This document discusses different types of political organizations and theories of the state. It describes four principal types of political organizations: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states. Bands are small groups loosely related by ties like marriage or friendship. Tribes are larger groups dependent on the land and self-sufficient. Chiefdoms have a hierarchical structure led by senior family members. States have centralized government with powers like taxation and lawmaking over a territory. The document also lists some political theories of the state function, such as anarchy, classless society, and pluralism.