Planning in Software Projects
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Project planning is essential for software projects. It involves estimating the work, resources, and time required. Key planning activities include defining problems and requirements, developing solution strategies, and planning development processes. Requirements planning is especially important - it helps eliminate defects by gaining user involvement, understanding critical needs, and considering non-functional requirements. Empirical studies show most firms plan feasibility and costs, though risk management practices vary. Thorough early planning is needed to estimate schedules, efforts, people and resources needed for a project's success.
Planning in Software Projects
- 1. Project Management Planning in software Projects JAYAKUMAR.PP Post Graduate Diploma in eGovernance IIITM-K,Technopark,Trivandrum 9847435193
- 2. SUBJECT MATTER Introduction to Project Management. Planning in Project Management. Planning in Software Projects. Activities involved in Planning a Software Project. Journal 1 ( IEEE) - Successful software projects need requirements planning Journal 2( IEEE) - Software project initiation and planning - an
- 3. What is Project Management ? Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing, managing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end ,undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives. It is a systematic approach to planning and guiding project processes from start to finish Five Stages: Initiation, Planning, Executing, Controlling, and Closing.
- 4. Planning in Project Management Project planning is a discipline for stating how to complete a project within a certain timeframe, usually with defined stages, and with designated resources. One view of project planning divides the activity into: Setting objectives (these should be measurable) Identifying deliverables Planning the schedule Making supporting plans Supporting plans may include those related to human
- 5. Planning in Software Projects Software project management begins with a set of activities that are collectively called project planning. Before the project can begin, the Project Manager and the software team must estimate and look into. The work to be done The resources that will be required And the time that will elapse from start to finish. The future and accept some degree of uncertainty as matter of course.
- 6. Lack of Planning leads to … It is often said that early planning is impossible because precise information concerning the project goals, customer needs and system constraints is not available at the beginning of a software project. But a major purpose of the planning phase is to clarify goals and needs required to plan a software project. Lack of good planning leads to Schedule slippage Cost overruns Poor quality High maintenance cost.
- 7. Software Project PlanningActivities 1.Define the Problem, 2.Develop Solution Strategy, 3.Planning the Development Process. I. Define the Problem Involves :- Understanding the problem Justifying the need of a Software Identifying the functions of a major subsystem Identify the goals and requirements Establishing high- level acceptance criteria for the system.
- 8. II. Developing Solution Strategy involves:- Outlining several solution strategies Conducting feasibility study for each strategy Recommending a solution strategy, indicating why other strategies were rejected. Developing a list of priorities for product characteristics.
- 9. III. Planning the Development Process involves:- Defining a life Cycle model and an organizational structure of the project. Planning the configuration management, quality assurance and validation activities. Determining phase development tools, techniques and notation to be used.
- 10. III. Estimation in Planning Phase include:- Preliminary cost estimation for system development •Expert judgment •Work breakdown structure •Algorithmic cost model. Preliminary staffing estimates Computing resources required to operate and maintain the system. Identifying the sources of information and refer to them throughout the project plan. Software measures for quality and product •Metrics used – Size oriented and function oriented •
- 11. Journal 1 ( IEEE) - Successful software projects need requirements planning by Annie I Anton, Professor, College of Eng. North Carolina State University This paper mainly focus on importance of understanding the requirements. According to this author top three project challenged factors are: 1. Lack of user involvement 2.Incomplete requirement and specification 3.Changing requirements and specifications Standish Group surveyed that bad requirement causes 40 – 60% software failures Key Principles can help eliminate defects during requirement planning. 1.Understanding the problem before expressing the requirement. 2. Involve the stake holders early on and sustain their involvement to validate requirements. We must give customers repeated opportunities to validate requirement. Prototypes – give users a tangible product – it helps to interact
- 12. Journal I ( IEEE) - Successful software projects need requirements planning by Annie I Anton, Professor, College of Eng. North Carolina State UniversityKey Principles can help eliminate defects during requirement planning. 3. Ensure that Critical Requirements are considered. Scenario Analysis – Obstacle analysis – What if questions 4.Give non-functional and quality requirements as much attention as functional requirements.-users emphasis on functional requirements. Non functional requirements express a software system’s properties, including security, reliability, portability, and robustness. Good requirement planning mean software can be cheaper to produce, easier to build and less prone to unexpected failures.
- 13. Journal 2( IEEE) - Software project initiation and planning - an empirical study by D.Greer-UK & R.Conradi- NorwayThis paper describes the study on 14 established Norwegian software companies - How they initiate and pre-plan software development projects. The aim was to obtain an indication of the range of planning activities carried out be these 14 software firm. The Instrument of study was structured interviews. (Questions are left completely open ended )- Sampling convenience sampling of 31 companies. CMM level integration (Capability Maturity Model ) approach emphasis the role of through planning in the software projects for improving the predictability and to ensure the process improvement. Question included from the topics : Software process Choice Feasibility Study Early Planning Documents Release Planning Risk Management
- 14. Journal 2( IEEE) - Software project initiation and planning - an empirical study by D.Greer-UK & R.Conradi- NorwayFindings of the Study 1. Most of the firms using Agile method (IID), few of them using Water fall model 2.Study confirms the perceived importance of Feasibility Study , but firms mainly focus on Economical feasibility ,although several did mention on technical feasibility. 3.Most companies produce at least a partial requirements documents. Early cost, schedule and budgets are often documented, but other data on decision taken are not documented. 4.Waterfall process associated with a single release do often include provision for future releases. For agile scrum projects , the number of releases planned is always two or more. 5.Risk Identification and Risk Monitoring are common activities but other risk management were not explicitly performed in most of the companies.
- 15. Conclusion ….. The early planning of software project is very vital and the software project planner must estimate three things before a project begins: How long it will take How much effort will be required How many people will be involved In addition , the project planner must predict the resources ( Hardware and Software ) that will be required and the risk associated with this project. The Success of software project relay on user involvement and their participation nces study book on SE A Practitioners Approach- Roger.S.Pressman e.co.in