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Zhenpei Li
Pipeline Spatial
Data Modeling
and Pipeline
WebGIS
Digital Oil and Gas Pipeline: Research
and Practice

Pipeline Spatial Data Modeling and Pipeline
WebGIS

Zhenpei Li
Pipeline Spatial Data
Modeling and Pipeline
WebGIS
Digital Oil and Gas Pipeline: Research
and Practice
123

Zhenpei Li
Department of Surveying and Mapping
Engineering
Southwest Petroleum University
Chengdu, Sichuan, China
ISBN 978-3-030-24239-8 ISBN 978-3-030-24240-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24240-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface
At present, the construction of long-distance pipelines has shown a trend toward
large-scale, systematic, and networked developments. With the continuous expan-
sion of the pipeline construction scale, the traditional pipeline construction man-
agement concepts, means and methods are increasingly unable to meet the needs for
today’s pipeline construction and operation management.
The idea of Digital Oil and Gas Pipeline (hereinafter referred to as, Digital
Pipeline) is derived from the concept of Digital Earth. According to the definition of
Digital Earth, Digital Pipeline can be defined as “a virtual representation of the
pipeline that can collect natural and human information of the pipeline, and enable
people to explore and interact with it”. The goal of Digital Pipeline construction is to
adopt modern, scientific, and digital management of the pipeline design, construction,
and operation, with high-tech means throughout the life cycle of the pipeline. The
introduction to the concept of the Digital Pipeline provides new means, methods, and
ideas for the construction and management of long-distance pipelines.
With the introduction of Digital Pipeline, many pipeline companies and insti-
tutions have carried out research on its connotation, construction content, and other
aspects, and have worked out specific applications. However, there are still many
problems in the current Digital Pipeline construction due to reasons such as tech-
nical difficulties and lack of accumulation of historical data, which are mainly
reflected in the following ways. First, the idea of Digital Pipeline is mainly applied
to the stage of survey and design and construction of the pipeline. It has not been
well implemented and applied in the operation management stage. Second, most
existing pipeline data models lack modeling for the important pipeline businesses
including fire protection, repair and maintenance, pipeline real-time data, automa-
tion, or fundamental geographic features. They have only limited support for these
pipeline businesses. Third, it is usually developed for stand-alone or local area
network application, which is not conducive to sharing pipeline data or expanding
the application range of Digital Pipelines. Last but not least, pipeline data is limited
to 2D display instead of 3D visual management.
v

With the rapid development of information and network technology, the author
believes that distributed applications oriented to the network will be one of the main
features of the Digital Pipeline applications and that the network Digital Pipeline
will be the development direction of Digital Pipeline construction. Based on this
point of view, combined with the problems existing in the current Digital Pipeline
construction, the author proposes the concept of “Web-based Digital Pipeline”. The
Web-based Digital Pipeline focuses on the operation management of the pipeline.
Its core idea is to combine computer network, Web Geographic Information System
(WebGIS), GIS Web Services, pipeline Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA), OLE for Process Control (OPC), network virtual reality, and other
advanced systems and technologies in order to realize Web-based release, query,
and management and analysis of pipeline information. It will also realize remote,
multilevel distributed monitoring, Web-based 3D visualization, and virtual reality
representation of pipelines.
According to the construction objectives of Web-based Digital Pipeline, the
author has carried out research on the implementation and application of the
Web-based digital pipeline system. The research and application results are
described in the “Digital Oil and Gas Pipeline: Research and Practice” book series.
The main contents of this book series are as follows.
(1) Establishment of Pipeline Spatial Data Model (PSDM).
By carrying out the demand analysis of pipeline and its surrounded data and
using the object-oriented methodology, Pipeline Spatial Data Model (PSDM) is
established based on ArcGIS Pipeline Data Model (APDM), as well as the
design experience of other present main pipeline data models such as Pipeline
Open Data Standard (PODS) and Integrated Spatial Analysis Techniques
(ISAT).
In the digital pipeline system, the pipeline spatial database is the core part. The
key to build a pipeline spatial database is to design a good Pipeline Spatial Data
Model. The pipeline data model formulates the basic data structure and
behavioral characteristics of the pipeline data. It not only relates to the
behaviors and events that occur in the pipeline construction and management
process but also involves the situation around the pipeline. The Pipeline Spatial
Data Model fully considers the spatial distribution characteristics of pipeline
data. It models the attributes and behaviors of related data along the pipeline, as
well as the relationship between pipeline spatial data and attribute data. The
Pipeline Spatial Data Model also deﬁnes rules for storing spatial data in a
business relational database, enabling the Pipeline Spatial Data Model to fully
utilize the powerful management functions of the business relational database.
Research is conducted on support and implementation methods of the Pipeline
Spatial Data Model for the pipeline real-time parameter data, the linear refer-
encing system, and dynamic segmentation technology. The object-oriented
design ideas and methods are adopted. The PSDM is designed using the
object-oriented methodology, so as to promote the reusability and extensibility
of the model. PSDM adopts module designs for pipeline elements. Several
vi Preface

important modules such as automation, fire protection, repair and maintenance,
and fundamental geographic elements are added to PSDM.
(2) Research on the implementation methods of pipeline WebGIS system.
The pipeline GIS system belongs to an applied geographic information system.
The main development methods of applied GIS are analyzed and compared.
The compared conclusion is that the Component GIS-based development
method is suitable for the development of the digital pipeline geographic
information system. The application of Component GIS in network environ-
ment is also studied. The author summarizes the implementation methods and
limitations of traditional WebGIS, and proposes a WebGIS implementation
method based on Web Services and Component GIS. Web Services is used as
the application framework to publish GIS functions. It is implemented by
Component GIS, and then the GIS function published by Web Services,
together with ArcGIS Server, is used to build the pipeline WebGIS system.
This method can not only realize the GIS interoperability by using Web
Services but also has the advantages of Component GIS, such as flexible
structure, low development costs, high performance, and reusability.
(3) Research on integration method of pipeline SCADA system and pipeline GIS.
Based on the analysis and comparison of the main methods of current SCADA
system and GIS integration, the OPC-based pipeline SCADA system and GIS
integration method are proposed. A data access component is developed with
OPC interfaces to implement the real-time data accessing to the SCADA sys-
tem, and the real-time data transfer to PSDM. In this way, the SCADA system
provides real-time data of the pipeline to the GIS system through the
OPC-based data access component. The GIS system sends instructions to the
SCADA system through the data access component. The historical data of the
SCADA system is obtained by accessing the historical database of the SCADA
system through Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). By doing this, the
real-time monitoring of pipelines based on GIS system can be realized.
Moreover, combined with the real-time data and historical data of the pipeline
SCADA system, relying on the powerful spatial analysis capability of the GIS
system, the pipeline operation conditions online or offline analysis or simula-
tion can be performed to provide diversified decision-making support for effi-
cient pipeline management.
(4) Research on the implementation method of pipeline network virtual reality
system.
The Pipeline network virtual reality system is an important part of the digital
pipeline construction. Its main purpose is to build a network-based and inter-
active 3D dynamic virtual pipeline to realize network 3D visualization and
virtual reality representation of the pipelines. The main research contents of this
part include large-scene roaming of pipelines, virtual facility modeling, and 3D
visual monitoring. Research is conducted on 3D terrain modeling, terrain model
texture mapping, network virtual reality geographic information system con-
struction schemes, methods for improving performance and speed of
Preface vii

large-scene 3D terrain browsing in network environment, interaction methods
of virtual scenes and external programs, pipeline 3D visual monitoring through
interaction between virtual facilities and pipeline SCADA system, etc. At the
same time, the methods of the interaction between the pipeline network virtual
reality system and the pipeline WebGIS system at the data level and the UI
level are also investigated.
The title of volume 1 of the “Digital Oil and Gas Pipeline: Research and
Practice” book series is, “Pipeline Spatial Data Modeling and Pipeline
WebGIS”. The title of volume 2 is, “Pipeline Real-time Data Integration and
Pipeline Network Virtual Reality System”. This “Digital Oil and Gas Pipeline:
Research and Practice” book series introduces the author’s latest research and
practice on digital pipeline construction. The series covers the latest research
results and technologies in WebGIS, GIS Web Services, pipeline SCADA,
OLE for Process Control, X3D, and network virtual reality. The research
includes such core contents of digital pipeline construction as the Pipeline
Spatial Data Model, the pipeline WebGIS system implementation method, the
pipeline SCADA system and GIS system integration method, and the pipeline
network virtual reality system implementation method. This book series will be
a useful reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in oil and gas
storage and transportation, pipeline automation, geographic information sys-
tems, virtual reality, and other aspects.
Chengdu, China Zhenpei Li
viii Preface

Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the following people: Sasha Fan for her translation
work for this book, Yang Liu for participating in the preparation work and
amending part of sections of this book, and postgraduate student, Lehao Yang, for
collating work for the references and contents of this book. A large amount of
literature was referred to, some of which had unnamed authors. The author of this
book is grateful to all of them for their contribution. Emily Sarah J. Villanueva
heavily involved in improving writing of this book.
Fig. 3.1 and Figs. 3.11–3.16 are the intellectual property of Esri and is used
herein with permission. Copyright © 2019 Esri and its licensors. All rights reserved.
ix

Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Digital Pipeline: The Emergence of a New Technology . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Connection Between Digital Pipeline and Digital Earth . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Digital Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Application Levels of Digital Earth
and the Digital Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Digital Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Concept of Digital Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.2 Functions and Signiﬁcance of Digital Pipeline . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.3 Core Technologies of Digital Pipeline Construction . . . . . 7
1.3.4 Digital Pipeline Business Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.5 Construction of Digital Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Application Status of Digital Pipeline in the Pipeline Industry. . . . 12
1.5 Shortcomings of Current Digital Pipeline Construction . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 Research Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Overall Architecture Design of Web-Based Digital Pipeline
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 System Design Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 System Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 System Functional Modules Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Pipeline WebGIS System Functional Module Design . . . . 23
2.3.2 Pipeline Network Virtual Reality System Functional
Module Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 System Network Architecture Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
xi

3 Pipeline Spatial Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Research on Spatial Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.1 Spatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.2 Spatial Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.3 Development of Spatial Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.4 Geodatabase Data Model Based on Object-Oriented
Technology and Relational Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Research on Linear Referencing System and Dynamic
Segmentation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.1 Overview of Linear Referencing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.2 Components of LRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.3 Dynamic Segmentation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.4 Dynamic Segmentation Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.5 Application Examples of Linear Referencing
and Dynamic Segmentation in Pipeline Analysis . . . . . . . 46
3.3 Comparative Analysis of Pipeline Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.1 ISAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3.2 PODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.3 APDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.4 Comparison of PODS and APDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4 Design and Implementation of Pipeline Spatial Data Model . . . . . 54
3.4.1 Features and Advantages of PSDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.2 PSDM Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.3 Linear Network of PSDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.4 PSDM Feature Classiﬁcation and Modular Design . . . . . . 58
3.4.5 PSDM Hierarchy Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.6 Abstract Classes of PSDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.4.7 Core Classes of PSDM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.4.8 Entity Classes and Entity Modules of PSDM . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.4.9 PSDM Domain Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.4.10 PSDM’ Support for Pipeline Real-Time Data. . . . . . . . . . 95
3.4.11 PSDM Implemented as Pipeline Spatial Database . . . . . . 97
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4 Component GIS, ArcObjects and ArcGIS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.1 Research on Development Methods of Pipeline GIS Functions . . . 103
4.2 Component GIS and Component Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.1 Concepts and Main Ideas of Component GIS . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.2 Characteristics of Component GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2.3 The Most Commonly Used Component Model
for Component GIS—COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
xii Contents

4.3 COM-Based GIS Component Library—ArcObjects . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3.1 ArcObjects Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3.2 ArcObjects Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.3.3 ArcObjects Component Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4 Application of ArcObjects in Network Environment Through
ArcGIS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.4.1 ArcGIS Server and Its Programming Interfaces . . . . . . . . 112
4.4.2 Implementing Network Application of ArcObjects
Through ArcGIS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5 Pipeline WebGIS Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.1 Research on WebGIS and Its Implementation Method . . . . . . . . . 120
5.1.1 Overview of WebGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.1.2 Features and Beneﬁts of WebGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.1.3 Implementation of Traditional WebGIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1.4 Limitations of Traditional WebGIS Implementation
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.2 Research on the Implementation Methods of WebGIS
Based on Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2.1 Web Services Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2.2 Web Services Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2.3 Web Services Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.4 Key Technologies for Creating Web Services . . . . . . . . . 128
5.2.5 Web Services Usage Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2.6 The Signiﬁcance of Web Services for the Development
of GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.3 Implementation of Pipeline WebGIS Based on Web Services
and Component GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.3.1 Serialization of ArcObjects Component Objects . . . . . . . . 132
5.3.2 Implementation of Roaming, Query, and Editing
Functions of Pipeline Spatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.3.3 Implementation and Application of Commonly
Used GIS Web Services for Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Contents xiii

Chapter 1
Introduction
Abstract In this chapter, the author introduces the background of emergence of Dig-
ital Oil and Gas Pipeline (hereinafter referred to as, Digital Pipeline), the connection
between Digital Pipeline and Digital Earth, and the concepts, functions, and signifi-
cance of Digital Pipeline. The key technologies, business systems, and construction
contents of Digital Pipeline are described. The research and application status and
current deficiencies of Digital Pipeline construction are also discussed. The author
puts forward the concept of “Web-based Digital Pipeline” considering the trend of
Digital Pipeline development toward network. The core ideas, construction objec-
tives, and technical architectures of Web-based Digital Pipeline are elaborated in
detail. Finally, the main problems and research contents of this book are introduced.
Keywords Digital Pipeline · Digital Earth · Key technologies · Business systems ·
Construction contents · Application status · Deficiencies · WEB-based Digital
Pipeline
1.1 Digital Pipeline: The Emergence of a New Technology
With the rapid development of long-distance oil and gas pipeline construction, it is
increasingly difficult for traditional concepts and methods of pipeline construction
and operation management to meet the needs of modern pipelines in environmental
protection and safety management. Shortcomings do exist in the feasibility study
surveyanddesign,andconstructionandoperationmanagementoftraditionalpipeline
construction. Their shortcomings are reflected in the following aspects [1, 2]:
(1) At the survey and design stage, most of 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 topographic
maps used are products from the 1970s or 1980s, (there are even some from the
1950s and 1960s). They are inconsistent with the current situation, especially in
developed areas. Some geological data are quite outdated and can hardly reflect
the most current situations in geological hazard analysis and interpretation, river
evolution, mountain change, earthquake rupture, etc., leading to pipeline routes
being chosen blindly in an almost simpleminded way. Those immature schemes
make it difficult to optimize the determined route. The fundamental data for
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Z. Li, Pipeline Spatial Data Modeling and Pipeline WebGIS,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24240-4_1
1

2 1 Introduction
design are also incomplete, risking the quality of the pipeline design. Further-
more, the traditional pipeline surveys, mainly carried out in field, can hardly
reach the requirements in the pipeline construction process and the demand for
efficient data acquisition and update due to its long timescale, high cost, and
low efficiency in measurement, survey, route selection, and location. In addi-
tion, the rapid development of the national economy promotes a large amount
of infrastructure construction, which results in numerous pipeline rerouting.
Meanwhile, as industrial technology improves, the auxiliary equipment, station
process flow, and automation communication of the pipeline are being updated
frequently, which challenges the drawing updating and modification. In such a
sense, those added drawings, mostly with repeated content, increase the work-
loads in file management. Varied pipeline information is all marked on the paper
drawings and needs to be handled with care, otherwise, they may be broken or
lost. Besides, the data cannot be employed to the full play because of their poor
performance in exchangeability and versatility.
(2) At the construction management stage, the small-scale drawings cannot reflect
the actual situation and the design concepts cannot be fully expressed. This
leads to different understandings during the construction process, and quality
problems may lie in those built pipelines. The design documents for bidding and
construction may lack detailed content, resulting in under preparation. Addition-
ally, changes in circumstances ask for corresponding adaptations in design and
construction. If the staff cannot communicate with various data in an effective
way, the construction progress, quality, and duration may be influenced accord-
ingly. In the construction survey of completion drawings, unreasonable data
collection may result in greater inconvenience to the operation management.
(3) At the operation management stage, difficulties may arise in normal operation,
routine maintenance, and management of the built pipeline (due to the simple
design), changes in construction process, insufficient completion of data, and
especially key construction parts not being effectively tracked and regularly
inspected.Forthesereasons,itishardtoprovideup-to-dateandaccuratedetailed
information in a timely manner and respond to emergencies.
In general, the technical means, work processes, and accumulated documents
employed in the traditional pipeline construction, including the survey, design, con-
struction, and operation, cannot meet the needs of today’s pipeline construction and
operation management. As the pipeline construction scale continues to expand, it is
urgent to find new management concepts and methods to upgrade the level of pipeline
construction. Under such circumstances, the idea of Digital Pipeline has emerged,
thanks to the inspiring concept of Digital Earth.

1.2 The Connection Between Digital Pipeline and Digital Earth 3
1.2 The Connection Between Digital Pipeline and Digital
Earth
The concept of Digital Pipeline is closely related to the advance of Digital Earth:
the ideas and key technology of Digital Pipeline derive from Digital Earth. To some
degree, the Digital Pipeline can be reckoned as a specific application as well as
an important component of Digital Earth. Therefore, it is necessary to give a brief
introduction to Digital Earth.
1.2.1 Digital Earth
Currently, as human civilization has highly developed, people are fairly capable of
acquiring information, and we step into the information age with explosive knowl-
edge. For instance, the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) Planet Earth Plan brings as much as 1000 GB information every day. The
land satellite Landsat obtains a set of global satellite image data every two weeks
and has already collected satellite data for over 20 years. On the one hand, humans
urgently demand information, while on the other hand, this ready-available data has
not been fully utilized. The major problem now lies in understanding the content of
this data and applying the information.
At the same time, globalization has become an inevitable trend in the development
of global society now. Conducting global research has also become a major task of
today’s scientificresearchwiththepremisethat informationis sharedamongdifferent
regions and organizations around the world. An existing problem is that various data
are scattered in different areas and institutions. Without a uniform standard, data
sharing and employment could run into obstacles.
Therefore, in the face of the contradiction of “information explosion” and the
difficulty in sufficient use, as well as that of the urgent needs of global information
and the complexity of space information, how to establish a mechanism to realize
the sharing and efficiently use information resources have become the key subject
in global information research. It is under such circumstances that the Digital Earth
comes into being.
On January 31, 1998, Al Gore, the former president of the United States of Amer-
ica, officially put forward the concept of Digital Earth in his speech “The Digital
Earth: Understanding our planet in the 21st Century” [3]. He proposed that the Dig-
ital Earth is a “3D expression of the real earth, which can implant a huge number
of multiresolution geographical data”. Since then, the concept of Digital Earth has
been rapidly and widely recognized and has gained active responses from various
countries and regions, as well as an increasing number of related research [4–8].
However, the concept of “Digital Earth” was not clearly defined.
In 1999, in a global seminar held at the University of Maryland in America,
majority of the scholars agreed to define the Digital Earth as “the virtual expression

4 1 Introduction
of the earth produced through collecting the natural and human information around
the globe. People will be able to explore and interact with it”.
Li [9] saw the Digital Earth as a unified and digitalized representation and recog-
nition of the real earth and its related phenomena. The core concepts were to use
digitalized methods to deal with problems concerning the natural and social activities
around the world, to maximally utilize resources and to enable people to obtain infor-
mation about the earth. Digital Earth is characterized by implanting large quantity
of geographical data, and can also achieve multiresolution and 3D descriptions of
the earth referred to as the “virtual earth”. He supposed that Digital Earth was based
on computer technology, multimedia technology, and mass storage technology. With
broadband network as the link, it applies mass earth information to describe the
globe in a multiresolution method, on a multi-scale and multi-dimensional level. He
believed Digital Earth could be used as a useful tool to support human activities and
to improve quality of life.
Cheng et al. [10], argued that Digital Earth referred to the digitalization of the
earth, and more precisely, the informatization earth, which is consistent with the
concept of the national informatization. Informatization is the whole process of
digitalization, networking, intelligence, and visualization with computer as the core.
Tobespecific, Digital Earthstands for akindof technical systemwhichtakes theearth
as the object. It is based on geographical coordinates integrated with multiresolution,
massive, and multiple data fusion, and is represented in multi-dimensional ways
(both stereoscopic and dynamic) through multimedia and virtual technology as well
as with spatial, digital, networked, intelligent, and visualized features. Digital Earth
represents a technical system aiming to realize the digitalization or informatization of
the earth, and it can also be interpreted as the digitalized virtual earth. More precisely,
Digital Earth refers to a technical system managed by a computer network after the
digitalization of the entire earth.
In summary, the primary concepts of Digital Earth can be described in the fol-
lowing three aspects [10, 11]:
(1) Digital Earth refers to the digitalized and three-dimensional display of virtual
earth,oraninformationizedearth,whichincludesdigital,networked,intelligent,
and visualized earth technical systems.
(2) The implementation of Digital Earth plan requires the cooperation of govern-
ments,enterprises,andacademia.Itisalsoasocialactivityandneedstheconcern
and support of the whole society.
(3) Digital Earth is a new technological revolution. It will change social production
and lifestyle, and bring about progress in scientific and technological develop-
ment as well as in the social economy.
To summarize, Digital Earth is a completely informationized virtual earth. Based
on the supporting technologies like the information accession, storage, transmission,
expression and processing technologies, it can process mass information of the earth
and its related natural and social phenomena according to their geographical coor-
dinates. In this way, people can understand the macro and micro conditions of each

1.2 The Connection Between Digital Pipeline and Digital Earth 5
corner of the earth quickly, completely and vividly, as well as take advantage of the
information to solve various problems of natural and social activities [12–14].
Since the proposal of National Information Infrastructure (NII) and National Spa-
tial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), Digital Earth, acting as the commanding height of
the present technology, is a far-reaching technological strategy [10]. It takes earth as
a research object and develops it into a high-tech system which makes use of various
technologies, especially the information technology to serve people. Digital Earth
is regarded as a fundamental technology project in the twenty-first century [15]. A
large number of modem technologies are needed to support the implementation of
Digital Earth. Gore stated in his report that the core technologies of Digital Earth
include the scientific calculation, massive data storage, broadband network, satellite
data accessing, interoperability, and metadata.
The proposal of Digital Earth is strategically meaningful. It will bring social and
economic benefits to various fields including agriculture, industry, forestry, water
conservancy, transportation, mining, communications, education, resources, envi-
ronment, population, military, and urban construction. As it covers almost every
aspect of human life, its potential application is enormous. At present, Digital Earth
has been practically applied in global change and sustainable social development,
geoscience, urban construction, fine agriculture, forestry, traffic information man-
agement, and other fields [16–25].
1.2.2 Application Levels of Digital Earth and the Digital
Pipeline
The construction of Digital Earth is a huge information engineering project as it
deals with super-mass data. Therefore, it cannot be fulfilled by any government,
organization, enterprise, or research institute alone. Instead, its gradual perfection
requires cooperation among thousands of hardworking people, enterprises, univer-
sities, research institutes, governments of all levels, and organizations, by utilizing
available technologies and resources [26].
Digital Earth is a huge system and there is no fast way to establish it. Its construc-
tion and improvement need gradual efforts from different levels including nations,
regions, and the globe [27, 28]. With continuous research on Digital Earth, its appli-
cation has covered levels from regional to national and even global, involving fields
such as the digital cities, digital universities, digital enterprises, digital communi-
ties, and Digital Oil fields [29, 30]. All of these ideas originate from Digital Earth
which aims to digitalize the real world by using various technologies like the data
accessing, storage, visualization, and information processing technologies, and then,
use this digitalized system to solve kinds of practical problems and to improve the
information management level of the world. Therefore, Digital Pipeline is an exact
application of Digital Earth to the oil and gas pipeline field.

Discovering Diverse Content Through
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" Agrotis (Hapalia)
præcox
" Agrotis (Lycophotia)
præcox
" Agrotis (Peridroma)
saucia
" Agrotis (Lycophotia) saucia
" Agrotis (Spaelotis)
lucernea
" Agrotis (Episilia) lucernea
" Agrotis (Pachnobia)
simulans
" Agrotis (Episilia) simulans
" Agrotis (Ogygia)
obscura
" Agrotis ravida (obscura)
" Noctua sobrina " Noctua (Mythimna) sobrina
" Epineuronia popularis " Tholera (Epineuronia)
popularis
" Charæas graminis " Cerapteryx (Charæas)
graminis
" Hyppa rectilinea " Lithomoea (Hyppa)
rectilinea
" Hama abjecta " Hama oblonga (abjecta)
" Apamea gemina " Apamea obscura (gemina)
" Trigonophora flammea " Rhizotype flammea
" Mormo maura " Mania maura
" Nonagria cannæ " Nonagria algæ (cannæ)
" Synia musculosa " Oria (Synia) musculosa
" Grammesia trigrammica " Meristis (Grammesia)
trigrammica
" Caradrina exigua " Laphygma exigua
SPECIAL INDEX.

abjecta (Hama), 270
aceris (Acronycta), 192
Acronyctinæ, 189
adusta (Eumichtis), 260
advena (Aplecta), 237
æstiva (Drepana), 136
æthiops (Miana), 275
agathina (Agrotis), 214
albicolon (Mamestra), 240
albida (Arsilonche), 199
albimacula (Dianthœcia), 249
albipuncta (Leucania), 312
algæ (Bryophila), 201
algæ (Nonagria), 296
albovenosa (Arsilonche), 199
albula (Nola), 141
alni (Acronycta), 193
alopecurus (Xylophasia), 278
alpinum (Diphtera), 190
alsines (Caradrina), 317
ambigua (Caradrina), 318
anachoreta (Pygæra), 82, 83
anceps (Hama), 271
anomola (Stilbia), 315
antiqua (Orgyia), 96
approximans (Meristis), 315
aprilina (Agriopis), 294
aqulina (Agrotis), 207
Arctiidæ, 148
arcuosa (Petilampa), 320
argentea (Palimpsestis), 90
argillacea (Dianthœcia), 241
ariæ (Trichiura), 113
arundineta (Nonagria), 298
ashworthii (Agrotis), 216

assimilis (Crymodes), 262
atriplicis (Trachea), 264
atropos (Acherontia), 24
augur (Noctua), 218
auricoma (Acronycta), 196
australis (Aporophyla), 284
baja (Noctua), 220
barrettii (Dianthœcia), 247
basilinea (Trachea), 272
batis (Thyatira), 86
bicolorana (Hylophila), 146
bicoloria (Leucodonta), 75
bicoloria (Miana), 277
bicuspis (Cerura), 58
bidens (Acronycta), 196
bifida (Cerura), 59
bilinea (Meristis), 315
bimaculosa (Miselia), 289
binaria (Drepana), 135
bipunctata (Senta), 299
bombyliformis (Hemaris), 55
bondii (Tapinostola), 301
borealis (Phragmatobia), 155
bradyporina (Acronycta), 191
brassicæ (Barathra), 239
brevilinea (Leucania), 308
brunnea (Noctua), 224
bucephala (Phalera), 81
cæruleocephala (Diloba), 265
caia (Arctia), 160
caliginosa (Acosmetia), 321
callunæ (Lasiocampa), 116
camelina (Lophopteryx), 77
cana (Miana), 276

candelarum (Agrotis), 216
candelisequa (Acronycta), 192
candida (Stilpnotia), 103
caniola (Lithosia), 185
cannæ (Nonagria), 296
capsincola (Dianthœcia), 250
capsophila (Dianthœcia), 251
captiuncula (Phothedes), 277
capucina (Miselia), 289
carmelita (Odentosia), 78
carpophaga (Dianthœcia), 251
castanea (Noctua), 219
celerio (Chærocampa), 43
celerio (Hippotion), 43
centonalis (Nola), 142
cespitis (Tholera), 256
chaonia (Drymonia), 68
characterea (Xylophasia), 280
chi (Polia), 286
Chlöephoridæ, 143
chlorana (Earias), 144
chrysorrhœa (Euproctis), 99
chrysozona (Hecatera), 253
cinerea (Agrotis), 204
c-nigrum (Noctua), 221
cœnosa (Lælia), 101
combusta (Xylophasia), 278
comes (Triphæna), 230
comma (Leucania), 309
complana (Lithosia), 183
compta (Dianthœcia), 250
conflua (Noctua), 224
confusalis (Nola), 141
conigera (Leucania), 313
connexa (Apamea), 273
consequa (Triphæna), 231

conspersa (Dianthœcia), 248
conspicilaris (Xylomania), 258
contigua (Mamestra), 243
convolvuli (Herse), 28
convolvuli (Sphinx), 28
corticea (Agrotis), 203, 209
coryli (Demas), 190
cratægi (Trichiura), 112
crenata (Chaonia), 66
crenata (Gluphisia), 66
cribrum (Coscinia), 168
crinanensis (Hydrœcia), App.
cucubali (Dianthœcia), 251
cuculla (Lophopteryx), 76
cucullatella (Nola), 139
cultraria (Drepana), 135
cursoria (Agrotis), 206
curtisii (Triphæna), 231
curtula (Pygæra), 82, 84
Cymatophoridæ, 85
dahlii (Noctua), 225
dentina (Mamestra), 246
deplana (Lithosia), 180
depuncta (Noctua), 220
derasa (Habrosyne), 85
deschangei (Spilosoma), 152
desillii (Agrotis), 210
dictæoides (Pheosia), 70
didyma (Apamea), 274
diluta (Asphalia), 91
dimidiata (Pheosia), 70
dispar (Lymantria), 103
dissimilis (Mamestra), 242
dissoluta (Nonagria), 297
ditrapezium (Noctua), 222

dodonides (Drymonia), 68
dominula (Callimorpha), 166
Drepanidæ, 131
dromedarius (Notodonta), 70
dumerilli (Luperina), 268
duplaris (Palimpsestis), 89
eboraci (Spilosoma), 152
ectypa (Leucania), 304
edda (Noctua), 219
elpenor (Chærocampa), 49
elpenor (Eumorpha), 49
elpenorcellus (Metopsilus), 48
elymi (Tapinostola), 302
Endromididæ, 129
eremita (Lymantria), 105
erythrostigma (Hydrœcia), 294
euphorbiæ (Acronycta), 197
euphorbiæ (Deilephila), 36
euphorbiæ (Hyles), 36
exclamationis (Agrotis), 208
exigua (Laphygma), 319
extrema (Tapinostola), 301
exulis (Crymodes), 262
fagi (Stauropus), 64
falcataria (Drepana), 133
familiaris (Lasiocampa), 116
fascelina (Dasychira), 97
fasciata (Macrothylacia), 121
fasciata (Spilosoma), 152
fasciuncula (Miana), 275
fasciuncula (Oligia), 275
favicolor (Leucania), 304
festiva (Noctua), 224
fibrosa (Helotropha), 293

ficklini (Dianthœcia), 247
fimbria (Triphæna), 233
finmarchia (Polyploca), 92
flammea (Meliana), 300
flammea (Rhizotype), 290
flammatra (Noctua), 221
flava (Lithosia), 181
flavago (Ochria), 295
flavicincta (Polia), 286
flavicornis (Polyploca), 192
flavida (Arsilonche), 199
fluctuosa (Palimpsestis), 90
fraterna (Nonagria), 297
fuciformis (Hemaris), 53
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 155
fulva (Tapinostola), 300
furcula (Cerura), 61
furuncula (Miana), 277
furva (Hama), 271
gælica (Palimpsestis), 89
galii (Celerio), 38
galii (Deilephila), 38
gemina (Apamea), 272
geminipuncta (Nonagria), 297
genistæ (Mamestra), 241
glandifera (Bryophila), 200
glareosa (Noctua), 218
glauca (Mamestra), 245
glaucata (Cilix), 138
gonostigma (Orgyia), 94
gothica (Tæniocampa), 326
gothicina (Tæniocampa), 326
gracillis (Tæniocampa), 331
graminis (Cerapteryx), 256
graminis (Charæas), 256

griseo-variegata (Panolis), 324
griseola (Lithosia), 181
gueneei (Luperina), 268
harpagula (Drepana), 134
haworthii (Celæna), 269
hebridicola (Agrotis), 214
hellmanni (Tapinostola), 301
helvetina (Agrotis), 218
hepatica (Xylophasia), 280
hera (Callimorpha), 164
hethlandica (Dianthœcia), 249
hibernica (Celæna), 270
hibernicus (Cerapteryx), 257
hispidus (Heliophobus), 267
hœgei (Gastropacha), 127
hospita (Parasemia), 157
hybridus (Smerinthus), 22
hyperborea (Agrotis), 215
Hypsidæ, 167
ianthina (Triphæna), 234
ilicanus (Sarrothripa), 147
ilicifolia (Epicnaptera), 125
immaculata (Tæniocampa), 330
impar (Bryophila), 200
impudens (Leucania), 307
impura (Leucania), 305
incerta (Tæniocampa), 330
infuscata (Acronycta), 192
infuscata (Xylophasia), 280
innuba (Triphæna), 232
interjecta (Triphæna), 234
intermedia (Celerio), 41
inversa (Smerinthus), 22
irregularis (Dianthœcia, 252

irrorella (Endrosa), 177
jacobææ (Hipocrita), 171
l-album (Arctornis), 94
lacertinaria (Drepana), 136
lacteola (Lithosia), 185
lanestris (Eriogaster), 114
lapponica (Pterostoma), 80
Lasiocampidæ, 106
latruncula (Miana), 275
leucographa (Pachnobia), 325
leuconota (Hecatera), 254
leucophæa (Pachetra), 257
leucostigma (Helotropha), 293
lichenea (Epunda), 285
ligustri (Craniophora), 198
ligustri (Sphinx), 33
lineata (Deilephila), 41
literosa (Miana), 276
lithargyria (Leucania), 312
Lithosiinæ, 173
lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 279
littoralis (Leucania), 308
littoralis (Prodenia), 264
livornica (Deilephila), 41
livornica (Phryxus), 41
loreyi (Leucania), 311
lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 151
lucernea (Agrotis), 213
lucipara (Euplexia), 291
luneburgensis (Aporophyla), 282
lunigera (Agrotis), 205
lurideola (Lithosia), 182
luteago (Dianthœcia), 247
lutescens (Callimorpha), 164

lutulenta (Aporophyla), 282
Lymantriidæ, 94
maillardi (Crymodes), 262
margaritosa (Agrotis), 212
marginata (Lasiocampa), 116
maritima (Senta), 299
matura (Cerigo), 269
maura (Mania), 292
megacephala (Acronycta), 193
melaleuca (Xylomania), 259
melanocephala (Acronycta), 191
mendica (Diaphora), 153
menthastri (Spilosoma), 149
menyanthidis (Acronycta), 196
mesomella (Cybosia), 178
meticulosa (Phlogophora), 291
micacea (Hydrœcia), 294
miniata (Miltochrista), 176
miniosa (Tæniocampa), 327
molybdeola (Lithosia), 184
monacha (Lymantria), 105
monoglypha (Xylophasia), 280
montivaga (Acronycta), 197
mori (Bombyx), 106
morpheus (Caradrina), 316
morrisii (Petilampa), 320
munda (Tæniocampa), 330
mundana (Nudaria), 174
muralis (Bryophila), 200
muscerda (Pelosia), 187
musculosa (Oria), 302
myricæ (Acronycta), 197
nana (Tæniocampa), 328
nebeculosa (Brachionycha), 288

nebulosa (Aplecta), 238
neglecta (Noctua), 219
nerii (Daphnis), 45
nerii (Chærocampa), 45
neurica (Nonagria), 298
neustria (Malacosoma), 107, 111
nictitans (Hydrœcia), 294
nigra (Aporophyla), 282
nigricans (Agrotis), 207
nigricans (Nonagria), 297
nigristriata (Senta), 299
nigrocincta (Polia), 287
nigrocostata (Senta), 299
Noctuidæ, 189
Nolidæ, 139
Notodontidæ, 56
nubilata (Asphalia), 91
obelisca (Agrotis), 208
oblonga (Hama), 270
obscura (Apamea), 272
obscura (Bombycia), 263
obsoleta (Leucania), 307
occulta (Euoris), 236
ocellatus (Smerinthus), 22
ochrea (Dianthœcia), 249
ochreola (Lithosia), 180
ochroleuca (Eremobia), 263
octogessima (Palimpsestis), 88, 89
oculea (Apamea), 274
oleagina (Valeria), 266
oleracea (Mamestra), 241
olivacea (Lasiocampa), 116
olivacea (Polia), 286
olivaceo-fasciata (Lasiocampa), 126
ophiogramma (Apamea), 274

opima (Tæniocampa), 320
or (Palimpsestis), 88
orbona (Triphæna), 230
orion (Diphtera), 189
oxyacanthæ (Miselia), 289
pabulatricula (Apamea), 273
pallens (Leucania), 304
pallida (Aplecta), 238
pallida (Trichiura), 112
palpina (Pterostoma), 80
paludis (Hydrœcia), 294
palustris (Hydrilla), 321
papyrata (Spilosoma), 150
pascuea (Aporophyla), 284
passetii (Eurois), 236
pavonia (Saturnia), 131
peregrina (Mamestra), 246
perfusca (Noctua), 226
perla (Bryophila), 200
persicariæ (Mamestra), 239
petasitis (Hydrœcia), 295
phœbe (Notodonta), 72
phragmitidis (Calamia), 303
pigra (Pygæra), 84
pinastri (Hyloicus), 34
pini (Dendrolimus), 106
pini (Eutricha), 106
piniperda (Panolis), 324
pisi (Mamestra), 244
plaga (Agrotis), 209
plantaginis (Parasemia), 157
plecta (Noctua), 228
plumigera (Ptilophora), 79
polyodon (Cloantha), 282
Polyplocidæ, 95

popularis (Tholera), 255
populeti (Tæniocampa), 329
populi (Amorpha), 20
populi (Pœcilocampa), 113
populi (Smerinthus), 20, 22
porcellus (Chærocampa), 48
porcellus (Metopsilus), 48
potatoria (Cosmotriche), 123
præcox (Agrotis), 211
prasina (Euoris), 235
prasinana (Hylophila), 145
primulæ (Noctua), 224
pronuba (Triphæna), 232
protea (Eumichtis), 264
psi (Acronycta), 195
pudibunda (Dasychira), 98
pudorina (Leucania), 307
pulchella (Deiopeia), 169
pulverulenta (Tæniocampa), 328
punctina (Leucania), 306
puta (Agrotis), 204
putrescens (Leucania), 310
putris (Axylia), 229
pygmæola (Lithosia), 184, 185
pyramidea (Amphipyra), 323
quadra (Œonestis), 179
quadripunctaria (Callimorpha), 164
quadripunctata (Caradrina), 318
quercifolia (Gastropacha), 126
quercus (Lasiocampa), 115
radiata (Spilosoma), 152
radiola (Agrotis), 205
ramosana (Sarrothripa), 147
ravida (Agrotis), 215

rectilinea (Hyppa), 265
remissa (Apamea), 272
renigera (Agrotis), 213
reticulata (Neuria), 254
revayana (Sarrothripa), 144, 146
rhomboidea (Noctua), 223
ridens (Polyploca), 93
ripæ (Agrotis), 210
roboris (Aplecta), 238
roboris (Lasiocampa), 116
rosea (Agrotis), 214, 218
rossica (Callimorpha), 166
rubi (Macrothylacia), 121
rubi (Noctua), 226
rubricollis (Atolmis), 173
rubricosa (Pachnobia), 326
rufa (Cœnobia), 299
rufa (Tæniocampa), 326
rufescens (Tæniocampa), 332
rumicis (Acronycta), 198
runica (Diphtera), 190
rurea (Xylophasia), 278
russula (Diacrisia), 158
rustica (Diaphora), 153
salicis (Acronycta), 198
salicis (Stilpnotia), 102
sanio (Diacrisia), 158
Sarrothripinæ, 146
satura (Eumichtis), 260
Saturniidæ, 131
saucia (Agrotis), 212
scabriuncula (Dipterygia), 281
schaufussi (Malacosoma), 111
scincula (Drepana), 137
scolopacina (Xylophasia), 281

scotica (Acronycta), 196
scotica (Palimpsestis), 89
scotica (Polyploca), 92
secalis (Apamea), 274
sedi (Aporophyla), 283
segetum (Agrotis), 201 (segetis)
semivirga (Acronycta), 191
semivirgata (Hyppa), 265
senex (Comacla), 175
serena (Hecatera), 254
sericea (Lithosia), 184
sexstrigata (Noctua), 227 (umbrosa)
signata (Endrosa), 177
similis (Porthesia), 100
simulans (Agrotis), 214
sinelinea (Leucania), 308
sobrina (Noctua), 227
sororcula (Lithosia), 187
sparganii (Nonagria), 296
Sphingidæ, 17
sphinx (Brachionycha), 288
spinula (Cilix), 132
stabilis (Tæniocampa), 328
steinerti (Acronycta), 193
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 52
stigmatica (Noctua), 223
straminea (Leucania), 181
striata (Coscina), 167
strigilis (Miana), 274
strigosa (Acronycta), 194
strigula (Agrotis), 210
strigula (Nola), 140
suasa (Mamestra), 242
subfusca (Noctua), 203
subsequa (Triphæna), 231
sublustris (Xylophasia), 278

subrosea (Noctua), 217
suffusa (Polia), 286
sundevalli (Craniophora), 199
superstes (Caradrina), 317
taraxaci (Caradrina), 317
tenebrosa (Rusina), 322
templi (Dasypolia), 285
testacea (Luperina), 267
thalassina (Mamestra), 243
thompsoni (Aplecta), 238
thulei (Noctua), 224
Thyatiridæ, 85
tincta (Aplecta), 236
tiliæ (Dilina), 17
tiliæ (Mimas), 17
tityus (Hemaris), 55
torva (Notodonta), 73
tragopogonis (Amphipyra), 324
tremula (Pheosia), 69
trepida (Notodonta), 74
triangulum (Noctua), 223
tricuspis (Cerapteryx), 256
tridens (Acronycta), 195
trifolii (Lasiocampa), 119
trifolii (Mamestra), 245
trifolii (Pachygastria), 107
trigrammica (Meristis), 314
trimacula (Drymonia), 67
tritici (Agrotis), 207, 208
tritophus (Notodonta), 72, 73
trux (Agrotis), 205
turca (Leucania), 314
typhæ (Nonagria), 297
typica (Nænia), 293

ulmifolia (Gastropacha), 126
umbrosa (Noctua), 227
unanimis (Apamea), 273
unicolor (Lithosia), 180
unipuncta (Leucania), 310
urticæ (Spilosoma), 150
variegata (Ptilophora), 79
versicolor (Endromis), 129
vestigialis (Agrotis), 202
villica (Arctia), 162
viminalis (Bombycia), 263
vinula (Dicranura), 62
vitellina (Leucania), 311
v-nigrum (Leucoma), 94
walkeri (Spilosoma), 149
wismariensis (Senta), 299
w-latinum (Mamestra), 241
xanthographa (Noctua), 228
xanthomista (Polia), 287
ypsilon (Agrotis), 209
zatima (Spilosoma), 152
ziczac (Notodonta), 70
zollikoferi (Xylophasia), 279
A LIST OF THE
FAMILIES OF BRITISH MOTHS
described in this volume.
SPHINGIDÆ, 17-55
NOTODONTIDÆ, 56-84
THYATIRIDÆ, 85-93

LYMANTRIIDÆ, 94-105
LASIOCAMPIDÆ, 106-128
ENDROMIDIDÆ, 129, 130
SATURNIIDÆ, 131, 132
DREPANIDÆ, 132-138
NOLIDÆ, 139-142
CHLOËPHORIDÆ, 143-146
SARROTHRIPINÆ, 146
ARCTIIDÆ, 148-188
ARCTIINÆ, 148-172
LITHOSIINÆ, 173-188
NOCTUIDÆ, 189-331
ACRONYCTINÆ, 189-201
TRIFINÆ, 201-331
A LIST OF THE VOLUMES IN THE
WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND SERIES
WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND BLOSSOMS
A Pocket Guide to British Wild Flowers, for the Country Rambler.
(First and Second Series.)
With clear Descriptions of 760 Species. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S.
And Coloured Figures of 257 Species by MABEL E. STEP.
WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND TREES
A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S.
With 175 Plates from Water-colour Drawings by MABEL E. STEP
and Photographs by HENRY IRVING and the Author.
WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND FERNS
A Pocket Guide to the British Ferns, Horsetails and Club-Mosses.
By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S.

With Coloured Figures of every Species by MABEL E. STEP.
And 67 Photographs by the Author.
THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH
ISLES
A Pocket Guide for the Country Rambler.
With clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species.
By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
With 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature, and
numerous
Black and White Drawings.
THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES
(First and Second Series).
A Complete Pocket Guide to all the Species included in the Groups
formerly
known as Macro-lepidoptera.
By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
With upwards of 1500 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature,
and numerous Black and White Drawings.
THE BIRDS OF THE BRITISH ISLES AND
THEIR EGGS
(First and Second Series).
A Complete Pocket Guide with descriptive text.
By T. A. COWARD, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
With 455 accurately Coloured Illustrations by ARCHIBALD
THORBURN and
others, and 134 Photographic Reproductions by RICHARD KEARTON,
F.Z.S.,
Miss E. L. TURNER, M.B.O.U., and others.

AT ALL BOOKSELLERS.
Full Prospectuses on application to the Publishers—
F R E D E R I C K W A R N E A N D C O ., LT D .
London: Chandos House, Bedford Court, Bedford Street, W.C. 2
New York: 26, East 22nd Street.

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