Pioneer of teaching and learning
- 1. Pioneer of Teaching and Learning Subject : Foundation of English Prepared by: THIV samora
- 2. Content 1. Introduction 2. Comenius : The search for a new method 3. Rousseau : Educating the natural person 4. Pestalozzi : Educator of the senses and emotions 5. Herbart : Systematizing teaching 6. Froebel : The kindergarten movement 7. Spencer : Social Darwinist and utilitarian educator 8. Dewey : Learning through experience 9. Addams : Socialized education 10. Montessori : The prepared environment 11. Piaget : Development Growth
- 3. Introduction There are 11 pioneers who constructed their philosophies and theories of education. Those pioneers formative the ideas of school curriculum and method of teaching in classroom’s today. They called those pioneers as an educational mentors, whose life; ideas; and behavior serve as a model for another person.
- 4. Comenius Comenious teaching method is using the sense, rather than passive memorization. His lessons began with short, simple phrases and gradually moved to longer and more complex sentence. He respected the children’s natural needs and interests, thus he preferred to creating a pleasure classrooms and the lessons are appropriate to the children’s natural stages of development.
- 5. Comenius Principle of Teaching and Learning 1- Use picture to illustrate concepts. 2- Relate lessons to student’s practical lives. 3- Present lessons directly and simply. 4- Emphasize general principle before details. 5- Emphasize that all creatures are parts of a whole universe. 6- Present lessons in sequence and one by one. 7- Do not leave that lesson until students completely understand it.
- 6. Comenius Influence on Educational Practices Today Comenius can serve as a historical mentor/model for today’s teachers. He wanted teacher in their preservice preparation to - Recognize children’s stage of development . - Readiness for specific kinds of learning. - Encourage student to use their senses in learning. - Do not rush or pressure children but create a pleasant and comfortable classroom climate .
- 7. Rousseau Rousseau respecting the children’s freedom and letting them grow according to their own natural instincts, interest and needs rather then forcing them to memorize book and follow the rule in the school. He believed that human have a natural stage of development and coercion/ compulsion have a negative impact on children development.
- 8. Rousseau Principle of Teaching and Learning There are 5 development stages of human: 1- Infancy ( birth-5y ) : First contact with environment. 2- Childhood ( 5y-12y ) : Exploring the world through senses. 3- Boyhood ( 12y-15y ) : learning Natural Science by observing. 4- Adolescence ( 15y-18y ) : Entering the society. 5- Youth ( 18y-20y ) : Broaden the cultural awareness and ready for the married life.
- 9. Rousseau Influence on Educational Practices Today He has influenced to modern education through demonstrate the child-centered progressive method. It means that children should interpret their own reality rather than learn information from indirect sources.
- 10. Pestalozzi Pestalozzi regarding Rousseau as his historical mentor, yet he reversed Rousseau’s method. While Rousseau rejected schools, Pestalozzi believed that school could become centers of effective learning. He used group instruction rather than individual tutoring or home schooling
- 11. Pestalozzi Principle of Teaching and Learning He organized the teaching method into 2 type: 1- General method : - Designed to create an emotionally healthy homelike learning environment. - Gained student trust and affection their self-esteem. 2- Special method : - Started the object lesson through stressed the direct sensory learning and so on.
- 12. Pestalozzi Influence on Educational Practices Today Pestalozzi lessons were introduced into the American elementary school curriculum in the nineteenth century. He believes that education should directed to both the mind and the emotions stimulated educators to develop instruction to encourage both cognitive and affective learning.
- 13. Herbart Herbart is a German professor of philosophy and phycology. He believes in a systematize teaching and he use the history and literature to construct networks of ideas in students' mind. Teachers were advised to introduce students to increase the number of ideas and to construct relationships between ideas.
- 14. Herbart Principle of Teaching and Learning There are 5 steps of Herbart systematize instruction including: 1- Preparation 2- Presentation 3- Association 4- Generalization 5- Application
- 15. Herbart Influence on Educational Practices Today The implications of Herbart’s method for teachers today are: - Clearly identify the skills and concepts they plan to introduce student. - Plan organized lesson. - Test students to verify their skill and concepts.
- 16. Froebel Froebel is a German educator who created the kindergarten for early childhood education. He believed that every child possesses an innate interior spiritual essence, a power, striving to be externalized. Thus, storytelling and singing had an importance place in the kindergarten program.
- 17. Froebel Principle of Teaching and Learning Froebel designed the kindergarten as a prepared environment in which children could externalize their inner spirituality through activity such as the material that children could shape and use in design and construction activities including: Spheres, cubes, clay, sand….
- 18. Froebel Influence on Educational Practices Today - Kindergarten education grew into an international movement. - German immigrants imported the kindergarten to the US, where it became part of the American school system.
- 19. Spencer Spencer is an English social theorist who popular and influence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He believed that people of each generation would survive because of their skills, intelligence, and adaptability. Thus, he encourages school to be a place for student to compete against each other.
- 20. Spencer Principle of Teaching and Learning He wanted schools to modernize their curriculum to include the : - Physical - Biological - social sciences - Genetics - Computer technology - bioengineering
- 21. Spencer Influence on Educational Practices Today Spencer ideas were highly receptive by American educator. They raise competition at school to ensure that only brightest applicants would be accepted.
- 22. Dewey Dewey served as a director of University of Chicago Laboratory school from 1896 to 1904. He believe that cooperative group activity enhanced social intelligence.
- 23. Dewey Principle of Teaching and Learning Dewey raise Scientific method as an effective idea to solve the problem because he thinks that by this method, children will learn how to think reflectively and directly to their experience which lead to personal and social growth.
- 24. There are 5 steps that extremely importance in Dewey’s method including: 1- The learner encounters a problem they truly interest. 2- The learner locates and defines the problem. 3- The learner acquires the information needed to solve the problem by reading, research, discussion and etc. 4- The learner constructs possible solution that might solve the problem. 5- The learner chooses a possible solution and tests it to see if it work or not.
- 25. Dewey Influence on Educational Practices Today Today, educators who relate schooling to social change and reform are often following Dewey’s pioneering educational concepts. Dewey’s influence can also be seen in “hands-on” or process oriented teaching and learning.
- 26. Addams Jane Addams is a founder of Hull House and a pioneering leader in social work, the peace movement, and women’s right. Addams rejected the traditional curriculum that limited woman’s education choices and opportunities. She wanted woman to define their own lives, to choose their own careers, and to pati
- 27. Addams Principle of Teaching and Learning Addams work with immigrants so she saw the effects of urbanization, industrialization, and technology on society. Therefore, she wants public schools to include the history, customs, songs, crafts and stories of ethnic and racial group in the curriculum.
- 28. Addams Influence on Educational Practices Today Addams’s belief that education must be free from gender biases corresponds with the goals of contemporary women’s education, especially equal rights for women and their freedom to define their lives and choose their careers.
- 29. Montessori Maria Montessori is the Italian educator who devised an international popular method of early childhood education. As a pioneering women’s educator, she argued that woman shouldn’t be admitted to higher and professional program. Montessori was admitted to the university of Rome and became the first woman in Italy to be awarded the degree of doctor of medicine.
- 30. Montessori Principle of Teaching and Learning - Montessori Believed that children possess an inner need to work at what interests them without being motivation, external rewards and punishments. - Her curriculum including three major type of activities : PRACTICAL, SENSORY, FORMAL SKILLS. -For example, children learned to setting the table, serving meals, washing dishes, tying and buttoning clothes…. -Montessori educators are called “directresses” rather than “teachers”.
- 31. Montessori Influence on Educational Practices Today - Among of thousands of Montessori schools worldwide, six thousand operate in the US. - Most of these are private schools, enrolling children between the ages of two and six.
- 32. Piaget Jean Piaget is the swiss psychologist who developed significant pioneering insights into children’s cognitive, moral, and language development. He used clinical observation to discover how children construct and act on their ideas.
- 33. Piaget Principle of Teaching and Learning Piaget identified four stages of cognitive growth 1-Sensorimotor stage(birth-2year) 2-Preoperational stage(2-7year) 3-Concrete-operational period(7-11year) 4-Formal-operational period(11-aduldhood)
- 34. Piaget Influence on Educational Practices Today -His theory generated not only in the US but throughout the world. - Piaget stimulated a movement to make classroom setting more informal and more related to how children learn.
- 35. Freire For Freire, literacy meant more than learning to read and write; but it raised people’s consciousness about the conditions of their lives, especially those conditions that exploited and marginalized them.
- 36. Freire Principle of Teaching and Learning An importance goal of Freire’s philosophy is to be conscious and critically aware of the social, political, and economic conditions. Thus, to raise consciousness, students and teachers need to construct their own life stories and the collective histories of their racial, ethnic, language, economic, and social group.
- 37. Freire Influence on Educational Practices Today - According to Freire, in classroom practice; teachers should help students to work for social justice by creating a true consciousness that exposes the conditions that marginalize them and their communities.
- 38. Conclusion In conclusion, this chapter examined the significant contributions of pioneering educators and encouraged you to consider them as historical mentors in developing your own theory of education. But it is your choice to choose who is your pioneer….
- 40. Any question????