plant anatomy and physiology notes.ppt-“Structure correlates to function”
- 1. Lecture 3: Plant anatomy and physiology by Edgar Moctezuma, Ph.D.
- 2. Today… • Announcements • Plant Anatomy – Cells – Tissues – Organs • Plant Physiology – Water & sugar transport – Plant hormones
- 3. Announcements… • Labs start this week – get your lab manual. • BSCI 125 students: if you have the following sections: – 1109, 1110 Tues. 3:30-5:30 or, – 1113, 1114 Wed. 12-2 or, – 1115, 1116 Wed. 3-5 or – 1123, 1124 Thurs. 3:30-5:30, and you can switch to an open section (Monday or Wed. 9:00-11:00), please try to do so. Thanks! • Taking care of your plant: – Do not overwater it! Water only when soil is dry to the touch. – Place near a sunny window.
- 4. From smallest to largest plants
- 5. What is plant anatomy? • ANATOMY: study of the structure of organisms… looking at cells, tissues • (Morphology: Study of form) What is plant physiology? • PHYSIOLOGY: study of the function of cells, tissues, organs of living things; and the physics/chemistry of these functions…
- 6. “Structure correlates to function” Always keep in mind that in plant anatomy, morphology & physiology…
- 7. • How can water move from the ground all the way to the top of a 100 m tall redwood tree?
- 8. Plant Anatomy: Cells • Plant cells are basic building blocks • Can specialize in form and function • By working together, forming tissues, they can support each other and survive • Levels of organization atoms > molecules > cells > tissues > organs > whole plant > pop.
- 9. Plant Tissues Types All plant organs (roots, stems, leaves) are composed of the same tissue types. There are three types of tissue: • 1. Dermal – outermost layer • 2. Vascular – conducting tissue, transport • 3. Ground – bulk of inner layers
- 10. 1. Dermal tissue • Epidermis is the outermost layer of cells • Like the “skin” of animals • In stems and leaves, epidermis has cuticle, a waxy layer that prevents water loss. • Some have trichomes, hairs. • Root epidermis has root hairs, for water and nutrient absorption
- 11. 2. Vascular tissue • Transports water and organic materials (sugars) throughout the plant • Xylem – transports water and dissolved ions from the root to the stem and leaves. • Phloem – carries dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of the plant
- 12. Xylem • Transports water and dissolved minerals • Tracheids: long, thin tube like structures without perforations at the ends • Vessel elements: short, wide tubes perforated at the ends (together form a pipe, called vessel). • Both cells have pits (thin sections) on the walls Tracheids Vessel elements
- 13. Xylem cells • Xylem cells are dead! • They are hollow cells and consist only of cell wall
- 14. Phloem • Cells that transport organic materials (sugars) • Phloem cells are ALIVE! (unlike xylem) • However, they lack nucleus and organelles
- 15. Phloem: transports sugars • Phloem composed of cells called sieve tube members (STM) • Companion cells join sieve tube members, are related, and help to load materials into STM • End walls of STM have large pores called sieve plates Sieve tube member Companion cells Sieve plates
- 16. 3. Ground tissue • Makes up the bulk of plant organs. • Functions: Metabolism, storage and support. Root Stem Leaf
- 17. Plant Organs Organs: tissues that act together to serve a specific function • Roots • Stems • Leaves Dermal Vascular Ground Dermal Vascular Ground Dermal Vascular Ground
- 18. Functions of plant organs: • ROOTS: Anchorage, water/nutrient absorption from soil, storage, water/nutrient transport • STEMS: Support, water/nutrient transport • LEAVES: Photosynthesis (food production)
- 19. ROOTS • ROOTS “the hidden half” • Functions of roots: • Ancorage • Absorption of water & dissolved minerals • Storage (surplus sugars, starch) • Conduction water/nutrients
- 20. Anatomy of a root epidermis cortex vascular
- 21. Root Epidermis • Outermost, single layer of cells that: – Protects (from diseases) – Absorbs water and nutrients • ROOT HAIRS: tubular extensions of epidermal cells. • Increase surface area of root, for better water/nutrient absorption
- 22. Root Hairs: water and mineral absorption Root hairs increase surface area for better absorption
- 23. Root Cortex • Stores starch, sugars and other substances
- 24. Root Ground tissue • In roots, ground tissue (a.k.a. cortex) provides support, and often stores sugars and starch (for example: yams, sweet potato, etc.) Hey! I yam what I yam, man! You’re not a yam, you’re a sweetpotato! cortex
- 25. Root Cortex: Endodermis • Endodermis: the innermost layer of the cortex
- 26. Root cortex: Casparian strip • The Casparian strip is a water-impermeable strip of waxy material found in the endodermis (innermost layer of the cortex). • The Casparian strip helps to control the uptake of minerals into the xylem: they have to go through the cytoplasm of the cell!
- 27. STEMS • Above-ground organs (usually) • Support leaves and fruits • Conduct water and sugars throughout plant (xylem and phloem)
- 28. Stem anatomy • Dermal, ground and vascular tissues… pith cortex epidermis Vascular bundles
- 29. Types of Stems Monocot stem Dicot stem Root
- 30. Types of stems • Herbaceous vs. Woody stems
- 31. Tissues of stems • Epidermis (Dermal tissue type) • Provides protection • Has cuticle (wax) prevents water loss • Trichomes (hairs) for protection, to release scents, oils, etc.
- 32. Stem Vascular tissue • Vascular bundles – composed of both xylem and phloem • Xylem – Conducts water – Support • Phloem – Conducts food – Support Vascular cambium
- 33. Vascular cambium • Occurs in woody stems • Vascular cambium located in the middle of the vascular bundle, between xylem and phloem
- 34. Vascular tissue: Trees • Vascular tissue is located on the outer layers of the tree. wood phloem xylem bark Vascular cambium
- 35. Girdling: cutting around a tree • Damages the phloem and xylem, eventually killing the tree!
- 36. Vascular tissue forms rings in trees • Annual rings: xylem formed by the vascular cambium during one growing season • One ring = one year
- 37. History of the tree: annual rings 1489: Tree is planted by Native American 1492: Columbus lands in the Americas 1620: Pilgrims land in Plymouth, Mass. 1776: Declaration of US independence 1861: Start of Civil War 1969: Man lands on Moon 1917 & 1945: Tree Survives two World Wars 1971: Birth Year of the IDIOT who cut down this tree!!! Dendrochronology : tree time-keeping
- 38. Ground tissue: Cortex & pith • Stores food (e.g. potato) • Site of Photosynthesis (when green) • Support cells pith cortex
- 39. LEAVES: • ‘Photosynthetic factories’ of the plant… • Function: Photosynthesis – food production for the whole plant • Blade: Flat expanded area • Petiole: stalk that connects leaf blade to stem, and transports materials BLADE
- 40. Leaf Anatomy • Leaf anatomy is correlated to photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + Water sugars + oxygen dermal ground vascular dermal
- 41. Leaf epidermis • Is transparent – so that sun light can go through. • Waxy cuticle protects against drying out • Lower epidermis: stomata with guard cells – for gas exchange (CO2, H2O in; O2 out)
- 42. Leaf epidermis • Trichomes (give fuzzy texture) (“Panda plant”)
- 43. Leaf vascular tissue • VEINS vascular tissue of leaves. • Veins are composed of xylem (water transport) phloem (food transport) and bundle sheaths, cells surrounding the xylem/phloem for strength & support
- 44. Leaf Mesophyll • Middle of the leaf (meso-phyll) • Composed of photosynthetic ground cells: • Palisade parenchyma (long columns below epidermis; have lots chloroplasts for photosynthesis) Spongy parenchyma (spherical cells) with air spaces around, (for gas exchange)
- 45. Plant water transport • How can water move from the ground all the way to the top of a 100 m tall redwood tree?
- 46. Water transport in plants: • The same way we drink soda from a straw! • Water’s great cohesive forces (molecules sticking to each other) and adhesive forces (attaching to walls of xylem cells)
- 47. Transpiration-cohesion Theory for water transport in the xylem • Evaporation of water in the leaves (through stomates) generates the ‘sucking force’ that pulls adjacent water molecules up the leaf surface
- 48. Water transport (cont.) • Like a long chain, water molecules pull each other up the column. • The column goes from roots leaves. • What’s amazing is that the water moves up by using the sun’s evaporative energy… • Plants control transpiration by opening/closing stomata
- 49. Sugar translocation • 1. Sugars made in leaf mesophyll cells (source) diffuse to phloem cells in the vascular bundles. • 2. Companion cells load dissolved sugars into the phloem STM using energy (ATP). • 3. Water moves into cells with high sugar concentration. • 4. Osmotic water flow generates a high hydraulic pressure that moves dissolved sugars through the phloem to the rest of the plant (sink).
- 50. Pressure flow in phloem • Sugars made in the leaves are loaded into companion cells and into phloem STM. • Water (from xylem) moves in by osmosis, creating pressure flow down the phloem.
- 51. Plant Hormones • Chemical compounds produced by plants • Effective at very low concentrations • Five major hormone groups are: 1. Auxins 2. Gibberellins 3. Cytokinins 4. Abscisic Acid 5. Ethylene
- 52. 1. AUXINS • Promote cell growth • Involved in gravitropism and phototropism • Control fruit development
- 53. 2. Gibberellins • Promote stem elongation 3. Cytokinins • Promote cell division and organ differentiation 4. Abscisic Acid • Promotes seed dormancy • Causes stomata closing
- 54. 5. ETHYLENE • Gaseous hormone, very simple formula (C2H4) • Ethylene promotes fruit ripening! Air Ethylene
- 55. “One rotten apple spoils the barrel” • Why? Probably due to ethylene! Rotten apple producing lots of ethylene! • Autocatalytic • As a response to injury
- 56. Avocado ripening… • Place in a paper bag, with a ripe banana!