Pollution, its Indicators & Remedies.
- 1. Ushna Saleem – 01 (M) University of the Punjab 1 Department of Botany Dated: March 09, 2020. Course: Environmental Biology Presented to: Prof. Dr. Shakil Ahmed
- 2. Pollution. Sources and effects of pollution. Indicators. Microbes, plants, animals and genetic system. Remedies. To Air, water, land, thermal, noise pollution. Conclusion. Reference. 2
- 3. IT ALL STARTS WITH HUMAN INTERVENTION…. https://www.cagle.com/gati s-sluka/2017/08/smoke- and-tree https://i.pinimg.com/236x/38/ 95/24/389524906c4419c489 08df33bc44d363.jpg https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/stop-oil- pollution-ecological-emblem-hand-drawn- pelican-covered-wording-environmental- concept-vector-illustration-85159230.jpg https://cdn2.vectorstock.com/i/1000x10 00/17/86/save-earth-from-bad- environment-doodle-vector- 14271786.jpg https://muskoka411.c om/start/wp- content/uploads/2016 /03/second-hand- smoke-1.jpg
- 4. Pollution is defined as unwanted change in the environment. It can be natural or manmade. Pollution is contamination of the natural environment with harmful substances often as a consequence of human activities. 4
- 5. Contamination is simply the presence of a substance where it should not be or at concentrations above background. Pollution is contamination that results in or can result in adverse biological effects to resident communities. All pollutants are contaminants, but not all contaminants are pollutants. 5
- 6. A Pollutant is something that when released into the environment causes some harm or alters the environment in a negative way. A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source. A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. 6
- 7. 1. Ozone 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Sulfur dioxide 4. Lead 5. Nitrogen oxides 6. Particulate matter Greenhouse gases are another form of hazardous air pollution. 7
- 9. Types of pollution in modern world are: 1. Water pollution 2. Air pollution 3. Thermal pollution 4. Noise pollution 5. Soil pollution 6. Radioactive pollution 7. Light pollution 8. Visual pollution 9
- 10. A point source is when the contaminant comes from a single source – you can pinpoint this location on a map. For example, a sewerage pipe, a chimney or a leaking oil tank. 10
- 11. Diffuse sources are when the exact location cannot be determined precisely. For example, exhaust gases on a highway or methane gases leaking from landfill. 11
- 12. https://i.pinimg.com/236x/bc/f6/54/bcf6549659c947837 24f16dbb659cf42--pollution-pictures-water-issues.jpg Fig 2: Point sources Fig 3: Diffuse sources https://www.teachengineering.org/content/cub_/lessons/cub_ima ges/cub_enveng_lesson05_figure1.jpg 12
- 13. From moving sources Examples 1. Motor vehicles 2. Airplanes 3. Locomotives 4. Other engines and equipment 5. etc 13
- 14. Fugitive emissions are usually gases that escape unnoticed – unintended or irregular releases of gas, usually leaks from pressurized equipment. 14
- 15. https://carfromjapan.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/10/car-pollution.jpg Fig 4: Mobile emission Fig 5: Fugitive Emissions https://www.bray.com/media/zoo/images/fugitive-emissions- summit-2016_26f0761dd769307460f3207d76201866.jpg 15
- 16. A place or process that removes, stores or absorbs the pollutant. E.g. Wetlands are a pollutant sink for heavy metals and other materials. Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in sea and is stored in organic matter such as plants and vegetation. 16
- 17. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/wetlands.jpg Fig 6 : Wetland as pollution sink 17
- 18. The measure of harm (death or illness) a substance can cause in humans and other living things. Toxicity is defined as acute and chronic respectively this refers to single and repetitive exposure. 18 https://www.industrious.info/62/01190-toxic-hazard-symbol.html
- 19. The time that the pollutant takes to break down. Substances that are not easily broken down are said to be persistent. A pollutant is degradable if it breaks down with sunlight, soil, water or in chemical reactions. 19
- 20. The way that a pollutant is spread or moves around the environment. Dispersal can be airborne, water borne or in soils. 20
- 21. The degree of time spent near or in contact with the pollutant. The level of exposure is related to the pollutant. 21
- 22. The contact that occurs with a pollutant. The contact may be inhaled, ingested or absorbed via the skin. 22
- 23. https://c8.alamy.com/comp/DD4R2H/illustration-of-crying- earth-due-to-pollution-DD4R2H.jpg Fig 7: Dispersal Fig 8: Exposure https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6b/27/4f/6b274f0ad109dda9714dd4 2be319ece8.jpg Fig 9: Inhalation https://cdn.givingcompass.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/11/17144556/How-Exposure-to-Pollution- Affects-Education-and-Inequality1.jpg 23
- 24. Repeated exposure and/or absorption over a long period of time. 24
- 25. A single, severe case of exposure, absorption and harm caused. 25
- 26. Fig 10: Chronic Exposure/Chronic Toxicity https://image.freepik.com/free-vector/boy-is-wearing-n95-mask- protect-outdoor-air-pollution-pm-2-5-dust-meter_137262-56.jpg http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/best/images/AEGL- banner1.jpg Fig 11: Acute Exposure/Acute Toxicity 26
- 27. An indicator species is any biological species that defines a trait or characteristics of the environment. For example, a species may indicate an environmental condition such as a disease outbreak, pollution, species competition or climate change. 27
- 28. A. Microbial system. B. Plants system. C. Animal system. D. Cell biology and genetics system. IUBS= International Union of Biological Sciences. 28
- 29. 29 Plant indicator Animal Indicator Microbes Indicator • Micro organisms: used in indicating the physical natural community health. • Bioluminescent microorganisms . • An expand or decline in a creature population might show harm to biological community on by contamination. • E.g.: Zooplanktons. • Region or non appearance of certain plant in natural group can give basic bits of data about well being of the environment. • E.g.: Lichens, planktons.
- 30. Microorganisms are diverse group of organisms found in large quantities and are easier to detect and sample. The presence of some microorganisms is well correlated with particular type of pollution and it serves as standard indicator of pollution. 30
- 31. Escherichia coli a micro organism / Bacteria indicates the faecal origin as status of aquatic system. Spirillium volutants spores indicate industrial chemicals and toxic chemical wastes. 31
- 32. A plant is used to indicate air quality and locate sources of air pollution utilizing known as air “Pollution Indicator Plant.” Bio-indicator plants are very sensitive to a selected (toxic) chemical. 32
- 33. 1. Lichen (Parmelia, Polytrichum). 2. Algae (Chlamydomonas, Chlorella). 3. Moss, Sphagnum. 4. Herbs and grasses. 5. Tulsi. 6. Tobacco. 7. Lettuce plants. 33
- 34. 34 Fig 12: Indicator species- Air quality indicators https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3iI65NVkA9w/maxresdefault.jpg
- 35. An increase or decrease in an animal population may indicate damage to ecosystem caused by pollution. Other mechanisms of animal indication include monitoring the concentration of toxins in animal tissues, and deformities. 35
- 36. Cellular and sub-cellular components, including chromosomes, adapted to specific environmental conditions. Many animals show behavioral responses like endocrine, nervous, muscular, cardiovascular and excretory systems. Such changes may be investigated at morphological, biochemical or physiological levels. 36
- 37. Sensitivity. Specificity. Broad Applicability. Representativeness. Cost. 37
- 38. Through bioindicators scientists need to observe only the single indicating species to check on the environment. They don’t have to monitor whole community. 38
- 39. Population control. Reduction of consumption in limited resources. 39
- 40. Instead of use of fossil fuels for sources of electricity and transportation use renewable resources. E.g. sun, wind, biomass and hydropower. 40
- 46. Do not throw industrial, farm or other waste and sewage into rivers. Boil water before drinking. Recycling of waste. City water should be treated properly. Oil spills should be prevented. Dead bodies should not thrown in water bodies. Trees should be planted along the rivers. 46
- 47. Sewage treatment before dumping wastes. Spraying of pesticides must be reduced. Using of compost instead of fertilizers. Reduce combustion of fuels. Reduce use of plastic. Do not litter. Use dustbin. 47
- 48. Reduce mechanical friction. Burn less coal, oil or gas. Plant as many trees as possible. Cool the water before they put it back in the ocean. 48
- 49. 1. Automobile Servicing. 2. Tree Plantation. 3. Soundproof Homes. 4. Factory Location. 5. White Noise Machine. 49
- 50. Stoppage of leakage from the radioactive materials. The disposal of radioactive material must be safe and secure. The protective garments must be worn. The natural radiation must be at the permissible limits. 50
- 51. Shield and lower the wattage of all outdoor lighting— both municipal and private. Use only the light you need to get the job done. Work with your neighbors and local government to keep the light on the ground and the skies natural. Use light emitting diodes (LED). 51
- 53. Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems caused by human activities that we should overcome. It is our duty to save our beloved planet. Plant more trees. Each drop of water also counts. Use eco – friendly products. 53
- 54. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/17/b8/7c/17b87cbee1fed2fb115a51 399a3259ba.jpg 54
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