGE ON VARIOUS BODY SYSTEMS, THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF
MASSAGE & SPORTS MASSAGE
1. History of massage
2. Definition of massage
3. Mechanical points to be considered
(Manipulation, time of day for treatment, comfort and support of patient-positioning, Draping,
bolstering, position of operator, using body weight, contact and continuity)
1. Technique –Indications and contraindication
2. Classification of massage
1. Based on character of Technique-
A. Stroking manipulation
B. Pressure manipulation
C. Vibratory manipulation
D. Tapotement or Percussion manipulation
2. Based on depth of tissue reached-
A. Light massage
B. Deep massage
3. Based on parts of body massaged-
A. General massage
B. Local massage
4. Based on means of application of pressure-
A. Manual massage
B. Mechanical massage
Physiological effects of massage on various body systems
(Effect on-circulatory system, excretory system, muscular system, nervous system
Metabolic system, respiratory system, skin)
MASSAGE TECHNIQUE
Stroking manipulation- Superficial stroking, deep stroking or Effleurage
Pressure manipulation-

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A. Kneading-palmer &digital kneading, ironing
B. Petrissage-picking up, wringing, skin rolling
C. Friction-circular&transverse friction
Percussion manipulation-
Clapping, hacking, beating, pounding, tenting Contact heel percussion
Vibratory manipulation-vibratory& shaking
TECHNIQUES USED FOR VARIOUS PARTS OF BODY
Massage for upper limb-scapular region, shoulder joint, upper arm, elbow joint,
Forearm, wrist joint, hand
Massage for lower limb-thigh, knee joint, leg, foot(ankle&toes)
Massage for back-neck and upper back, middle and lower back, gluteal region
Massage for face
Massage for abdomen
SPORTS MASSAGE
Introduction, role of massage in sports
Massage manipulations-stroking, effleurage, petrissage, acupressure,
tapotement,Vibration, shaking
Ice massage
Categories of sports massage-pre event massage, intermediate massage, post Event
massage
THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF MASSAGE
1. Relaxation
2. Oedema
3. Radical mastectomy
4. Venous ulcer
5. Painful neuroma
6. Bells palsy
7. Sprain and Strain
8. Fibrositis
CHAPTER B – STRETCHING
1. Definition

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3. Purpose of stretching
4. Physiological changes in muscle to stretch
5. Neurological changes in muscle to stretch
6. Types of stretching
Passive
Active or self stretching
PNF
Ballistic stretching
Dynamic
Isometric
1. Lower extremity muscle stretching
Illiacus & psoas major, adductor, hamstring, Tensor fascia latae, quadriceps,
Tendo Achilles (gastronemius & sole us), Piriformis, Tibialis anterior,
Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis, EHL, EDL, EDB
2 Trunk & Upper extremity stretching
Low back extensors, Levator scapulae & upper fibers of trapezius,
Middle fibers of trapezius & Rhomboids major and minor, Pectoralis major,
Supraspinatus, Subscapularis, Infraspinatus & teres minor, Lattismus dorsi
Elbow flexors-biceps, Elbow extensors-triceps, Wrist extensors, Wrist
Flexors, Common extensors-ECRL, ECRB, ECV, ED, Wrist & finger flexors- FCR,
FCU, FDS, FDP, Intrinsic muscles of hand
CHAPTER C – GONIOMETRY
1. Definition
2. Normal range of motion of joints
3. Types of goniometer
Universal goniometer
Gravity dependent goniometer or fluid goniometer
Pendulum goniometer
Electrogoniometer
Procedure or steps in joint range measurement
Demonstrate measuring of individual joint range using goniometer

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Shoulder joint, elbow joint, radioulnar joint, wrist joint, MCP joint, PIP joint, Hip joint,
Knee joint, ankle joint, subtalar joint
End feel-Normal & Pathological
Precaution & Contraindication
CHAPTER D - SUSPENSION THERAPY
1. Definition
2. Principle
Friction
Pendulum
Eliminating gravity movement
Advantages & Disadvantages
3. Suspension Instruments
Suspension frame
Supporting ropes
Pulleys
Slings
S-hook and dog clip
Wooden cleat
4. Procedure
5. Types of suspension
Axial suspension
Vertical suspension
Pendular suspension
6. Demonstrate suspension therapy for upper extremity & lower extremity
7. Upper extremity- shoulder Flexion, Extension, Medial Rotation, Lateral Rotation,
Abduction, Adduction, elbow Flexion, Extension
8. Lower extremity- Hip Flex, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial Rotation, Lateral
Rotation, knee Flexion, Extension
CHAPTER E - BALANCE EXERCISES
1. Balance
Definition
Cause of balance disorder

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Condition
Evaluation
Balance exercise
2. Balance evaluation
Romberg test
Hall pike test
Functional reach test
3. Balance exercise
Exercise for weakness
Exercise for movement strategies
Static balance exercise
Dynamic balance exercise
Balance exercise for vestibular dysfunction
CHAPTER F - CO- ORDINATION EXERCISES
1. Co-ordination
Definition
Causes of co-ordination disorder
Condition
Tests for co-ordination
Co-ordination exercise
2. Co-ordination test
Standing
Walking
Sitting or Supine
Finger to nose
Finger to therapist finger
Finger to finger
Alternate nose to finger
Finger opposition

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Pronation /Supination
Alternate heel to knee
Drawing an imaginary circle on air with UE & LE
Position holding
Rebound test
3. Co-ordination exercise
Frenkel exercise in
Supine, Sitting, Walking
Functional activity retraining
Brushing
Combing hair
Pick up small object from table or floor
Practice writing
Draw numbers or alphabets
CHAPTER G - CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY
1. Definition
2. Physiological basis
3. Classification
Vibration or Shaking
Percussion or Clapping
CHAPTER H - BREATHING EXERCISES
1. Definition
3. Physiological effect
4. Types of Breathing Exercises
Diaphragmatic breathing exercise
Apical breathing, Costal breathing, Posterior basal
Glossopharyngeal
Pursed lip breathing
Inspiratory hold

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CHAPTER I - DESCRIBE THE COMPLICATIONS TO PATIENTS DUE TO
PROLONGED BED REST/ DEMONSTRATION, MAINTENANCE EXERCISE FOR
PATIENTS ON PROLONGED BED REST
CHAPTER J - GROUP EXERCISE
1. Introduction
2. Advantages & Disadvantages
3. Indication
4. Formation of group
Space
Selection of patients
Number of patients
Instruction to patients
Group type
5. Type of exercise
CHAPTER K – TRACTION
1. Definition
2. Mechanism of action of traction
3. Indication & Contraindication of traction
4. Types of traction
A. Based on methods of application-1. Manual
2. Mechanical
3. Positional
4. Inversion
5. Hydraulic
B. Based on nature of pull - 1. Continuous traction
2. Sustained traction
3. Intermittent traction
C. Based on regions applied - 1. Cervical traction
2. Lumbar traction/Pelvic traction
5. Traction parameters - (Weight, Time, Hold, Relax)

51
CHAPTER L - PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION (PNF)
1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Principles
Pattern of motion
Diagonals
Motion components
4. Basic procedure
Agonist & Antagonist
Traction & Approximation
Normal timing
Stretch stimulus
Stretch reflex
Manual contact
Command & Communication
Line of movement
5. PNF patterns for Upper Extremity
D1 Flexion, D1 Extension, D2 Flexion, D2 Extension
6. PNF pattern for Lower Extremity
D1 Flexion, D1 Extension, D2 Flexion, D2 Extension
7. Demonstrate PNF Technique
Repeated contractions
Slow reversals
Rhythmic stabilization
Hold relax
Rhythmic initiation
MICROBIOLOGY & PATHOLOGY

52
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course will enable students to understand the conditions in Microbiology and Pathology and
its application in relation with physiotherapy.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 100 hours of lectures and demonstrations in Addition
to clinical the student will be able to understand the causes, findings, investigations,
management in relation with physiotherapy.
MICROBIOLOGY (50 HOURS)
A. Introduction
B. Classification, Shape and arrangement
C. Disinfection and antiseptic
D. Sterilization and asepsis
E. Allergy & hypersensitivity
F. Immunology – Definition, antigen, antibody reaction, autoimmunity, natural and
Acquired immunity.
G. Infection – Definition, source of infection, portal of entry, spread of infection, type.
H. Bacteriology – Infection caused by
1. Gram Positive bacteria – clostridium tetani & coryne bacterium diphtheria
2. Gram negative bacteria – klebsiella, pseudomonas, salmonella, v.cholera
3. Mycobacterium – M.tuberculosis, M.leprae, atypical mycobacteria
I. Outline the bacteria causing the following diseases
1. RTI
2. Meningitis
3. Enteric infection
4. Anaerobic infection
5. UTI
6. Leprosy, TB
7. STD
8. Wound infection
9. Hospital acquired infection
J. Viruses – Definition, size, shape, structure, classification, cultivation, diagnosis of Viral
infection.
K. Outline the virus causing the following diseases
1. HIV
2. Hepatitis
3. Polio
4. Measles
5. Rubella
6. Herpes.
PATHOLOGY (50 HOURS)
L. Introduction
1. General pathology – cell injury, causes
2. Reversible injury – Types, morphology, swelling, hyaline, fatty change

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3. Irreversible injury – Types of necrosis, apoptosis, calcification, dystrophic,
Metastasis
4. Concepts of disease
B. Inflammation and repair
1. Acute inflammation – causes, features, examples
2. Inflammatory cell and mediators
3. Chronic inflammation – causes, features, examples
4. wound healing
5. Regeneration and repair.
C. Circulatory disturbance
1. Edema
2. Chronic venous congestion
3. Thrombosis
4. Embolism
5. Infarction
6. Gangrene
7. Shock
D. Growth disturbance
1. Atrophy
2. Neoplasia – benign & malignant
E. Specific pathology
1. CVS – atherosclerosis, IHD, MI, HT, CCF, RHD, peripheral vascular diseases.
2. RS – COPD, pneumonia – lobar, broncho, viral, acquired, TB – prim
& sec, Atelectasis, asthma
3. Skin – leprosy
4. NS – CVA, coma, polio, Parkinsonism, myasthenia gravis
5. Bone and joint – arthritis, osteomyelitis, autoimmune disease,
spondylosis, Osteomalacia, GOUT, Tenosynovitis, AS
6. Muscle – MD, polio, myopathies.
ELECTROTHERAPY - I
LOW FREQUENCY AND MEDIUM FREQUENCY
EXAMINATION AT END OF-III YEAR
COURSE DESCRIPTION
In this course the student will learn the principles, technique and effects of electrotherapy as
a therapeutic modality in the restoration of physical function.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 250 hours of lectures, demonstrations, practicals and
clinics the student will be able to list the indications and contraindications of various types of
electrotherapy demonstrate the different technique and describe their effects.
CHAPTER A-ELECTRICITY

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1 Definition and types
2 Therapeutic uses
3 Basic physics
4 Working
5 Importance of current in treatment
6 Uses
CHAPTER B -BASIC CONCEPTS IN ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
1 Resting Membrane Potential
2 Action Potential
3 Propagation of Action Potential
4 Motor Unit
CHAPTER C-THERAPEUTIC CURRENT
1 Definition
2 Principles
3 Types –Low Frequency current and Medium Frequency current
4 Types of Low Frequency Current
Interrupted Galvanic Current/Modified Direct Current/Interrupted Direct Current
Faradic Type Current
Tens
Iontophoresis
Sinusoidal Current
High Voltage Pulse Galvanic Stimulation (HVPGS)
Diadynamic Current
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
5 Types of Medium Frequency Current
Interferential Current-1.2 Pole IFC (Russian Current-2000HZ, Medium Frequency
Current-4000HZ) 2.4 Pole IFC (4000HZ-4100HZ)-Classical & Vector
CHAPTER D -FARADIC CURRENT
1. Definition, Type, Duration
2. Production, Surging of Faradic Current
3. Physiological effects & Therapeutic effects of Faradic Current
4. Technique of application of Faradic Current
Motor Point
Preparation of apparatus (Assembling, Testing)
Preparation of patient
Stimulation of motor point
CHAPTER E-INTERRUPTED DIRECT CURRENT
1 Definition, Type, Duration, Shape, Frequency
2 Production

55
3 Physiological effect & Therapeutic effect of Interrupted direct current
4 Effect of IGC on Innervated muscle & Denervated muscle
5 Technique of application of IGC
Motor Point
Preparation of apparatus (Assembling, Testing)
Preparation of patient
Stimulation of motor point
CHAPTER F-SELECTION OF CURRENT
1 Differentiate between types of current, duration, shape, frequency used in stimulating
nerve and muscle
CHAPTER G-ELECTRODIAGNOSIS
1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Physiological basis
4. Principles of electro diagnosis
SD Curve Rheobase,
Chronaxie
Electromyography (EMG)
Definition
Recording electrodes
Myoelectrical signal, amplifiers, display devices
Basic wave pattern of an EMG signal
Nerve Conduction Test (MCV, NCV)
H reflex
F Wave
Faradic-IDC
test
Galvanic tetanus ratio
5. SD Curve Test
Definition
Type of current used, shape, frequency
Procedure
Advantage, Disadvantage
Characteristic of curve (Normal, Partial, Complete denervation)
Factors that affect accuracy of SD curve
CHAPTER H-BIO-FEEDBACK
1. Definition
2. Basis of biofeedback
3. Principles of biofeedback
4. Uses of biofeedback
5. EMG bio feedback
CHAPTER I -TENS
1 Definition
2 Neurophysiology of pain

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3 Acute pain & chronic pain
4 Pain pathway
5 Neuromodulation of pain
6 Pain modulation- Gate control theory, descending pain suppression
7 Parameter of Tens-Waveform, Frequency, Pulse width, amplitude
8 Type of Tens- 1. High Frequency Low Intensity Tens or Conventional Tens
2. Acupuncture like Tens
3. Brief Intense Tens
4. Burst Mode Tens
9. Electrode Placement, Advantage & Disadvantage of Tens, Uses of Tens and
Contraindication of Tens
CHAPTER J -IONTOPHORESIS
1 Definition
2 Physics of iontophoresis
3 Technique of application of iontophoresis
4 Ions commonly used in iontophoresis and their clinical indication
5 Physiological effect & Therapeutic effect of iontophoresis
6 Dosage of iontophoresis
7 Dangers & Contraindication of iontophoresis
CHAPTER K-INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT
1. Definition
2. Production of interferential current
3. Types of interferential current
1. Static interferential current or Classical interferential current (4 pole method)
2. Dynamic interferential current or Isoplanar vector field (4 pole
method) or Four electrodes with rotating vector
4. Parameters of IFT
1. Quadripolar or Bipolar application
2. Vector or Scanning mode
3. Suction versus Plate electrode
4. Current intensity
5. Frequency sweep
6. Amplitude modulated frequency
7. Treatment duration
5. Indications & contraindication of IFC
6. Physiological effects of IFC
7. Dangers of IFC
ELECTROTHERAPY - II
HIGH FREQUENCY AND ACTINOTHERAPY

57
COURSE DESCRIPTION
In this course the student will learn the principles, technique and effects of electrotherapy as
a therapeutic modality in the restoration of physical function.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 200 hours of lectures, demonstrations, practicals and
clinic the student will be able to list the indications and contraindications of various types of
electrotherapy demonstrate the different technique and describe their effects.
CHAPTER A-SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY
1 Definition
2 Principle of working
3 Indication & contraindication of SWD
4 Bio-physics of deep heating using SWD
1. Capacitor or condenser field method
2. Inductance or Magnetic field method
1 Production
1. Construction-A. Machine circuit or Oscillator
circuit B.Patient circuit or Resonator circuit
2. Mechanism of production of SWD
3. Indications for circuits to be in tune
4. Transmission of shortwave in to tissues
2 Technique or Method of application of SWD
1. Preparation of equipment (warming, tuning, testing of machine)
2. Application of treatment- A. Condenser field method/Capacitor field method
B. Cable method/Inductothermy
3. Condenser field method
A. Type of electrode
B. Size of electrode
C. Electrode spacing-Wide & Narrow spacing
D. Electrode positioning -1. Co-planar
2. Contra planar
3. Mono planar
4. Cross fire method
4. Cable field method
A. Electrode
B. Electrostatic field & Magnetic field
C. Advantage
D. Dosage
3 Dangers of SWD
4 Precautions and contraindication of SWD
5 Pulsed Short Wave Diathermy
A. Definition, Frequency, Wavelength
B. Production
C. Parameters-1. Pulse repetition rate (PRR)

58
2. Pulse duration (PD)
3. Peak pulse power (PPP)
D. Physiological effect
E. Indication & contraindication
F. Dosage
CHAPTER B-MICRO WAVE DIATHERMY
1 Definition
2 Bio-physics of micro wave diathermy
3 Indication & contraindication of MWD
4 Production of MWD (Magnetron)
5 Technique of application of MWD
A. Patient preparation
B. Selection of treatment applicator
C. Selection of appropriate power level And application of
treatment
D. Dosage
E. Physiological & Therapeutic effects
F. Dangers
CHAPTER C-ULTRASOUND THERAPY
1 Definition
2 Bio-physics of ultrasound
3 Indication & contraindication of ultrasound
4 Properties of ultrasound-Reflection, Transmission, Absorption
5 Ultrasonic field
6 Coupling media
7 Production of ultrasound
8 Technique of application of ultrasound
A. Testing of machine
B. Application of ultrasound
1. Direct contact method
2. Water bath method
3. Water bag method
C. Treatment parameters
1. Intensity
2. Mode-Continuous or Pulsed
3. Frequency-1 MHz or 3 MHz
4. Treatment duration
5. Pulsed mark: Space ratio
1 Dosage
2 Physiological & Therapeutic effects of ultrasound
3 Dangers of ultrasound
4 Phonophoresis
A. Definition
B. Principle of working
C. Drugs used in phonophoresis

59
D. Techniques of application of phonophoresis
E. Contraindication
ACTINOTHERAPY
CHAPTER A-BASICS
1 Define heat and temperature
2 Physical effect of heat
3 Transmission of heat
4 Radiation energy and its properties
5 Electro magnetic spectrum
6 Laws governing radiation
7 Skin-Structure, Depth of penetration, Functions
CHAPTER B-INFRARED RADIATIONS
1 Definition
2 Production-Types of generators (Luminous & Non-Luminous), Working
3 Indication & Contraindication
4 Physiological & Therapeutic effect of IRR
5 Dangers
6 Technique of treatment
A. Choice of apparatus
B. Arrangement of lamp and patient
C. Preparation of patient
D. Application of treatment
E. Treatment frequency and duration
CHAPTER C-ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION
1 Definition
2 Classification
3 Production of UVR
1. Mercury vapour lamp-1. Air cooled medium pressure Mercury vapor lamp
(Alpine Sun Lamp)
2. Water cooled medium pressure Mercury vapor Lamp (Kromayer
Lamp)
2. Fluorescent Tube (Theraktin Tunnel)
1 Tridymite formation
2 Cooling of lamp
3 Technique or principle of application of treatment
A. Preparation of patient
B. Preparation of apparatus
C. Setting up
D. Application
E. Progression
1 Dosage
A. Test dose

60
B. Calculation of progression of dosage
2 PUVA apparatus
3 Care of lamp
4 Sensitizers, Photosensitization, Filters
5 Erythema, Pigmentation, Penetration
6 Indication & Contraindication
7 Physiological effect & Therapeutic effect of UVR
8 Demonstrate of UVR for following conditions
Acne-shoulder&chest, back&chest, Alopecia aereata & Totalis, Psoriasis, ulcer
Pressure sore, Rickets, General body bath
CHAPTER D-LASER
1 Definition
2 Properties of laser
A. Monochromaticity
B. Coherence
C. Collimation
1 Production of laser
A. Lasing medium
B. Resonating chamber
C. Energy source
2 Types of laser
A. Ruby laser or crystal laser
B. Helium-neon laser or gas laser
C. Diode laser or semiconductor laser
3 Technique of application
A. Grid method
B. Scanning method
4 Dosage parameters
(Area of treatment, energy density, pulse repetition rate, power output, irradiation)
5 Indications & Contraindications
6 Physiological effect & Therapeutic effect
7 Dangers
CHAPTER E-SUPERFICIAL HEAT MODALITIES
1 Moist hot packs-Definition, Working, Technique of application
2 Hydro collator pack-Definition, Apparatus, working, Technique of application
3 Paraffin wax bath-Definition, apparatus, Technique of application
4 Whirl pool bath-Definition, apparatus, Technique of application
5 Hubbard tank-Definition, apparatus, Technique of application
CRYOTHERAPY
1 Definition
2 Biophysics
3 Indication & contraindication
4 Technique of application
A. Ice pack

61
B. Ice massage
C. Cold pack
D. Cold whirlpool
E. Cryo-cuff
F. Cold spray
G. Cryo stretch
H. Cryo kinetics
5 Contrast bath-Definition, Principle, Technique of treatment,Indication, Contraindication
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course will enable students to understand the effects of the environment and the community
dynamics on the health of the individual.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 55 hours of lectures and demonstrations the student will
be able to demonstrate an understanding of the influence of social and environmental factors of
health of individual and society.
A. Outline the natural history of diseases and the influence of social, economic and cultural
aspects of health and diseases.
B. Outline the various measures of prevention and methods of intervention especially for
diseases with disability.
C. Outline the natural care delivery system and the public health administration system
at central and state government level- primary health care, school health, health team at
district hospitals and PHC, voluntary and international agencies in health care.
D. Outline selective national health schemes.
E. Define occupational health and list methods of prevention of occupational hazards.
F. Outline the Employees State Insurance scheme and its benefit
G. Describe the social security measures for protection from occupational hazards,
Accidents, diseases and workman compensation act.
H. Define community based rehabilitation, institution based rehabilitation. Describe the
advantages and disadvantages of institution based and community based
Rehabilitation.
I. Describe the following communicable diseases with reference to water reservoir,
Mode of transmission, route of entry and levels of prevention

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A. Poliomyelitis
B. Meningitis
C. Encephalitis
D. Tuberculosis
E. Filariasis
F. Leprosy
G. Tetanus
H. Measles
J. Describe the epidemiology of Rheumatic heart disease, cancer, chronic
Degenerative disease, cereberovascular accident
K. Outline the influence of nutritional factors such as protein energy malnutrition,
Anemia, vitamin deficiency and minerals on disability, nutritional programmes,
Balanced diet, nutritional requirement and source, food adulteration.
L. List the principles of health education, methods of communication and role of
Health education in rehabilitation service-AV aids, planning a health education
Programme.
M. Define the role of community leaders and health professional in health education.
N. Outline the role of international health agencies in rehabilitation of the disabled.
CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Following the basic science and clinical sciences course introduce the student to the Orthopedic
conditions which commonly cause disability. Particular effort is made in this course to avoid
burdening the student with any detail pertaining to diagnosis which will not contribute to their
understanding of the limitations imposed by orthopedic pathology on the functioning of the
individual
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 55 hours of lectures and demonstrations in addition to
clinics the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of orthopedic conditions causing
disability and their management
A. INTRODUCTION TO ORTHOPAEDICS
1 Introduction to orthopedic terminology
2 Clinical examination
3 Common investigations
4 Principles of management

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B. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIVE TREATMENT
1 Indications
2 Contraindications
3 Outline principles of: arthrodesis, Arthroplasty, Osteotomy, Bone grafting, Tendon
transfers.
C. SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
1 Sprains and Muscle strains
2 Capsulitis
3 Bursitis
4 Tenosynovitis
5 Fascitis
6 Tendonitis
D. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS
1 Types of fractures including patterns, open and closed fractures – dislocations.
2 Difference between dislocation and subluxation
3 General and local signs & symptoms of fractures, dislocations
4 Principles of management of fracture, dislocations
5 Prevention and treatment of complication – VIC, sudecks atrophy, carpal tunnel
syndrome, myositis ossificans, shoulder-hand syndrome
6 Fracture healing
E. UPPER LIMB FRACTURES
1 Enumerate major long bone fracture and joint injuries
2 Briefly describe their clinical features, principles of management, complications.
F. LOWER LIMB FRACTURES
1 Enumerate major long bone fracture and joint injuries
2 Briefly describe their clinical features, principles of management, complications.
G. SPINAL FRACTURES
* Outline the mechanism, clinical features, principles of management, complications.
H. DISLOCATIONS
* Outline the mechanism, clinical features, principles of management and complications of
recurrent dislocation of the shoulder and patella.
I. AMPUTATIONS
1. Classify amputations, list indication of surgery
2. Principles of amputation
3. Principles of management
4. Complications and management
J.BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS

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* Outline the etiology, clinical features, management, complications – septic arthritis,
Osteomyelitis, tuberculosis – including spinal TB.
K. BONE AND JOINT TUMORS
* Classify and outline the clinical features, management and complications of the
following: Benign and malignant bone tumor, osteoma, osteosarcoma, osteoclastoma,
Ewing sarcoma, multiple myeloma.
L.CHRONIC ARTHRITIS
* Outline the pathology, clinical features, mechanism of deformities, management and
Complications of – RA, OA, AS.
M. LOW BACK PAIN
* Definition, causes of low back ache, clinical findings, assessment, management
N. SPINAL DEFORMITIES
* Classify spinal deformities and outline the salient clinical features, management
And complication
O. POLIOMYELITIS
1. Describe the pathology, clinical features, pathology, prevention, management,
2. Residual problems of polio, treatment of residual paralysis,
3. Principles of muscle transfers
P. CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES
* Outline the clinical features and management of CTEV, CDH, Flat foot, vertical talus,
limb deficiency – radial club hand, femoral, tibial, fibular deficiency, meningomyelocele,
arthrogryposis multiplex congenital, osteogenesis imperfecta.
Q. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES
Outline the clinical features, management, and reconstructive surgery of
1. Radial, median and ulnar nerve lesions
2. Sciatic and lateral popliteal nerve lesions
3. Brachial plexus injuries including Erbs palsy, Klumpke palsy, crutch palsy.
R. HAND INJURIES
* Outline the clinical features, management and complications of Tendon, bone, and joint
Injury.
S. LEPROSY
* Outline clinical features, management and complications of neuritis, muscle paralysis,
Tropic ulcer of hand and feet deformities.
CLINICAL NEUROLOGY FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY

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COURSE DESCRIPTION
Following the basic science and clinical science course, this course introduces the Student to the
neurological conditions which commonly cause disability.
COUSE OBJECTIVE
The objective of this course is that after 55 hours of lectures and demonstration the student will
be able to demonstrate an understanding of Neurological conditions causing disability and their
management. Particular effort is made in this course to avoid burdening the student with any
detail pertaining to diagnosis which will not contribute to their understanding of the limitations
imposed by neuropathology on the functioning of the individual
A. NEUROANATOMY
1 Basic anatomy of brain and spinal cord
2 Blood supply of brain and spinal cord
3 Anatomy of the visual pathway
4 Connections of the cerebellum and extra pyramidal system
5 Relationship of spinal nerve to the spinal cord segments
6 Tract of the spinal cord
7 Brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses
8 Cranial nerves.
B. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Neurophysiologic basis of tone, disorder of tone, posture, bladder control, muscle
contraction, movement, and pain.
C. ASSESSMENT
1 Basic history taking to determine whether the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve is
involved
2 Assessment of higher mental function – orientation, memory, attention, speech, language
3 Assessment of cranial nerves
4 Assessment of motor power
5 Assessment of sensory function – touch, pain, temperature, position
6 Assessment of tone – spasticity, rigidity, and hypotonia.
7 Assessment of cerebellar function
8 Assessment of higher cortical function – apraxia
9 Assessment of gait abnormalities
D. CLINICAL FEATURES AND MANAGEMENT
1. Congenital childhood disorders
Cerebral palsy
Hydrocephalus
Spina bifida
2. Cerebrovascular accidents
Definition, etiology, classification – thrombotic, embolic, hemorrhagic
Clinical findings, management.

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3. Trauma
Head injury
Spinal cord injury
4. Diseases of the spinal cord
Craniocerebral junction anomalies
Syringomyelia
Cervical and lumbar disc lesions
Tumors
Spinal archnoiditis
5. Demyelinating diseases
Guillain – barre syndrome
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Transverse myelitis
Multiple sclerosis
6. Degenerative disorders
Parkinson disease
Dementia
7. Infections
Pyogenic meningitis sequelae
Tuberculous infection of CNS
Poliomyelitis
Tabes dorsalis
HIV infection Encephalitis
8. Disease of the muscle
Myopathies
Muscular dystrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy
9. Peripheral nerve disorders
Peripheral nerve injuries
Entrapment neuropathies
Peripheral neuropathies
10. Spinal cord lesions
Paraplegia Quadriplegia
Neurogenic bladder
11. Miscellaneous
Disorders of ANS
Epilepsy
Myasthenia gravis
Intracranial tumors
Motor neuron disease

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Alzheimer disease
CLINICAL CARDIO-RESPIRATORY DISEASES FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Following the basic science and clinical science course, this course introduces the Student in
cardio-thoracic conditions which commonly cause disability.
COUSE OBJECTIVE
The objective of this course is that after 55 hours of lectures and demonstration in addition to
clinics the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of Cardio-thoracic conditions
causing disability and their management. Particular effort is made in this course to avoid
burdening the student with any detail pertaining to diagnosis which will not contribute to their
understanding of the limitations imposed by cardiovascular pathology on the functioning of the
individual
A. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1 Respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract – Trachea, Bronchial tree, Bronchopulmonary segments
Respiratory unit, hilum of lung.
Muscles of respiration
Pleura, intra pleural space, intra pleural pressure, surfactant
Mechanics of respiration – Chest wall movements, lung & chest wall compliance
V/Q relationship, airway resistance
Respiratory centre, Neural & chemical regulation of respiration
Lung volumes and lung capacities, Spiro meter, lung function test
Pulmonary circulation, Lung sounds, cough reflex
2 Cardiovascular system
Chambers of heart, semi lunar and atria ventricular valves ,Coronary circulation,
conductive system of heart Cardiac cycle, ECG, Heart sounds Blood pressure, pulse,
cardiac output
B. CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
1. Define, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, Conservative and surgical
management of the following conditions
1. Ischemia heart disease
2. Myocardial infarction

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3. Heart failure
4. Cardiac arrest
5. Rheumatic fever
6. Hypertension
7. Infective endocarditis
8. Myocarditis & cardiomyopathy
2. Surgical conditions that require post surgical Physiotherapy.
Open heart surgery (OHS) and closed heart surgery (CHS)
Thoracotomy – Median sternotomy
Heart lung machine
Angioplasty
CABG
PTCA
Valve replacement
Valvotomy
Conditions requiring CHS – Mitral stenosis, Aortic stenosis, PDA, COA
Conditions requiring OHS-ASD, VSD, PS, TOF, TPGV, MS, MR, AS, AR
Describe the principles of cardio vascular stress testing.
C. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Define, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigation, complications,
Conservative and surgical management of the following conditions
1. COPD – chronic bronchitis and Emphysema
2. Bronchial asthma
3. Suppurative disease- Bronchiectasis, Lung abscess
4. Common infectious disease-Pulmonary TB, Pneumonia
5. Interstitial lung disease
6. Occupational lung disease
7. Pulmonary vascular disease-pulmonary HT, pulmonary thromboembolism
8. Cancer lung
9. Aspergillosis
10. Cystic fibrosis
11. Disease of pleura- Pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax, pleural effusion,
Empyema
2. Chest wall injuries
Fracture rib

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Flail chest
Pneumothorax
Haemothorax
Haemopneumothorax
Lung contusion
Injury to great vessels and bronchus
3. PHYSIOTHERAPY FOR THORACIC SURGERIES
Thoracotomy
Lobectomy
Pneumonectomy
Decortication
4. Describe about suctioning during chest physiotherapy – Indications, types, steps, and
complications
BIO-STATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methods and methodology
Research process
Research design
Collection of data
Sampling methods
Data analysis, interpretation and presentation
Central tendency and dispersion
Correlation and regression
Testing hypothesis.
PHYSICAL MODALITIES MAINTANENCE
Non Examination Paper 30 hours
BIO-PHYSICS
1. Physical principles
a) Structure and properties of matter -solids, liquids and gases, adhesion, surface
tension, viscosity, density and elasticity.

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b) Structure of atom, molecules, elements and compound
c) Electricity: Definition and types. Therapeutic uses. Basic physics of construction.
Working Importance of currents in treatment.
d) Static Electricity: Production of electric charge. Characteristic of a charged body.
Characteristics of lines of forces. Potential energy and factors on which it depends.
Potential difference and EMF.
e) Current Electricity: Units of Electricity: farad, Volt, Ampere, Coulomb, Watt
f) Condensers: Definition, principle, Types- construction and working, capacity & uses.
g) Alternating current.
h) Magnetism: Definition. Properties of magnets. Electromagnetic induction.
Transmission by contact. Magnetic field and magnetic forces. Magnetic effects of an electric
field.
i) Conductors, Insulators, Potential difference, Resistance and intensity
j) Ohm's law and its application to DC and AC currents. Fuse: construction,
working and application.
k) Transmission of electrical energy through solids, liquids, gases and vacuum.
l) Rectifying Devices-Thermionic valves, Semiconductors, Transistors, Amplifiers,
transducer and Oscillator circuits.
m) Display devices and indicators-analogue and digital.
n) Transformer: Definition, Types, Principle, Construction, Eddy current, working uses
o) Chokes: Principle, Construction and working, Uses
2. Effects of Current Electricity
a) Chemical effects -Ions and electrolytes, Ionisation, Production of an EMF by chemical
actions. b) Electromagnetic Induction.
c) Electromagnetic spectrum.
3. Electrical Supply
a) Brief outline of main supply of electric current
b) Dangers-short circuit, electric shocks.
c) Precaution-safety devices, earthing, fuses etc.
d) First aid and initial management of electric shock
4. Various agents
a) Thermal agents: Physical Principles of cold, Superficial and deep heat.
b) Ultrasound: Physical Principles of Sound
c) Electro magnetic Radiation: Physical Principles and their Relevance to Physiotherapy
Practice
d) Electric Currents: Physical Principles and their Relevance to Physiotherapy Practice.
PT IN ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS
EXAMINATION AT END OF-IV YEAR
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course serves to integrate the knowledge gained by the students in clinical orthopedics with

71
the skills gained in exercise therapy, electro therapy and massage, thus enabling them to apply
these in clinical situations of dysfunction due to pathology in the musculoskeletal system.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this course in those 200 hours of lectures and demonstrations, practical and
clinical, the student will be able to identify disability due to musculoskeletal dysfunction. Set
treatment goals and apply their skills in exercise therapy, electro therapy and massage in clinical
situation to restore musculo skeletal function.
A. ASSESSMENT OF JOINTS & SPINE
1 Subjective- History
2 Objective examination
3 Observation
Built, Tropical changes, Posture, attitude of the limb and deformity, Gait, External
appliances
4 Palpation
Temperature, Texture, Tenderness, edema & Swelling, joint crepitation, pulse
5 Examination
Musculoskeletal examination
Tone-Spasticity & Rigidity
Motor examination-ROM, Joint play & End feel, Muscle power, Reflexes, Limb length,
Muscle girth
Sensory examination-Superficial & deep sensation, Pain assessment-onset, location,
pattern, quality, rating, aggravating & relieving factors, type of pain
6 Respiratory-chest expansion
7 Higher function-Level of consciousness, mental status, communication
8 Functional assessment
9 Special test
B. FRACTURE AND DISLOCATION
1. Define fracture. Review the types, signs and symptoms, principles of immobilization and
healing of fracture.
2. Describe the PT assessment of a patient with a fracture during the immobilization
And post immobilization period.
3. List the aims of PT management in a patient with a fracture.
4. Describe the methods of mobilization of a patient after healing of a fracture.
5. Review the mechanism of injury, clinical features, treatment and complications and
describe the PT management and home programme for the following injuries:
6. Fracture clavicle, upper 1/3 rd of humerus
7. Fracture head of radius, olecranon process, shaft of radius and ulna, colles

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8. Fracture scaphoid, bennets and potts fracture, dupuytrens contracture, calcaneum
and metatarsal- march
9. Spinal fracture
10. Dislocation of
a. hip(congenital), traumatic posterior and central
b. Shoulder (anterior and recurrent)
c. Patella
11. Joint replacement – Knee and Hip ( Total and partial )
C. REGIONAL CONDITIONS
PT assessment, problems, means, conservative and surgical management, rehabilitation for the
following conditions
1. Cervical and lumbar spondylosis
2. Spondylolisthesis
3. TB spine
4. Postural deformities of spine – kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis.
5. Ankylosing spondylitis
6. Intervertebral disc prolapse
7. Periarthritis shoulder
8. Amputation
9. Poliomyelitis
10. Osteoarthritis
11. Rheumatoid arthritis
12. Leprosy
13. Cerebral palsy
14. Burns
15. Soft tissue injury –
Strain
Sprain – knee and ankle ligament
injury Bursitis – subacromial and
prepatellar Synovitis
Tendonitis
Tenosynovitis
Fibrositis
Rupture of tendons – Quadriceps and tendoachilles Tennis elbow

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Torticollis
Suraspinatus and biceps tendonitis
PT IN NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course serves to integrate the knowledge gained by the students in clinical neurology with
the skills gained in exercise therapy, electro therapy and massage, thus enabling them to apply
these in clinical situations of dysfunction due to pathology in the nervous system.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
clinical, the student will be able to identify disability due to neurological dysfunction. Set
situation to restore neurological function.
A. NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Structure and function of
1 Cerebral hemispheres
2 Cerebellum
3 Spinal cord
4 Peripheral nerves
5 Pyramidal system
6 Extra pyramidal system
7 Neuron
8 Synapse
B. PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT
1 Evaluation and functional physiotherapy assessment with appropriate reasoning for
planning and implementation of treatment technique.
2 History taking
3 Assessment of higher function
4 Assessment of cranial nerves
5 Assessment of sensation – pain, temperature and dorsal column
6 Assessment of motor system – muscle power, joint mobility, balance, co-ordination
7 Assessment of tone,
8 Assessment of reflexes – superficial and deep
9 Assessment of gait
10 Assessment of posture
11 Assessment of limb length
12 Assessment of functional abilities

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C. PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
1 Principles and theories of motor control and learning
2 Application of transfer and functional re-education exercise, postural exercise and gait
training.
3 Functional training in bladder dysfunction.
4 Principles of co-ordination and balance exercise
5 Understand and application of neurotherapeutic skills like PNF, NDT, Carr & Shepherd,
Brunstrom, Rood approach
6 Knowing principle in using tools of therapeutic gym such as vestibular ball, tilt board,
bolsters.
7 Principles of use of ambulatory aids in neurological conditions – spastic UMN lesion,
LMN lesion, cerebellar dysfunction,
8 Principles of use of splints and braces in spastic UMN lesion and in flaccid LMN lesion
in Both UL & LL.
9 Review the management of chronic pain in neurological condition with respect to
the type of pain, treatment modalities available, and selection criteria for each
modality.
10 Treatment of altered tone – hyper tonicity and hypo tonicity
11 Sensory re education – hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, anesthesia.
12 Motor re-education – strengthening exercises, co-ordination exercise, joint mobilization
exercise, use of PNF technique.
13 Treatment to improve function – free exercise, activities of daily living, mat exercise,
Mobilization exercise.
D. PHYSIOTHEAPY MANAGEMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS IN ADULT
1. Stroke
2. Monoplegia
3. Brain tumor
4. Spinal cord tumor
5. Parkinsonism
6. Cerebellar lesion
7. Motor neuron disease
8. Disorder of the spinal cord – paraplegia, quadriplegia, syringomyelia, transverse myelitis,
Spinal dyspharism
9. Head injury
10. Peripheral nerve injury
11. Guillian bare syndrome
12. 7th cranial nerve palsy
13. Low back pain syndrome
14. Brachial neuralgia
15. Demyelination of the nervous system – multiple sclerosis
16. Disorder of the neuromuscular junction – myasthenia gravis
17. Viral meningitis
18. Tabes dorsalis

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E. PHYSIOTHEAPY MANAGEMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN
1. Cerebral palsy
2. Developmental delay
3. Spina bifida
4. Muscular dystrophy
5. Poliomyelitis
6. Hydrocephalus
7. Brachial plexus injury – erb palsy, klumkes palsy.
PT IN CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course serves to integrate the knowledge gained by the students in clinical cardio-
respiratory conditions with the skills gained in exercise therapy, electro therapy and massage,
thus enabling them to apply these in clinical situations of dysfunction due to pathology in the
cardio-respiratory pathology.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
clinical, the student will be able to identify disability due to cardio-respiratory dysfunction. Set
situation to restore cardio-respiratory function.
A. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1 Trachea and Bronchial tree
2 Bronchopulmonary segments
3 Respiratory unit
4 Muscles of respiration
5 Lung & Chest wall compliance
6 v/q ratio
7 Anatomical dead space and Physiological dead space
8 Pulmonary defence mechanism
9 Mechanics of breathing
10 Surface anatomy of lungs and heart
11 Lung volumes and Lung capacities
12 Coronary and pulmonary circulation
13 Conductive system of heart
14 Cardiac cycle
B. PHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT

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1. Evaluation and functional physiotherapy assessment with appropriate reasoning
for implementation of chosen treatment technique.
2. Subjective assessment – chief complaints, history
3. Functional assessment – ADL assessment
4. Objective assessment – physiotherapy assessment of cardiothoracic conditions.
5. Respiratory Conditions
1. Obstructive lung disease – Chronic bronchitis and Emphysema
2. Bronchiectasis
3. Bronchial asthma
4. Lung abscess
5. Chest Infections - Pneumonia
6. Restrictive lung disease – OLD, Chest wall deformities,
7. Pulmonary Surgery – Pneumonectomy, Lobectomy,
Segmenectomy
Pre-operative and post-operative PT management
6. Cardiac conditions
a. Coronary artery diseases – IHD, MI, Heart failure
b. Hypertension
c. Cardiac surgery – CABG, PTCA
Pre-operative and Post-operative PT management
C. PT TREATMENT
1. Define, indications, contraindication, physiological effect, types, steps,
precaution, complication of the following chest physical therapy technique
Breathing exercise –DBE, Costal, Segmental, Apical
Breathing control
Breathing re-education during functional activities
Relaxation position for breathlessness patient
Forced expiratory technique
Thoracic expansion exercise
Chest mobility exercise
Active cycle of breathing
Positive expiratory pressure
Manual hyperinflation
Incentive Spirometry
Postural drainage – Modified PD, Home PD
Cough – Stages of cough, types of cough, steps in teaching voluntary cough
Factors affecting cough mechanism
Huff – Low, Mid, High lung volume huff
Vibrations, Percussion, Shaking
Ventilator – Modes, types, principles, weaning
Humidification – Physiology, Bubble jet, Pass over, Ultrasonic nebulizer

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humidifier
Nebulization – Physiology, MDI, Ultrasonic,
Suctioning – Oropharyngeal, Nasopharyngeal, intubated, steps, complications
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Define, indication, outcomes, steps in pulmonary rehabilitation, contraindication
Education
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Define, Indication, Phases of cardiac rehabilitation, contraindication, benefits,
Education
Physiotherapy in general surgery
Pre-operative and Post-operative management for patient with abdominal surgery
Conditions – appendicectomy, mastectomy, gastrectomy, hysterectomy, hernioraphy,
cholecystectomy, colostomy
Physiotherapy in Intensive Care Unit
Define, Indications, Types of ICU, Equipment used in adult and pediatric ICU,
Assessment, Principles of physiotherapy for a patient in ICU including chest
Physiotherapy and adjacent for adult and pediatric patient.
Physiotherapy for ventilator dependent patient
Definition of ventilator, Types of ventilator, Principles of Ventilator, Indication Of
ventilator, PT assessment of ventilator dependent patient, PT management
Physiotherapy for peripheral vascular diseases
Definition, Physiology, Conditions of PVD, evaluation-arterial, venous, lymphatic,
Doppler, Treatment-Buergers exercise, cold laser, electrical stimulation, Intermittent
compression.
ADVANCED PHYSIOTHERAPEUTICS
Total hours – 150 Hours
Theory – 50 hours
Practical – 100 hours
I.MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUES
 Definition of MET
 History of MET
 Anatomy Review Muscle Spindle Physiology
 List examples of postural and phasic muscles and their characteristics
 Integration of the Spindle in MET
 Palpation Lab

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 Bony Landmarks
 Joint restrictions and Barrier Perception
 Identify different normal and abnormal joint end-feels
 Role of fascia to soft tissue dysfunction.
 Difference between fibromyalgia and trigger points
 Basic exercises using muscle energy techniques using post isometric relaxation in both
acute and chronic contexts
 MET for Muscles of UE / LE and Spine
 Mobility Screening / Segmental Testing
 Naming the Dysfunction
 Breathing Disorders and Fibromyalgia
 Rib Articulation and Biomechanics of Breathing The diaphragm
II.TRIGGER POINT THERAPY/MYOFASCIAL RELEASE THERAPY
 Anatomy/Surface Anatomy
 Neuromuscular physiology
 Pathology
 Trigger point therapy foundations and research
 Trigger point massage techniques
 Clinical application and practice
III.FASCIAL MANIPULATION
 Highlights of anatomy of the human fascial system
• Gross anatomy of the fascial system
• Histology - layered conformation
• Myofascial/myotendinous expansions
 Basic principles of the internal fasciae
 Physiology of the organ-fascial unit: the intra- and extramural vegetative system
(microscopic ganglia) The myofascial sequences, The hyaluronic acid, The muscle
spindles
 Physiology of the apparatus-fascial sequences: vegetative innervation of the visceral,
vascular and glandular sequences Innervation: Vagus, Phrenic, Splanchnic nerves
 Differences between locomotor system and internal dysfunction Indications of treatment
for o-f units
 Fascial manipulation for individual muscles and internal organs
IV.KINESIO TAPING

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The fundamental concepts of Kinesio Taping
 History of Kinesio Taping technique.
 Benefits and limitations of Kinesio Taping.
 Physical characteristics and qualities of Kinesio -Tex Tape.
 Application of tape to learn proper 'feel' and how to remove tape from backing.
 Examine difference between longitudinal and cross-wise stretching of the tape.
 Stretch properties of Kinesio Tape.
 Basic application techniques of how tape is cut and applied, preparation of body part to
be taped and maintenance of tape once it is applied.
Corrective Kinesio Taping Techniques
 Mechanical Correction
 Fascia Correction
 Space Correction
 Ligament/Tendon Correction
 Functional Correction
 Lymphatic Correction
Corrective Technique Application
 Impingement Syndrome
 Shoulder Bursitis
 AC Joint Sprain
 Shoulder Instability
 Biceps Tendonitis
 Sports Related Injuries of the Elbow/Wrist
 Lateral Epicondylitis
 Medial Epicondylitis
 Elbow Hyperextension
 Olecranon Bursitis
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Lumbar Spine
 Hip
 Knee
 Ankle/Foot
V.CUPPING THERAPY
 History of cupping therapy

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 Different types of cupping therapy (Wet, Dry, Fire and Massage)
 Effectiveness of different types of cupping therapy
 Massage Cupping
 Dynamic Cupping
 Biomagnetic Cupping
 Flash Cupping
 Facial Cupping
 Belly Cupping
 Cellulite Treatment
 Sports Applications
 Orthopedic Treatments
VI.MANUAL THERAPY
1. Bio Mechanical Principles of Manual Therapy
2. Concave- Convex Role
3. Close Pack & Loose Pack Positioning
4. Resting Positioning
5. Joint Status
6. Barrier Concept
7. Fryette Law
8. Articular Neurology
9. Pain
10. Clinical Reasoning Manual Therapy
JOINT MOBILIZATION TECHNIQUE (Terminology, Principles, Indications,
Contraindication, Assessment, Effects & Uses)
1. MaitLand
2. Mulligan
3. Mckenzie
4. Cyriax
5. Kalten Born
6. Butler Neural Mobilization
VII. Positional Release Technique
 Physiologic changes that occur in tense tissues
 Effects of ischemia on muscle pain and trigger point evolution
 Components of strain/counterstrain (SCS)
 Positioning guidelines for applying SCS/PRT
 Indications contraindications for SCS/PRT
 SCS techniques for cervical flexion strains, cervical side-flexion strains, sub occipital
strains, extension strains of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine, upper trapezius
 SCS techniques for restrictions of the upper extremity including: shoulder extension and
flexion restrictions, shoulder abduction and adduction restrictions, shoulder internal and

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external rotation, subclavius restrictions, subscapularis restrictions, pectoralis major
restriction and pectoral minor restrictions
 SCS techniques for rib dysfunctions
 SCS techniques for flexion and extension dysfunctions of the thoracic and lumbar spine
 SCS techniques for dysfunction at the SI joint, sacral area, gluteal area, hamstrings and
tibialis anterior
 SCS treatment of a bed-bound patient
 SCS treatments in postoperative patients
 Positional release methods for TMJ problems
VIII.PHYSIOTHERAPY INSTRUMENT MOBILISATION (PIM)/INSRUMENT
ASSISTED SOFT TISSUE MOBILISATION (IASM)/GRASTON TECHNIQUE
 History of Instrument Mobilisation
 Principles of joint mobilisation: Biomechanical and Neurophysiological aspects of
mobilisation and manipulation
 Comparisons of force magnitude and duration in manual and instrument based
mobilisation techniques
 The PIM instrument: unique characteristics of instrument mobilisation, mechanism of
action, forces applied, basic principles of application and indications for use.
 Clinical Efficacy of Instrument mobilisation: a review of the literature
 Safety of Instrument mobilisation: a review of the literature, comparison with manual
techniques
 The benefits of instrument mobilisation in Physiotherapy
 Outline of Assessment procedures and protocols
PIM for Upper Quadrant, Lower Quadrant, Spine and TMJ
PIM for some Clinical conditions
 Radiculopathies,
 Upper Limb Neural Tension issues
 Medial Epicondylitis,
 Lateral Epicondylitis
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Neck Pain
 Plantar Fascitis
 Rotator Cuff Tendinitis
 Patellar Tendinitis
 Tibialis Posterior Tendinitis
 Heel Pain /Achilles Tendinitis
 DeQuervain's Syndrome
 Post-Surgical and Traumatic Scars
 Myofascial Pain and Restrictions
 Musculoskeletal Imbalances
 Chronic Joint Swelling Associated with Sprains/Strains

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 Ligament Sprains
 Muscle Strains
 Non-Acute Bursitis
 RSD (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)
 Back Pain
 Trigger Finger
 Hip Pain (Replacements)
 IT Band Syndrome
 Shin Splints
 Chronic Ankle Sprains
 Acute Ankle Sprains (Advanced Technique)
 Scars (Surgical, Traumatic)
IX.NEURODYNAMICS/NEURAL MOBILISATION
 Anatomy review and Palpation of Peripheral nerves,
 Indication, Contraindication, PrecautioN of Neurodynamics,
 Examination of Upper Limb & Lower Limb neural tension test,
 Neural stretching and Neural mobilization of the following nerves-
 Median, Radial, Ulnar, Sciatic, Femoral, Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, Tibial,
Peroneal, Sural nerve.
X.CONSTRAINED INDUCE MOVEMENT THERAPY [CIMT]
 History and Development of CIMT
 Motor Learning Principles in Pediatric CIMT: Theoretical Foundations and Conceptual
Framework
 Motor Development and Physical Growth in Children With Cerebral Palsy
 Muscle Structural Adaptation in Cerebral Palsy and Relationship to Function
 Brain Plasticity- Mechanisms of plasticity
 CIMT Techniques
 CIMT for stroke
XI.MOTOR RELEARNING PROGRAMME
 Motor Learning
 Stages of motor learning
 Theories of motor control
 Neuroplasticity -Mechanisms of Recovery of Neurologic Function in Brain Damage
 Different types of Learning and memory
 Understanding the importance of Learning and memory on; a cellular, molecular,
systems, behavioral and cognitive level. - Functional / structural neuroplasticity in human
 The Motor Relearning Programme – The Carr and Shepherd approach

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 The Task Orientated – The Shumway-Cook and Wollacott Approach
XII.NEURODEVELOPMENTAL THERAPY[NDT]
1. Introduction to NDT History
2. Neurophysiology
3. Classification of Different Types of Stroke
4. Introduction to the Assessment of Cerebral Palsy
5. Influence of atypical patterns of movement on:
• Postural alignment
• Transitional movements
• Mobility
• Shoulder girdle/upper extremity function
• Pelvic/hip/lower extremity function
• Rib cage and respiratory function • Head/neck function
 Oral motor function
6. Identify and explain body system impairments that lead to atypical movement patterns
affecting functional performance.
7. Facilitate movement through the shoulder girdle and upper extremities and stimulate trunk co-
activation, scapular stabilization, upper arm, forearm, wrist, and hand function.
9. Facilitate movement through the trunk and lower extremities, and stimulate abdominal
activity, hip, knee, and ankle motor control.
10. Facilitate rib cage mobility, upper chest wall expansion, respiratory function, and active
postural stability/alignment in preparation for functional activities.
11. Planning treatment for adult clients with stroke or CNS pathology.
XIII.VOJTA THERAPY

84
 Vojta principles-Reflex Locomotion – The Fundamentals of Vojta Therapy
 Difference from Other Physiotherapy Techniques and Methods
 Reflex Locomotion and its Relation to Normal Motor Development
 Vojta Therapy in Childhood
 Vojta Therapy in Adulthood
 Effects of Vojta Therapy on Patient Development and Communication
 Frequency and Exercise Intensity in Vojta Therapy
XIV.SENSORIMOTOR APPROACH/ ROOD APPROACH
Proprioception
 Facilitory
 Quick Stretch muscle contraction
 Resistance muscle contraction
 Joint approximation joint awareness; co-contraction responses
 Joint Traction joint motion; joint awareness
 Inhibitory
 Prolonged Stretch muscle contraction
 Inhibitory Pressure muscle tone
Exteroceptive
 Facilitatory
 Manual Contact sensory awareness; muscle contraction
 Light Touch protection and alerting responses; discriminative responses
 Maintained Touch tactile receptors
 Inhibitory
 Slow Stroking generalized tone; reduction of pain
 Neutral Warmth generalized tone
 Prolonged icing neural and muscle spindle firing; muscle tone; muscle spasms
Vestibular
 Facilitatory
 Vestibular Stimulation (could be Facilitatory or inhibitory depending on the person;
could facilitate an emotional responses due to the limbic system) active movements;
postural/ tonal adjustments
 Inhibitory
 Slow vestibular stimulation generalized relaxation; muscle tone; arousal; sympathetic
responses
Vision
 Facilitory
 visual discrimination; conscious awareness; recognition of objects;
 visual tracking; alerting/ orienting responses;
 visual proprioception; active movements; postural tone adjustments (could be facilitory
or inhibitory depending on the person; could facilitate an emotional responses due to the
limbic system)

85
Auditory
 Facilitory auditory discrimination; conscious awareness; recognition of sounds;
 auditory tracking responses; active movement responses; alerting/ orienting responses
(could be facilitory or inhibitory depending on the person; could facilitate an emotional
responses due to the limbic system)
 Olfactory
 Pleasant, familiar scents relaxation; pleasure; positive mood; reduction of tone and
hyperkinetic movements (could be facilitory or inhibitory depending on the person; could
facilitate an emotional responses due to the limbic system)
 Noxious scents alertness/ orienting responses; active movement responses; active
movement responses; postural/ tonal adjustments
Gustatory
 Facilitory recognition of tastes; fast adapting
 Various foods provoke emotional, sensory, and motor responses
 Sensory motor Training
 Improves sensory discrimination, ability to identify specific stimuli, and improve
perception (selection, attention, and response to sensory inputs) with appropriate use of
information to generate specific motor responses
XV.SENSORY INTEGRATION THERAPY
 Sensory Integration Theoretical and Neurological Foundations
 Describe Sensory Processing Disorders (SPD).
 Differentiate between spatial awareness, pattern recognition, and working memory.
 Identify the populations that can benefit from visual, cognitive, and motor development.
 Describe the importance of 3-dimensional movement for brain development.
 Determine relevance of sensory processing
 Employ a wide variety of sensory integration techniques using The Multi-Matrix game as
a tool for visual, cognitive, motor, and language development.
 Factors influencing poor sensory processing, including diet, genetics and sleep.
 Process of sensory integration and current neuroscience theories, the practical
implementation of these theories and their treatment integration.
 Modulation Dysfunction: Treatment Implications
 Treatment Strategies for Modulation Dysfunction
XVI.PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION (PNF)
1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Principles Pattern of motion Diagonals Motion components
4. Basic procedure
 Agonist & Antagonist
 Traction & Approximation
 Normal timing
 Stretch stimulus
 Stretch reflex
 Manual contact

86
 Command & Communication
 Line of movement
5. PNF patterns for Upper Extremity D1 Flexion, D1 Extension, D2 Flexion, D2 Extension
6. PNF pattern for Lower Extremity D1 Flexion, D1 Extension, D2 Flexion, D2 Extension
7. Demonstrate PNF Technique
 Repeated contractions
 Slow reversals
 Rhythmic stabilization
 Hold relax
 Rhythmic initiation
XVII.VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION/CANALITH REPOSITIONING
PROCEEDURE
 Vestibular anatomy and physiology
 Understanding sensory integration of equilibrium
 Disorders affecting vestibular function
 Cortical and Labyrinthine Concussion Differentiation
 Interactive Concussion Management Strategies
 Extensive training materials for therapy programs
 Neurophysiology of Central Compensation
 VRT protocols: adaptation, habituation, and substitution for patient-centered therapy
 Pyschogenic factors affecting VRT outcomes
 Concepts behind Vestibular function tests – caloric, rotary, posturography, SVV, VEMP,
Bucket
 Balance and gait analysis
 BPPV exercise treatment protocols
 Biomechanics of Positioning
 Canalith Repositioning Maneuvers
XVIII.PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE TRAINING [PRE]
 What is the “Set System”

87
 Physiological basis of progressive resistance exercise for muscular development.
 The importance of warming up and stretching
 The Overload Principle
 Short term and long term effects of training on muscle, tendons and joints
 Setting your Repetition Maximums.
 PRE as a therapeutic treatment for orthopaedic/neurologic conditions.
 Difference between “exercise load” and “muscle load.”
 DeLorme and Watkins Method
 Oxford Regime[reverse pyramid technique]
 McQueen Regime
 Daily Adjustable Progressive Resistance Exercise Technique (DAPRE) and
 Circuit Training.
XIX.MIRROR THERAPY/GRADED MOTOR IMAGERY
 What are Mirror Therapy and Graded Motor Imagery?
 Understanding cortical reorganization of the brain
 Underlying mechanisms associated with Mirror Therapy and its potential beneficial
effects.
 Key components of the intervention and the equipment needed for using Mirror Therapy
XX.VIRTUAL REHABILITATION AND ROBOTIC THERAPY
1. Virtual Reality history:
2. Virtual Reality basic concepts
a. Presence
b. Immersion
c. Cybersickness
d. Interactivity
e. Simulation
f. Augmented Reality
g. Augmented Virtuality
3. Virtual Reality as a way of communication
4. Virtual Reality´s narrative
5. Virtual Reality´s architecture
Therapeutic tasks to enable training in all rehabilitation domains:
 Neuroplasticity and Virtual Reality
 Motor Learning and Virtual Reality

88
 Vision, Perception, and Object Manipulation in Virtual Environments
 Sensorimotor Recalibration in Virtual Environments
 Rehabilitation Applications Using Virtual Reality for Persons with Residual Impairments
Following Stroke
 Virtual Reality Augmented Training for Improving Walking and Reducing Fall Risk in
Patients with Neurodegenerative Disease
 Virtual Reality Reveals Mechanisms of Balance and Locomotor Impairments
 Applications of VR Technologies for Childhood Disability
ROBOTIC THERAPY
 Basic understanding of brain neuro-plasticity and human motor learning
• Apply biomechanical methods including quantitative instrumentation and clinical
scales to measure and analyze human movement, diagnose movement disorders,
and assess rehabilitation outcomes
• Describe the features of healthy versus pathological human movement
• Discuss types of rehabilitation robots, their classifications, and their applications
• Develop an understanding of impairment- and task-based rehabilitation robotics
design and development
• Discuss the sensing, actuation, and control principles deployed in various
rehabilitation robotics
• Be able to use engineering design to identify and address a specific rehabilitation
need, design and develop a rehabilitation robot (virtual), and defend the
rehabilitation robotics solution.
XXI.CRANIOSACRAL THERAPY
CranioSacral Therapy History
Right-Brain/Left-Brain Learning
Craniosacral System
 Dura mater
 Ventricles
 Production, circulation and reabsorption of CSF
 Limbic System Neuroanatomy
 Prefrontal cortex neuroanatomy
 Cingulate gyrus neuroanatomy
 Temporal Lobe Neuroanatomy –Dominant and Non dominant
Craniosacral Rhythm
Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)
 Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD)
 Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD)
 Sensory Based Motor Planning Disorder (SBMD)

89
Still point Technique/Induction
Still point Induction through Cranium, Sacrum and legs
XXII.AQUATIC THERAPY/HYDROTHERAPY
Physical properties (static and dynamic) of water as the bases for its therapeutic uses in
hydrotherapy.
History and principles of hydrotherapy
Techniques such as dry brushing and wraps
Equipment used in hydrotherapy
Use of water in various forms and temperatures
Physiological effects and medical contraindications
Different types of therapy pools
 Moveable floors, zero-depth entry (or variable water depth)
 Underwater treadmills
 Hubbard tanks
 Whirlpool bath
 Foot bath
 Body wraps
 Contrast bath
 Resistance jets
 Therapeutic massage hose
 Diagnostic camera systems
 Computer monitoring and recording systems
Exercises in hydrotherapy
XXIII.PILATES

90
 Introduction of the Pilates Method (History, Philosophy, Guiding Principles)
The benefits of Pilates for therapeutic/rehabilitation purposes
 Pilates Apparatus (Safety, Spring Resistance and Set-Up for Reformer, Cadillac, Chair)
 The Basics (Breathing technique, Neutral Spine/Neutral Pelvic position, Core Strength)
 Pilates Mat Exercises
 PILATES: integration into THERAPEUTIC PRACTICE
 Pilates for regional conditions
REFERENCES
1. Muscle energy techniques: A Practical hand book for Physical therapist by John Gibbons
2. Muscle energy techniques by Leon Chaitow
3. The Trigger point therapy workbook by Clair Davies & Amber Davies
4. Trigger point therapy for Myofascial pain by Dona Finando
5. The concise book of trigger points III Edition by Simeon Niel Asher
6. Fascial manipulation practical part by Luigi stecco & Carla stecco
7. Fascial manipulation for Musculoskeletal pain by Luigi stecco & John V.Basmajian
8. Fascial manipulation for Internal dysfunction by Luigi stecco & Carla stecco
9. Atlas of physiology of the muscular fascia by Luigi stecco
10. A Practical guide to Kinesiology taping by John Gibbons
11. The Essential step-by-step guide to Kinesiology taping by John Langendoen
12. Cupping Therapy: A Therapeutic traditional regime by Malik
13. Cupping Therapy: The Ultimate beginners guide to cupping therapy by Susie Thompson
14. Positional Release techniques – Leon Chaitow
15. Positional Release therapy – Kerry D’Ambrogio
16. Clinical Neurodynamics – Michael Shacklock
17. Biomechanics of the Nervous system – Alf Breig & Shacklock
18. A motor relearning programme for Stroke by Carr JH and Shepherd RB Butterworth
Heinemann.
19. Vestibular Rehabilitation (Contemporary Perspectives in Rehabilitation) by Susan J
Herdman and Richard Clendaniel
20. Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy for the Patient with Dizziness and Balance Disorders:
Exercise Protocols by Girardi Marian, Ph.D. and Randolph McKenzie
21. Theory and Practice of Progressive Resistance Training by Dr. Ellyn Robinson
22. Progressive Resistance Exercises by DeLorme and Watkins
23. Exercise in water. Edited by M.H. Duffield. Latest edition. Publisher: Bailliere, Tindall
and Cassell.
24. Physical Therapy Procedures: Selected techniques by Ann H. Downer. Publisher:
Charles C. Thomas. Springfield, Illinois

91
25. Therapeutic Exercise, Foundations and Techniques. By Carolyn Kisner; Lynn Allen
Colby. [Chapter 9: AQUATIC EXERCISES; PP 273-293]. Publisher: F.A. Davis
Company. Philadelphia.
26. Aquatic Therapy: Interventions and Applications by Luis G Vargas
27. PILATES: classic mat exercises by Alycea Ungaro
28. Functional Anatomy of the Pilates Core: An Illustrated Guide to a Safe and Effective
Core Training Program by Evan Osar and Marylee Bussard
29. Pilates for Pregnancy: Safe and natural exercises for before and after the birth by Jan
Endacott
30. Pilates - A Teachers’ Manual: Exercises with Mats and Equipment for Prevention
and Rehabilitation by Verena Geweniger and Alexander Bohlander
31. Rehabilitation Robotics by Sashi S Kommu
32. Advances in Rehabilitation Robotics by Bien, Z. Zenn, Stefanov, Dimitar
33. Rehabilitation robotics (Foundations and Trends in Robotics) by Robert Riener
34. Virtual Reality: Rehabilitation in Motor, Cognitive and Sensorial Disorders by Paul M.
Sharkey and Joav Merrick
35. Virtual Reality for Physical and Motor Rehabilitation by Weiss, Patrice L.
Tamar, Keshner, Emily A.
36. Neurological Rehabilitation by Umphred, DA
37. PNF in Practice: An Illustrated Guide by Susan Adler , Dominiek Beckers, Math Buck
38. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: Patterns and Techniques by Margaret
Knott , Ionta Voss , James W. Myers
39. Clinical Rehabilitation by Pavel kolar
40. Building Bridges Through Sensory Integration: Therapy for Children with Autism and
Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders by Paula Aquilla (Author), Shirley Sutton
41. Sensory Integration: Theory and Practice by Anita C. Bundy, Shelly J Lane
42. Mobilisation of the Nervous System by David Butler
43. Maitland's Vertebral Manipulation, Volume 1 by Elly Hengeveld and Kevin Banks
44. Maitland's Peripheral Manipulation, Volume 2 by Elly Hengeveld and Kevin Banks
45. Manual Therapy: Nags, Snags, MWMs, etc by Brian R Mulligan
46. Manual of Mulligan Concept by Dr Deepak Kumar
47. Manual Mobilization of the Joints - Vol. 1: The Extremities, by Freddy Kaltenborn
and Eileen Vollowitz
48. Manual Mobilization of the Joints - Vol. 2: The Spine by Freddy Kaltenborn and Eileen
Vollowitz
49. Treat Your Own Back by Robin A McKenzie
50. Mobilisation of the Nervous System, by David Butler

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REHABILITATION MEDICINE
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Following the basic sciences and clinical sciences this course will enable the students
to understand their role in the management of disability within the rehabilitation.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is that after 100 hours of lectures and demonstrations in addition to
clinical the student will be able to demonstrate concept of team approach in Rehabilitation,
identification of residual potential in patient with partial or total disability.
A. INTRODUCTION
Define the term rehabilitation. Explain its aims and principles.
Discuss the team work involved in rehabilitation, explaining briefly the role of each team
member.
B. THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES
Explain the principles and mechanism of therapeutic techniques with relevant precaution
And contraindication.
1. Joint mobilization
2. Reducing spasm
3. Assisting weak muscles
4. Increasing endurance
5. Muscle re-education following muscle transfer surgery
6. Strengthening muscles
7. Increasing co-ordination
8. Improving balance
9. Gait training
C. COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
Identify communication problems, classify these and outline principles of treatment.
D. BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
Identify behavioral problems in the disabled and outline the principles of management.
E. PAIN

93
Describe the theories of pain and discuss therapeutic management of pain using various
modalities.
Define myofascial pain syndrome and outline the management.
F. EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL DYSFUNCTION
Demonstrate methods of evaluation for physical dysfunction and management of disabilities for
1. Spinal cord injury
2. Stroke
3. Cerebral palsy
4. Arthritis
5. Muscular dystrophy
6. Hansen disease
7. Peripheral nerve lesion
8. Fracture
9. Cardio –respiratory dysfunction
G. ORTHOTIC DEVICES
Explain the principles involved in prescribing orthotic devices for different parts of the
Body. Outline the purpose of each type and list major indications and contraindication and
demonstrate methods of training in their use.
H. PROSTHETIC DEVICES
Describe types of artificial limbs and their functions. Demonstrate methods of training in their
use.
I. MOBILITY AIDS
Explain about the various types of mobility aids and their functions.
Wheelchair, walker, crutch, cane.
J. PRE – VOCATIONAL EVALUATION
Discuss methods and term involved in pre-vocational evaluation and training.
K. ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS
Describe architectural barriers and possible modifications with reference to RA, CVA, SCI and
other disabling conditions.
L. DISABILITY EVALUATION
Outline the principles of disability evaluation and discuss its use.
N. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
Outline the social implications of disability for the individual and for the community.

94
O. COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION
Describe a CBR module and compare this with an institutional based rehabilitation system.
PROJECT WORK/CASE STUDY
COMMENCEMENT OF WORK: III YEAR
OBJECTIVES
This assignment of clinical study is designed to develop the aptitude among students to reading,
selecting reference, review of literature, collection of data, analysis, to present a written report or
study in a selective group of patients and normal subjects. The work Shall be commenced in the
III year itself.
The student will submit to the university a written project/case study/report through Institution of
study.
The student will be expected to submit the above one month before the final year theory
Examination of the B.P.T degree course.
GUIDANCE
Each student will receive guidance from the physiotherapy teacher towards referring relevant
literature/collect required data and discuss them with the project guide periodically.
After correction and edition of handwritten manuscripts by the project guide, the Student will
complete his/her study work into a manual form for submission to the Institution of study.
Under case study, the student may study the patients in clinical areas, consolidate The findings
and discuss them with the project guide before compiling in to final Shape.
EVALUATION/SCORING
Total marks for project work/case study
Internal assessment – 50
External assessment – 25
Oral – 25
Total – 100.

95
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
NON EXAMINATION PAPER 40 HOURS
Basic principles of general fitness-warming up exercise-aerobics-cooling down exercise.
Group and recreational activities - general fitness exercise-warm up-stretching-
mobility-strengthening-cool down exercise.
Diet & nutrition in general digestion, food for athlete, slimming diets, ideal body
weight and obesity.

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