Real-time remote monitoring and control system for underground pipelines

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 5, October 2022, pp. 4892~4902
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i5.pp4892-4902  4892
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Real-time remote monitoring and control system for
underground pipelines
Noor Hazim Abdulwahab1
, Ali Ahmed Abed1
, Mohammed Ali Jaber2
1
Department of Computer Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
2
Physics and Polymer Technology, Polymer Research Center, Basrah, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 12, 2021
Revised Jun 9, 2022
Accepted Jun 20, 2022
Underground pipelines suffer from corrosion in soil layers, and this
corrosion is accelerated with the increasing of soil thickness due to more
water contained. Cathodic protection (CP) is one of the most common
methods for controlling corrosion of metals. Its popularity returns to the fact
that CP system is simple, cheap, and suitable for many industrial
applications. The drawback of the available CP systems is the need to go to
the site for gathering data using classical instruments and methods, which is
tedious, dangerous, uneconomic, and inaccurate. The main objective of this
paper is to present a real-time remote monitoring and control (RT-RMC)
system for any CP platform. The work started with implementation of an
industrial-like CP prototype to realize the desired task. The implemented CP
system consists of two famous CP methods, the sacrificial anodes (SACP)
and the impressed current (ICCP). After that, the RT-RMC system is
implemented with two techniques, global system for mobile communications
(GSM), and web of things (WoT) to facilitate monitoring and control tasks.
Experimental results are obtained for voltage and current measurements with
different environments, disturbance, and pipe coatings.
Keywords:
Cathodic protection
Global system for mobile
communications
Human machine interface
Predictive maintenance
Web of things
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ali Ahmed Abed
Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Basrah
Garma, Basrah, Iraq
Email: ali.abed@uobasrah.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
Pipelines are the main, global, and distinguished tools for transporting water and petroleum
products. They are usually suffering from some natural phenomena (e.g., corrosion) or some external effects
(e.g., cross pipelining, vehicular movement, and acidity). Classical methods of pipelines monitoring involve
intermittent appraisal of pipelines status using field visits or some not real-time surveillance devices. High
cost, planning complexity, and the absence of suitable access routes are some main drawbacks for these
monitoring approaches. Usually, operators prefer the real-time monitoring of pipelines to be restricted to
control rooms in a particular location.
Today, there is about 2.5 million kilometers of hydrocarbon pipelines [1] need to be strongly
protected to avoid damage, which costs millions of dollars. Previous research papers had concentrated on the
development of intelligent pipeline inspection gauges (pigs) to achieve monitoring [2]. These pigs cost about
$56,000/km of pipeline [3], the matter that led to 25% of the world’s pipelines to be ‘un-piggable’. Pigging
systems are very messy, labor-intensive, and may not satisfy health, safety and environment (HSE)
parameters since they are run during pipelines’ operation.
The use of global system for mobile communications (GSM), internet of things (IoT), and web of
things (WoT) are proposed as a replacement to realize real time monitoring of a pipeline from anywhere and

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Real-time remote monitoring and control system for underground pipelines (Noor Hazim Abdulwahab)
4893
anytime. WoT is an ecosystem of services that orchestrating different types of services in an agile manner,
leading to services with more human-centric and smartness. The inclusion of services from sensors and
actuators makes WoT differs from classical web.
Damages caused by corrosion and other natural events generate standard range voltages and currents
that propagate through the fluid in the pipeline. Detection and measurement of these voltages can be carried
out at points remotely distant from the site using GSM or WoT or both. These measured voltages contain
information about the status of the pipelines and the location of the damage along the pipeline.
Several methods for monitoring are issued by researchers and had been given in their manuscripts.
The oil and gas sector are slow in applying IoT techniques despite having pipelines and drilling rigs for tens
of years. Recently the extraction industry started to apply IoT [4]. This change is due to energy cost that must
be considered in recent times, and due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Petrol companies
are trying to reduce costs via the use of integration and automation. Wireless techniques became a good
choice for petroleum companies to minimize human errors and obtain real-time readings from the several
instrumentations available along the petroleum pipeline [4]. IoT can also be used in pipeline monitoring and
control, where it can drive actuators (e.g., fans) and send an alert to a mobile phone to avoid a major
disruption or damage of a pipeline or its power supply [5].
Joshi [6] expressed that without IoT, organizations would need to depend on people to do routine
checks and measurements. The IoT framework helps in reducing manual checks because of its capability to
screen pipelines continuously (24/7/365). Another benefit of IoT in pipeline observing as expressed in [6] is
the productive administration of laborers. Cheddadi et al. [7] presented an IoT framework to assemble and
screen continuously electric and environmental information of a PV solar station. The ESP32 DEVKIT V1
was utilized as the microcontroller, and information is sent to the cloud through implicit Wi-Fi. Ferraris
et al. [8] developed a measuring system able to continuously monitor the system protection state and
maintaining it in a safe condition. The proposed system attached a controller that can adjust the sacrificial
anode current, hence increasing its life and keeping its protection effect. Islam et al. [9] presented an IoT
framework for efficient monitoring and effective control of various aquatic environmental parameters. The
proposed system was implemented as an embedded system using sensors and an Arduino. Different sensors,
including pH, temperature, turbidity, and ultrasonic are placed in the site and each of them is connected to the
main microcontroller.
Wang et al. [10] combined a long-distance pipeline CP method and GSM technology. The system
realized automatic pipeline testing and transmission of test data and had succeeded in solving transmission of
test data at the area having no GSM signals. Luo [11] designed and developed a pipeline inspection system
based on smartphone integrated with GPS/GPRS technology with its system architecture and function
modules. Irannejad and Irannejad [12] designed a device for remote sending the CP information of oil and
gas pipelines and applied it to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system via GSM. This
device had been designed and tested in a local oil pipelines and telecommunication system. Al-faiz and
Mezher [13] developed a SACP system that remotely monitored the oil pipelines and reduced the incidence
of corrosion. The proposed system integrated the technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) to collect
potential data and realized remote data transmission. Liu et al. [14] proposed a system that used WSN with
the internet. The comparisons of many wireless communication technologies had been discussed with their
transmission range, processing, transmission rate, and quality. Among them, the GSM/GPRS found to be the
most attractive technology to be used due to the merits of having a spread coverage in the whole world. Eze
et al. [15] proposed an architecture for WSN with enhanced power consumption and data transmission rate
for pipelines. The requirements and components of motes, different threats to pipelines and methods of
detecting such threats were presented. Fournier and Michalon [16] developed an image-based surveillance
technique, designed for monitoring, reporting, warning, and alarming purposes from any abnormal activities
detected at the locations near the underground pipeline’s sites. The basic traceability algorithm of the online
aircraft monitoring relies on the image recorded previously taken from the previous flights and compared
with every new monitoring. Zakharov et al. [17] presented a satellite-based monitoring for image processing
automated algorithm and software for detecting and controlling the intended target. This technique could
make an archive for storing data, which could be used later by the pipeline operators. Kassim and Lazim [18]
established design requirements of a good algorithm tracking system and designed a prototype automatic
adaptive solar photo voltaic (PV) module connected through IoT, wireless connection to a webpage and
information transferred via Android phone.
The competitive advantage of the proposed work of our paper and its contribution to industry lies in
its ability to perform real-time wireless readings of CP system parameters to detect damage location using a
combination of voltage/current propagation, set of sensors, a wireless data transmission system, and an
internet of thing (IoT) platform to connect with a web server. With this system, the transmission of damage
data captured by sensors to the control and monitoring center (CMC) is achieved wirelessly, making the
monitoring of pipelines in real-time from any geo-location in the world possible. This proposed system is an

 ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 5, October 2022: 4892-4902
4894
inexpensive device since it uses commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) modules, and it is an easy to deploy using
existing local infrastructure. The CP system site is connected to the CMC via GSM and Internet. The CMC
monitors and controls all peripherals of the CP system, maintains a log of alerts, displaying sensors’
information, and control some relays for “fans” and “CP type selection”. This system can be embedded in a
SCADA system to satisfy pipeline surveillance.
The paper is structured as follows: section 2 covers the materials and methods used in building the
whole system. Section 3 contains the experimental results. Section 4 focuses on the main conclusions and
some future works.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Cathodic protection (CP) system
CP is one of the most common methods for controlling corrosion for underground or submerged
metallic pipelines. Sir Humphry Davy was the first in applying and suggesting the idea of cathodic protection
when applied it to protect ship’s hull. The corrosion rate of metals was reduced after applying CP. CP
systems are used worldwide because its effectiveness in protecting structures like pipelines, tanks, and bridge
decks. At the pipe surface and under the condition of corrosion, anodic and cathodic regions are formed and
the current flows inside the pipe at the cathodic sides which results in corroding anodic areas while
maintaining cathodic areas without corrosion. CP forced the whole metal structure (being protected) to
become a cathode by applying an external direct control (DC) current to each point at the pipeline surface
making the potential of the pipe with more negativity leading to minimum corrosion rate. There are two
methods of cathodic protection systems [19]:
2.1.1. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP)
The anode, connected directly to the structure, is sacrificed to protect the intended structure. There
are many advantages for this system such as: no need for external power supply, uniform current distribution,
easy to install and doing maintenance, and minimized cost. Its disadvantages are, requiring large number of
anodes, working in low resistive environments only, short lifetime for anodes, and higher cost per unit
Ampere. In this paper, a magnesium anode is used which has a potential of -1.55 V or -1.75 V when
measured with respect to Cu/CuSO4 electrode and suitable for both soil and water environments. Most
frequently, magnesium sacrificial anodes are used as temporary protection of underground pipelines during
the construction and installation phase, prior to energizing a permanent impressed current cathodic protection
(ICCP) system.
2.1.2. Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP)
The required protection current impressed using an external power source is placed between the
anodes and the structure being protected. The DC current is forced to flow from the anode to the structure to
satisfy protection. The advantages of this method are providing a range of voltages and currents, working in
low and high resistivity environments, suitable for uncoated structures, economically suitable when installed
on existing structures or replacing anodes, and suitable for applications need high currents. Its major
disadvantages are, interference, high cost for maintenance, overprotection may occur, and probability of
premature breakdown. In this paper, a high silicon-cast iron, Ferro silicon (Fe-Si), and anodes are used.
Instead of building sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) temporarily during construction and then
building permanent ICCP system, the proposed work of this paper builds the two systems together at the
same time with ICCP electrically separated and SACP is electrically connected temporarily for protection.
After finishing of the construction phase, the SACP is electrically disabled and ICCP is electrically connected
as permanent protection. This is done with “Relays” remotely controlled from the CMC. The new added
benefit of this work minimizes cost, time, and efforts. The schematic diagram of the proposed CP system
setup is shown in Figure 1.
2.2. Field installation
In this section, the field work including materials selection, drilling process, welding process, and
electrical connections are explained. Studying the effect of interference, soil resistivity, soil temperature,
conductivity and potential difference between the pipe and soil is essential for any CP system engineer to
reveal and control the reasons of corrosion. The electrical design of the CP system should follow the
procedures and standards of National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) [20] to obtain exact
results and avoid performance degradation. In addition, supplying a protection of an acceptable level and a
minimum cost (for installation, maintenance, and power consumption) must be achieved. Tables 1 and 2
show the characteristics and dimensions of the pipeline and anodes used in SACP and ICCP systems

4895
respectively. The rectifier used in this system has 9 V supply with a maximum current of 1.5 A. The detailed
design equations for the various parameters needed for the CP system design can be found in [21]–[25].
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the entire CP cell
Table 1. Pipeline and Magnesium anode’ characteristics of SACP system
Pipe
length (ft)
Pipe diameter
(inch)
Pipe thickness
(inch)
Coating
quality (%)
Required current
density (mA/ft2
)
Soil resistivity
(W-cm)
Anode
weight (lb)
Anode
length (ft)
Anode
diameter (ft)
6.39 10.75 0.365 80 2 656.84 24 1.91 0.374
Table 2. Pipeline and Ferro-Silicon anodes’ characteristics of ICCP system
Pipe
length (ft)
Pipe diameter
(inch)
Pipe thickness
(inch)
Coating
quality (%)
Required current
density (mA/ft2
)
Soil resistivity
(W-cm)
Anode
weight (lb)
Anode
length (ft)
Anode surface
area (ft2
)
6.39 10.75 0.365 80 2 656.84 110 1.91 4
The materials prepared for burying contains the carbone steel pipe that needs protection, Mg anode
used for SACP, two parallel-connected Ferro-silicon anodes used for ICCP, and DC power supply needed
with ICCP as shown in Figure 2. The distance between the anodes and the structure being protected is
estimated to be 2m, and the depth of burying is nearly 2 m. The CP system test mechanism depends on the
pipe-to-soil voltage, which is measured with a reference electrode (RE) permanently buried 1m adjacent to
the pipe being protected as shown in Figure 3. There are five test points (TPs) distributed and welded 40cm
distant along the surface of the pipe. Exothermic welding is the process of connecting test leads wires, bond
wires, galvanic anode leads, and rectifier negative terminal to the surface of the pipeline. For insulation with
high electrical resistance, a mixture of cold curing material of polyurethane resin is used for cable joints due
to its good anti-corrosion properties. Figure 3 also shows the wire routing from the underground pipeline to
the indoor and outdoor panels. The indoor panel contains transformer/rectifier unit, a selector switch,
ampere/voltage analog gauges, and a small panel for the remote monitoring and control (RT-RMC) system as
shown in Figure 4.

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4896
Figure 2. Materials’ distribution of the whole CP system
Figure 3. Permanent RE, welded TPs, and indoor and outdoor panels
Figure 4. The indoor panel contains power unit and monitoring unit
2.3. RT-RMC system
To overcome the old classical manual offline measurement and surveillance methods used to pursuit
CP cells and to move towards automation, the work of this paper introduces two RT-RMC platforms. The
first platform is based on GSM technology and the second is based on WoT. The proposed system has also
some control capabilities to control electrical fans for panels and a selection capability for selecting the
desired protection method: SACP or ICCP.
2.3.1. GSM technology
GSM shield is used in this project to support the SMS sending functionality. The voltage and current
return from the CP cell are the main parameters that need to be monitored for the system operator. These
parameters are sent as SMS messages via GSM SIM900 module to the operator mobile phone. This
technique is beneficial when there is no internet service, or the operator is far away from the control center.
The messages have been sent in the form, #ON1 for ICCP cell readings or #ON2 for SACP cell readings as
shown in Figure 5. The hashtag, #, is used to clarify that the message is received from the system and not
from an intruder or unauthorized persons. The measured data readings can also be monitored remotely on a
human machine interface (HMI) designed using C# for that purpose as shown in Figure 6. To add another
monitoring facility, a 16×2 LCD display is connected to the main microcontroller, Arduino UNO, to provide
a local monitoring on the indoor panel as shown in Figure 7, which displays the whole electronic diagram for
the designed microcontroller-based system. The measured readings (analog voltage/current) must be

4897
converted to digital before sending to the Arduino microcontroller. This is done using voltage and current
sensors shown in Figure 7. Additional facility has been added to the proposed system, that is, a soft
changeover is used to switch between SACP and ICCP using 4-channels relay module displayed also in
Figure 7. The mechanism for “Relay” switches operation is explained in the table included in Figure 1.
Figure 5. Phone-based CP data monitoring
Figure 6. HMI for data logging and monitoring
2.3.2. Web of things
Different methods from various points of view had been presented to support the development and
spreading of IoT [18]. One of these methods is viewing IoT as WoT where the free web applications are
adopted for data sharing and embedded device’s interoperation. By inserting smart things into existing web,
the standard web services are enhanced with physical world services. WoT’s idea presents a new technique
for limiting the gap between virtual and physical worlds. In this paper, open platform and prototype are
developed for our CP application. Arduino Uno microcontroller board with Ethernet shield is used as a client
server and connected to the Internet via a router as shown in Figure 8. Using a web architecture as a basic
platform, web servers directly provide web services on the world wide web. WoT has a flat architecture as
compared to the traditional client-server model. Indirect integration is used to integrate the sensor nodes to
the web, in which an intermediate proxy (smart gateway) is placed between the sensors and the web. The
smart gateway abstracts the suitable protocol and APIs of the sensor node and provide uniform accessible
web. A prototype with smart gateway to directly integrate voltage/current sensors into the web is presented.
To use a web browser to effectively query and manage the sensors/actuators, the gateway is programmed to
have a web server supporting http protocol. The implemented applet for efficient and real-time data
aggregation and exchange is shown in Figure 9. The workflow for the proposed real-time system is shown in
Figure 10.

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4898
Figure 7. Electronics diagram of the overall RT-RMC unit
Figure 8. Ethernet web server
Figure 9. Applet for RT-RMC unit

4899
Figure 10. Workflow of the proposed real-time system
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Using the characteristics and dimensions in Tables 1 and 2 and the design equations in [21]–[25],
the designed parameters for the SACP and ICCP Systems are given in Tables 3 and 4. It is important to
consider that the coating material plays a significant role on the lifetime of pipelines. It can reduce corrosion
and current required for protection and then avoiding continuous coating maintenance. For the work of this
paper, a new polymer material is developed to improve the protective requirement over conventional
commercial coatings. The composition of this new polymeric material is beyond the scope of this paper since
it will be introduced as a patent. Table 5 shows the required current and potential to satisfy full protection
using the new polymeric material as compared to the normal one which depends on the wrapping-tabe layer
with primer material.
Table 3. SACP system design parameters
Required
current (A)
Anode
resistance ()
I anode
(A)
Number of
anodes
Expected lifetime
(Years)
Expected polarized
potential (V)
Lifetime
(Years)
0.007 2.18 0.415 1 15 -1.2 15
Table 4. ICCP system design parameters
Required
current (A)
Anode
resistance (W)
Required
voltage (V)
Number of
anodes
Expected lifetime
(Years)
Expected polarized
potential (V)
Lifetime
(Years)
1.5 3.9 9 2 25 -1.5 15
Table 5. Voltages and currents required for normal and invented coatings
Coatings SACP ICCP
Pipe potential (V) Pipe potential (V) Needed voltage (V) Current demand (A)
TP1 TP2 TP1 TP2
Pipe with normal coating - 0.85 -0.84 -1.5 - 1.49 2 0.5
Pipe with new polymer coating - 1.2 - 1.19 -1.6 -1.5 1.5 0.3

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4900
The required voltages and currents are much lower in case of using our new polymer coating than
that when using the commercial coating. This significant difference leads to increasing in pipeline lifetime to
about 25 years instead of 15 years with the normal coating. The recorded parameters require to take the soil
temperature and conductivity into consideration to get accurate results. Table 6 shows the current density and
protection voltage with temperature and conductivity were taken into consideration. Whenever the
conductivity is increased, the impressed current for protection is increased correspondingly.
Table 6. Current density and protection voltage vs soil temperature and conductivity
Soil Temperature (C˚) Conductivity (mg/l) Supply Voltage (V) Current Density (A) Protection Voltage (V)
29 765 2 0.3 -1.3
33 1503 4 0.5 -1.3
36 1550 6 1 -1.3
40 1560 8 1.5 -1.3
Underground pipelines are usually suffering from some external effects such as foreign pipeline
crossing, in which a foreign pipeline intersects the main structure leading to some interference. This
disturbance is taken into consideration during the installation process of the CP cell of this work as shown in
Figure 1. The proposed solution to this problem is to use a “bonding resistance” connected between the
structure being protected and the foreign pipe at the intersection point [26]. The variable bonding resistor is
adjusted empirically to make the foreign pipe potential meets a steady value when measured with respect to
Cu/CuSo4 RE positioned near the point of intersection. The obtained value of the resistor is approximately
1.4 as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11. Variable bond resistor measurement
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
A real-time remote monitoring wireless communication system was developed for transmission of
measured CP voltages and currents wirelessly based on GSM and WoT platforms. Test rig was built with
SACP and ICCP with water as the transport liquid to prove the efficacy of the developed monitoring system.
The system is not only used for monitoring, but also for some control commands to actuate fans used for
cooling inside panels. The system has the following facilities: local monitoring on an LCD, remote
monitoring HMI, remote monitoring based on SMS to a mobile phone, and internet-based monitoring with
web browser using a WoT platform. This low-cost pipeline monitoring system performs real-time damage
detection based on “Test points” measured voltages, determining location based on “Test point number”, and
allows operators to view the results of the measured parameters in real time on a smart phone or even on a
computer system from any geo-location worldwide. The polymer coating of the pipe presented in this paper
will be introduced as a patent since it has a new composition, results in getting larger lifetime and lower
current for protection. As a future work, a PLC can be used instead of Arduino to get a heavy-duty
monitoring system. Also, an Andriod app can be designed for monitoring and some analytics for predictive
maintenance, which is a condition-based maintenance process that uses data analytics to indicate the possible
equipment failure time for scheduling maintenance. Proper maintenance scheduling helps to avoid unplanned
or sudden equipment failure.

4901
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was done at the laboratories of the Faculty of Engineering in collaboration with the
Petrochemical Company in Basrah, Iraq as an entrepreneurial project. Special thanks is forwarded to the
manager of “CP & Chemical Cleaning Unit”, Hasan A. Jasim, and to the staff of “Polymer Research Center”
for their help and support. Appreciation to all laborers assisted during the stages of the project.
REFERENCES
[1] E. N. Aba, O. A. Olugboji, A. Nasir, M. A. Olutoye, and O. Adedipe, “Petroleum pipeline monitoring using an internet of things
(IoT) platform,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42452-021-04225-z.
[2] O. A. Olugboji, A. A. Sadiq, O. Olorunsaiye, D. O. Peters, and B. A. Ajayi, “Development of a smart pipe inspection gauge for
detection of pipeline defects,” ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (IMECE),
Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1115/IMECE2015-53064.
[3] Unmanned inspection for oil and gas: ROVs, pigs, ROI and obstacles. Oil and Gas IQ, 2015.
[4] C. Toma and M. Popa, “IoT security approaches in oil & gas solution industry 4.0,” Informatica Economica, vol. 22, no. 3/2018,
pp. 46–61, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.12948/issn14531305/22.3.2018.05.
[5] T. R. Wanasinghe, R. G. Gosine, L. A. James, G. K. I. Mann, O. de Silva, and P. J. Warrian, “The internet of things in the oil and
gas industry: a systematic review,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 8654–8673, Sep. 2020, doi:
10.1109/JIOT.2020.2995617.
[6] N. Joshi, “Refining the oil and gas industry with IoT,” Cognitive World, 2019.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/09/17/refining-the-oil-and-gas-industry-with-iot/?sh=30b06b2679f9 (accessed
Feb. 1, 2009).
[7] Y. Cheddadi, H. Cheddadi, F. Cheddadi, F. Errahimi, and N. Es-sbai, “Design and implementation of an intelligent low-cost IoT
solution for energy monitoring of photovoltaic stations,” SN Applied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 7, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s42452-020-
2997-4.
[8] F. Ferraris, M. Parvis, E. Angelini, and S. Grassini, “Measuring system for enhanced cathodic corrosion protection,” in 2012
IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, May 2012, pp. 1583–1587., doi:
10.1109/I2MTC.2012.6229305.
[9] M. M. Islam, M. A. Kashem, and J. Uddin, “An internet of things framework for real-time aquatic environment monitoring using
an Arduino and sensors,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 826–833,
Feb. 2022, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp826-833.
[10] H. L. Wang, H. Le Liu, X. J. Yang, and F. Liu, “Long distance pipeline cathodic protection test system based on GSM,”
Advanced Materials Research, vol. 490–495, pp. 288–291, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.490-495.288.
[11] L. Luo, “Design of natural gas pipeline inspection system based on smart phone,” in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering,
Springer London, 2013, pp. 645–651., doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4847-0_79.
[12] M. Irannejad and M. Iraninejad, “Remote monitoring of oil pipelines cathodic protection system via GSM and its application to
SCADA system,” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1619–1622, 2014
[13] M. Z. Al−faiz and L. S. Mezher, “Sacrificial anode cathodic protection remote monitoring and control using labview and micaz
motes,” Journal of Engineering and Development, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 33–45, 2014
[14] P. Liu, Z. Huang, S. Duan, Z. Wang, and J. He, “Optimization for remote monitoring terrestrial petroleum pipeline cathode
protection system using graded network,” International Journal of Smart Home, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 51–64, Jun. 2015, doi:
10.14257/ijsh.2015.9.6.06.
[15] J. Eze, C. Nwagboso, and P. Georgakis, “Framework for integrated oil pipeline monitoring and incident mitigation systems,”
Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 47, pp. 44–52, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rcim.2016.12.007.
[16] V. Fournier and D. Michalon, “Air monitoring project-enhanced pipeline monitoring,” 2016.
[17] I. Zakharov, P. Adlakha, T. Puestow, D. Power, S. Warren, and M. Howell, “Monitoring pipeline right of way using optical
satellite imagery,” in Proceedings of the 11th Pipeline Technology Conference, 2016, pp. 23–25.
[18] M. Kassim and F. Lazim, “Adaptive photovoltaic solar module based on internet of things and web-based monitoring system,”
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 924–935, Feb. 2022, doi:
10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp924-935.
[19] S. Valadkhani and M. Mirsalim, “Variable output voltage switching rectifier for cathodic protection applications with DC–DC
variable frequency and duty-cycle full-bridge converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 13589–
13602, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2021.3084068.
[20] N. I. Standart, Control of external corrosion on underground or submerged metallic piping systems, vol. 22, no. 4. 1983.
[21] S. A. H. Mohammed and I. M. Abdulbaqi, “Numerical study and design of an impressed current cathodic protection system for
buried metallic pipes,” in 2018 Third Scientific Conference of Electrical Engineering (SCEE), Dec. 2018, pp. 95–100., doi:
10.1109/SCEE.2018.8684076.
[22] “Cathodic protection design,” Det Norske Veritas. 2010.
[23] P. R. Roberge, Handbook of corrosion engineering, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.
[24] B. S. Wyatt, “Cathodic protection instrumentation,” in Shreir’s Corrosion, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 2839–2856., doi: 10.1016/B978-
044452787-5.00194-3.
[25] M. E. Orazem, Underground pipeline corrosion: detection, analysis and prevention. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2014., doi:
10.1533/9780857099266.
[26] H. Noor, A. Ali, and A. Mohammed, “Instrumentation in cathodic protection systems: field survey,” International Journal of
Computer Applications, vol. 179, no. 47, pp. 42–48, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.5120/ijca2018917317.

 ISSN: 2088-8708
4902
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Noor Hazim Abdulwahab assistant lecturer at the Department of Computer
Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. Received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in
Computer Engineering in 2013 and 2019 rspectively. Her field of interest is internet of
things, wireless systems, and embedded systems. She can be contacted at email:
lec.noor.hazim@uobasrah.edu.iq.
Ali Ahmed Abed assistant Professor at the Department of Computer
Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. Received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in
Electrical Engineering in 1996 and 1998 respectively. He received a Ph.D. in Computer &
Control Engineering in 2012. His field of interest is automation and IoT. He is IEEE senior
member, IEEE member in Robotics & Automation Society, IEEE member in IoT
Community, member ACM. He is currently supervising a group of researchers working with
developing AI applications and IoT. He can be contacted at email: ali.abed@uobasrah.edu.iq.
Mohammed Ali Jaber assistant Professor at the Polymer Research Center,
University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. Received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Physics 1990,
1997 respectively. He holds a Ph.D. in polymer physics and technology. His field of
specialization is the mechanical and physical properties of composite polymers, evaluation
and manufacture of polymeric dyes, and ablative polymer. Member and founder of Iraqi
Inventors Forum and member of the Iraqi Polymer Society. He can be contacted at email:
mohammed.jaber@uobasrah.edu.iq.

Real-time remote monitoring and control system for underground pipelines

More Related Content

Similar to Real-time remote monitoring and control system for underground pipelines (20)

More from IJECEIAES (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Real-time remote monitoring and control system for underground pipelines